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(1)

א

א

 

אאא

אאא

 

240 240

 

 

 

(2)



 

  

،،אא،א W

 

 

 

אאאא

אאאאא

אא،אאאאאא

א

אאאאא

אאאאאא

W

א

אא

K

 

 



אאאאאאא

א،אאא

אאאאאא،

א

א،אאאא

אאא

אא

אאאאאאא

אא،א

א

אא،א K

 

 

אא

?

אאא

?





?

א

?



א א א 

 אא א    

א א

א K

 

 

אאאאאאא

،א،אאאא

אאא

אא

K

 

 

אאאא

W



א K

 

 

אאאא

 

(3)

 



אאאאאאאא



אאאא،אא

אא

K

אא

אא

F

Bandwidth

E

א

،א

א

F

ELoss



א

אאאא

F

Repeaters

KE

אא



אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא K

 

 



אאאא

F

Two-wire lines

E

א

אאאאאא

אאא

،א

אאאא

F

Coaxial Cables

E

אאאא



א،אאאאאאא

א

F

Waveguides

E



אאאא

K

אא

א

אא

אאאא

K

 

 







25



א

א

אא



א

אאא

א

א

א

K

 



אא

אאאא



אאא



،א

אא

אא

א

א1880

א

אא





F

Photophone

E



א

א

K

،





אאאאאאאא

א1958



א







K

א

אאאא1970

א





20 dB/km



،א

אא

(4)

אא



אאא

א

F

Corning Inc.

E

אאא

K

 

،אאא

אאא

א

 





850 nm

א

אא

F

First Window

E



3 dB/km

א

א



K



אאא



אא

F

Second Window

E





א

א



1300 nm





א

0.5 dB/km

K



א

1977

F

ENTT





אא

F

Third Window

E



אא

א



1550 nm

אא

0.2

dB/km

א





אאא

K

אאא

אא

א

אאא

K

 

א

אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא

אא

א F

Airborne Light Optical Fiber Technology ALOFT

E

א

K1976

אאאא

AT&T



אGTE

1977

א

K



F

EBell



א

א1980



אא611

א K

 

אאאאאא



אאאא

א



1300 nm



1550 nm

א

K

אאאא

אאא



،

אא

אאא



F

EWDM



F

Soliton Transmission

E





F

Bell Labs

E

א

1990



2.5 Gbit/s



7500 km



אאא

F

EEDFA

אא

א

F

Regenerators

KE



א

1998

אא100

400 km

F



10 Gbit/s

E

א

אWDM

א





F

Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing

E



אא

F

KEDWDM

 

(5)

אאאא

א



אא



א



אאאאא

א



אאא

K

 



אא،אאאאא

אא

W

אאאאא

אא

א

א،אא

F



E90 %



אאאאא

K

 

אאאאאאאא

אאאאאא،א

אא

אא

K

אאאאא

א

א

אאאאא،א



K

אאאאא

אאא

אא

K

אאאאא

אאאאאאאא

K

אא

אאאאא

אאאאא

א

אא

K

אאא

אא

א



،אא

א

אאא

אאאא

K

 

אאאאאא،א





K

אאא

א

א

א

K

 

 

א

א

(6)





א

א

אא

אא

א

א

א א

1

(7)

אא W

אא

א

א

א

K

KK

 

 

אא



W

אאאא

א



W

 

 



 J



א

אא

K

 



 J



אאאא

א

אא

K

 



 J



אאא



א K

 



 J



א

אא

א

א

K

 

 

 

 J

אאאא

א

 

 

אא W



8 K

 

(8)





א

Basics of Transmission Lines



 

 





אא

א



א

אאא







אא א  א א אא

   א   

אאאא

אאא

F

א

E



אא

F Guided Waves E

K

א

F

א

،א

אא KKK



EK





F

אא E

K

א

א

W

 

 

