醫學研究之生物統計介紹

醫學研究之生物統計介紹. 醫學研究部 生統小組 徐倩儀.

變項類型 • 分類資料(discrete variable) – 名義尺度(nominal scale) • 類別尺度(categorical scale). 疾病 性別. – 序位尺度(ordinal scale) • 大小程度順序之關係. 社經地位 教育程度. • 連續性資料(continuous scale) – 等距尺度(interval scale). 溫度. • 代表相對距離，沒有絕對的0. – 等比尺度(ratio scale) • 使用標準化的單位，有絕對的0. 身高 體重 年齡 2.

常態/非常態分布 • 常態分佈. • 非常態分佈. – 高斯分佈(Gaussian shape). 右偏分布. • 平均值為中心的對稱曲 線 • Mean=Median=Mode 左偏分布. 3.

資料描述-箱型圖(Box plots) 嚴重離群值 (極端值). * 1.5*IQR. 最大值 75%(Q3) 50%(Q2, Median) 25%(Q1) 最小值. 溫和離群值 (outliers). 1.5*IQR IQR 1.5*IQR. 1.5*IQR. 4.

假設Hypothesis • Null hypothesis(H0)：虛無假設 – 樣本之間沒有差異. • Alternative hypothesis (H1)：對立假設 – 樣本之間有差異. 臨界面積 顯著水準. • α level(推翻虛無假設) – 可容忍的最大誤差 – 通常設為0.1、0.05及0.01 寬鬆. 嚴格. 5.

統計方法-1 資料屬 性. 兩群 獨立樣本. 連續資料. Independent t test. 序位資料 Wilcoxon Rank (連續無母 Sum test (Mann數) Whitney U test). 類別資料. Chi-square (χ2 ) test Fisher’s exact. 三群以上 獨立樣本. 相關. 前後測 比較. ANOVA. Pearson Correlation. Paired t test. Spearman's rho. Wilcoxon signed-rank test. KruskalWallis test. Chi-square (χ2 ) test. McNemar’s test. Yate’s 校正數. 6.

檢定-兩群/三群以上獨立樣本 • 三群以上能【重覆】兩群的檢定方式嗎? – A、B、C三群檢定 – A/B、A/C、B/C – A、B、C、D四群檢定 Null hypothesis (H0) Table of error types Decision About Null Hypothesis (H0) 7. True. False. Reject. Type I error (False Positive). Correct inference (True Positive). Fail to reject. Correct inference (True Negative). Type II error (False Negative). Type I and type II errors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors#Table_of_error_types).

統計方法-2 資料屬性 自變項(X). 連續資料 類別資料. 依變項(Y). 統計方法. 連續資料. 線性回歸 (Linear regression). 類別資料. 邏輯回歸 (Logistic regression). 連續資料 類別資料. 存活率分析 (Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Model, Cox. Model) 8.

Paper review-1. vocabulary level. CHL (n=16). CNH (n=24). p. 93.94±13.95. 111.00±13.38. <0.001. T test.. (Stiles et al., 2013). 9.

Paper review-1. Y= word learning performance Model 1 Model 2 β p β age 0.03 0.86 age vocabulary -0.54 <0.01. (Stiles et al., 2013). R2 0.29 F 7.49 p <0.01 Linear regression.. 0.05 2.11 0.16 10.

Paper review-1. Ƞ2=0.01 Effect size small Ƞ2=0.06 Effect size medium Ƞ2=0.15 Effect size large. ANCOVA test •Fixed factors hearing status wordlikeness catergory •Dependent variable number of correct responses. (Stiles et al., 2013). 11.

Paper review-1. 高度相關：>0.7 中度相關：0.3 - 0.7 低度相關：< 0.3. (Stiles et al., 2013). 12.

Paper review-1 Semantic Wordlikeness Unrelated error subsitution error substitution vs Target vs Target error vs Target OR p value OR p value OR p value CHL ref. ref. ref. CNH 0.43 <0.05 Multinomial logistic regression.. (Stiles et al., 2013). 13.

Paper review-2. (Schlenstedt et al., 2015). 14.

Paper review-2. (Schlenstedt et al., 2015). 15.

Paper review-2. d=0.2 Effect size small d=0.5 Effect size medium d=0.8 Effect size large. (Schlenstedt et al., 2015). 16.

Paper review-2. (Schlenstedt et al., 2015). 17.

Paper review-2. 高度相關：>0.7 中度相關：0.3 - 0.7 低度相關：< 0.3. (Schlenstedt et al., 2015). 18.

Paper review-3. (Sperling et al., 2016). 19.

Paper review-3. *. * *. (Sperling et al., 2016). 20.

Paper review-3 &: difference in relation to rest. +: difference in relation to 10% of 1-RM. ‡: difference in relation to 20% of 1-RM. #: difference in relation to 30% of 1-RM. •: difference in relation to 40% of 1-RM. *: difference in relation to 50% of 1-RM. (Sperling et al., 2016). 21.

Paper review-3. (Sperling et al., 2016). 22.

Paper review-3. 使用布蘭德-奧特曼差異圖判別rMSSDT與SDIT兩種測量方法無明顯差異 (Sperling et al., 2016). 23.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 24.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 25.

Paper review-4. • 排除/納入條件不同 • 組別介入方式不同或有變化 • 分析方式不同 (Dalal et al., 2010). ※檢定異質性： Cochran‘s Q test, p<0.1(有異質性) Chi-square test for homogeneity ※異質性程度(I2)： I2：>0.5 (高) I2：0.25-0.5 (中) I2：<0.25 (低). 26.

Paper review-4. ※檢定同質性： 同質性(fixed effect) 異質性(random-effects). (Dalal et al., 2010). 沒有證據證明運動能力於home與centre間統計差異. 27.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). home與centre的收縮壓沒有統計差異. 28.

Paper review-4. DBP : home>centre. (Dalal et al., 2010). 29.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 30.

Paper review-4. HDL-C : home>centre. (Dalal et al., 2010). 31.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 32.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 33.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 34.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 35.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 36.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 37.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 38.

Paper review-4. (Dalal et al., 2010). 39.

References • Stiles DJ, McGregor KK, Bentler RA. Wordlikeness and word learning in children with hearing loss. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2013 Mar-Apr;48(2):200-6. • Schlenstedt C, Paschen S, Kruse A, et al. Resistance versus Balance Training to Improve Postural Control in Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Rater Blinded Controlled Study. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 26;10(10) • Sperling MP, Simões RP, Caruso FC, et al. Is heart rate variability a feasible method to determine anaerobic threshold in progressive resistance exercise in coronary artery disease? Braz J Phys Ther. 2016 Jul-Aug;20(4):289-97. • Dalal HM, Zawada A, Jolly K, et al. Home based versus centre based cardiac rehabilitation: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010 Jan 19;340:b5631.. 40.

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