אאא  Open Two-Wire Line

אאא  Twisted Pair Transmission Line

אא 

א Shielded Pair Transmission Line

אא  Coaxial Cable

 

 

א



Waveguides

 

אאא

Microstrip Line

 

אא

Optical Fibers

 

א אא  א אא א א א 

אא،אאא

אא

K

(9)

1

 J

אא1



Two -Wire Lines

 

אא

א



Lecher Lines)

E



F

Twisted Pairs

E



،

אא

F

“Go” Line

E

אאא

F

“Return” Line

E





א



אאא

K

אא

אאא







אא

א

،



א







א

א

) Low Pass Filters K(





אא





F

Uniform E

א



F

א

E

אאא

אא

K

1

 J

1

 J 1

א

אא

א



Cross-Section and Field

Distribution

 

 

א

F

1

 J

E1

א

אאאא

א

א

،





אאא

W

א F

1

 J

1

E

אאאאא

F E1

אאא

F

“Go” Line

E

 

F E2

אאא

F

“Return” Line

E

F E3

אא



F E4

אא



Φ



א

F

א EK

 

44 3

1 2

Φ

x

(10)

אאא



F

Balanced Lines

E



אאאאא

אא





א



א

K

 

אא





אאאאא

K

 

 

1

 J

1

 J

אאא2

א

Electrical Equivalent Circuit

 

אאאאאאאאא

אא

אאאא

F

Primary Constants

E

אא

אאא

K

אאאאאאא

א

א W

 

  א



F

Resistance

E

،



R

F

אאא

E

א

F Conductance

E

،



G

F



א

אא

E

 

א

F

Capacitance

E

،





C

F





א

אא

E

א

F

Inductance

E

،



L

F





א E

 

 

א





W

 



W

אאאאא



F

Edx



אא

אאא

K

 



W

אאאא

F

אאאא E



א

אאא



א

F

E





א W

 

R' = R /

G' = G /

C' = C / L' = L /

(11)

א



אא

F

Line

Homogeneous

E



אא

אאא

F Edx

K

 

א

F

1

 J

E2

אאאאא Kdx

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

א F

 J1

E2

אאאאא

dx

 

אא

؛

א

א

א

F

0.4 mm

=

EΦ

א

F

 J1 E1

،

 

 

א



F

 J1 E1

 





 

Telephone Line Ф = 0.4 mm R'

Ω / km 264 G'

Μs / km 0.1 C'

nF / km 40

L'

μH / km 720

4 dx R'

4 dx R'

2 dx L'

4 dx R'

2 dx G'

2 dx G'

4 dx R' 2

dx C 2

dx

C' '

(12)

אאאא

F

Open Two -Wire Lines

E





א







F

mm

3

=

EΦ

אא

250 mm

א

F

 J1 KE2

 

א



F

 J1 E2

 



 

Open Two-Wire Line

Ф = 3 mm x = 250 mm R'

Ω / km 5 G'

μs / km 0.1 C'

nF / km 5.4

L'

μH / km 2000

 

 J1

2

א

א



Coaxial Cable



אאא

א

א



W

 

 J

אאא







F

א

?

Open Two-Wire Lines

E?







א



אאא

K

 

 J

אא

א

אאאא



אאא

K

(13)

 J

אאא



אאאא

אאאא

אא

K

 

 J

אאאאאא

א







אא





K

 

 J

אאאאאא







K

 

א



אאאא



אא



אא

F

Coaxial Cables

KE

 

1

 J

2

 J

א1

א



Basic Construction

 

אא

אא

א

א

א

א F

1

 J WE3

 

אאא

F

Inner Conductor

E

 

אא F

Outer Conductor

E

 

א

F

Dielectric

E

אאאא

 

אא

F

Jacket

E

K

אאאא

K

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

א F

1

 J

E3

א

א

א

Inner conductor

Outer conductor Dielectric

Jacket

(14)

אא

אא



אאא

؛

אא

א

 F

א

א

1

 J WE4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

א F

1

 J

E4

אא

 

 

אאאא



F

Unbalanced Lines

E





א

א



א

אא





אאא



אאאאאא



א





אא

א

K

 

א

א W

 

 

 J





א

F

Rigged or Air Coaxial Cables

E

א





א

אאא



F

Short

E

K

 



 

 J



F

Flexible or Solid Coaxial Cables

E



F



E

א

אאא

K

 

 

E - Field

H E

Outer conductor Inner conductor H- Field

(15)

 J1

 J2

2

אאאא



Electrical Equivalent Circuit

 

אאאאאא

א

א



א W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

א F

 J1

E5

אאאאא

dx

 

א

א

F

R, L, C

E

אא

F

Measuring Bridge

E

א

א F

 J1 E6





VD

אא

F

Diagonal Voltage

KE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

א F

 J1

E6

א

 

Z1

Z3

Z4

Z2

VD Vin

G' dx R' dx L' dx

C' dx

(16)

אא

3

Z



אא

F



א

= 0 V

VD

E



אא W

 

Z Z3 2

Z Z1

4

אא

Z3

W

 

Z2 Z4 Z1

Z3



،

Z3

א

F

Inductive

E

،



F

ive Capacit

E

،







F

Resistive

KE

 

 

1

 J

2

 J

3 אא

א

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cables

 

אא



Advantages

1

 J



אאא

 







אא K

 

2

 J

א



F

reliable

E

،

אא

א



12

 



15 K

 

3

 J

א



 אא

 א

F

Installation

E







 

 

  



 





א



א

א

K

 

4

 J



אא

F

Bandwidth

E



 







א

K

 

 

א



Disadvantages

 

1

 J

א





 F

Insertion Loss

EK

 

(17)

 J2

א





א

F

Power Limitations

EK

 





W

 

א

W

 

אא

 

א

 



א

אאא

א

א



א K

 

 

אאא

،

אא





W

 

א

W

א

F

Zc = 50 Ω

E

אא

K

 

א

W

א

F

Zc = 75 Ω

E

אא



F ECATV

0

 

אא

א



אא

אאא

א W

 





1

 J

אאאאאא3

F

Zc = 50 Ω

E

 

Type

א

Frequency

א

  MHz

Power

א

  Watts*

Loss

א

  dB/m

Diameter

א

  mm

Relative Cost

אא

RG 58 450 – 3000 0.5 – 0.6 5 

RG 8/RG 213 1900 – 3000 0.33 10 

Belden 9913 2750 – 1000 0.16 10 

LMR 400 3500 – 2000 0.13 10 

0.5" Alum. 6500 – 3000 0.11 15

(0.6" ) 

(18)

* ةرﺪﻘﻟا سﺎﻴﻗ ﻢﺘﻳ

ﻲﺘﻟا ددﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺒﻴﻜﻟا ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻳ )

f = 1 GHz

(





1

 J

אאאאאא4

F

Zc = 75 Ω

E

Type

א

Frequency

א

  MHz

Power

א

  Watts*

Loss

א

  dB/m

Diameter

א

  mm

Relative Cost

אא

 

RG 59 750 – 3000 0.4 6.25 

RG 11 1500 – 3000 0.33 10 

CATV

0.5" 0 - 1000 0.11 - 12.5 

*

ةرﺪﻘﻟا سﺎﻴﻗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا

ددﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺒﻴﻜﻟا ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻳ )

f = 1 GHz

(

1

 J

אא3



א



of Transmission Lines Main Parameters

 

אאאאא

א

א

א

אאא





W

 

 

 J1

א

Operating Frequency

 

אאאא

א

אאא



אא



F

אאא

KE

אא

אMHz





אMHz

K

 

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Saleh Al-Juielan Developed by: Technical and Vocational Training Corporation TVTC Curriculum Department Level of Entry: General / Technical Secondary School Date 11-1424 H

114 א  א   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKK KKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K 115 א א  KKKKKK