أ ا وأه إ ا ا ا او

)2002 ! :

#357

.364

واا ا اإ هأو ا أ

أ.

د / . ا ردا *

أ ، .د /.

نز أ **

أ ، .د /.

كأ د

*

/()ا-ناو ء "ا ث$%& 'آ**، ةها/ -هزا / ا آ * ةها

ا :

ت ا ا او ا ت ا ت ! "#

وا$% ت و .

'! ىوا$)ا '*او ىا '*ا ' +,ا و-ا "#ا و

.آ ما-12 -او 344ا 34ا 5

"Shale"

ف ا ىوا$)ا '*ا '7 .

.آ 8 #!

"Alluvial Clay"

ىا '*. م-1"ا .

344او ا 9.ا 3 5$ و

.: ا ا '7

"Shale"

;< ,% =ه .7 ? ! ىوا$% ' أ -34

! .: 7 ا و زا4

"

., ."

;.*)ا اCه ن2 ، ::4ا -ا ل ! و

ا 4"! G.1! .7 .#$ا ل ا '.! ا ' % H ع4ا '! آ ر-+ .7 .* 5 "

! 7 ,) "

.,*ا ;.*)! : ا وا$)ا ا ت 4: K3 .7 .

و

-+ .,.1! .# -ه ت ! ;.*)ا اCه ل إ '!Mا را-! .7 #إ N, ?Cو

"

., "

ا 9.او 344ا 3 O4!و .$! .7 فر ! ;.*)!

. ر P او

اCه دا-7إ -# وا$)ا .!ر وأ R آ ءا4 : ا ت ا 5$ا

صا41او 344ا Uآا س أ .7 ت ا ?. -ه 3443 G) KW4 .7 س أ .7 .,*ا ;.*)! م-1" -ا .

حوا او *ا ى4$ا .7 U.9 او خ ,Z . #ا وا$)ا ا "# -+و [4ا ا --ا '! : ة4+

هو 7 عا4أ رأ ا " ةآ ا ]آو

: (Silty Tafla) ., -(Clayey Tafla) .,-

-

.!ر .,

(SandyTafla)

- 3 .,

(Limy Tafla, Marl )

أ *ا ت $ا د4" او ر Z . #اا وا$)ا ا "# ?Cآو وأ .!ا و

ا " `,1! ا ]آو G `ا ا [4ا '! : ة4+ حوا او ا هو 7 عا4أ رأ :

-

., '

( Tafly clay )

- .,

( Tafly Silt )

(Tafly Lime )., 3 -( Tafly Sand )., 8!ر-

1

- #ا

ه *+ ,آ (-او ./ا 0"1و ./ا 2+ ,& 3ا &-ا عا$أ 6& 78$- 09 فر- <3 (

=> ا ىداو ق>>3 جر>C D">E .

>> ه تH>/ (>. <3>>,ا اI>ه ل,->ا K'>>ا را> (>9 ->>ا >)و

0اL-ا ل/ MNO 7-LE تHHدو ت)و ن,& *-L .

E$/ا ا ل/ (.و

ل>/,ا (>. K>ا K>& >8C ع$Pا K "آ ر) (9 <3,ا اIه نQ.

وا%>>ا >>&-ا ت>> $E R>>, (>>9 >>9 *>>ا 2>>3E S>>O >> ,ا TE$->>N 7>>-L (>>9 (>>%ا ,-,ا .

*-L O ه تH/ (. <3,ا اIه ل,-إ K'ا را (9 -إ )و .

VI&و W* "-

"

*+

"

&ا Yاو $$/ا T,& 2Z$و % 09 فر- <3 .

>[ >,آ M>-,ا وأ =>,,ا (>. K>او =>%ا (>. K>ا K& <3,ا م$* (. ت.]-Cا ت[ )و ا%>ا >&-ا ت> $Eو = ا ^ K "-,ا &-ا ت $E K& م$*,ا (. بر`E و

. (>ا .>a&و

0اL-إ م9 ن$`*و ض$,Yا 0* - <3,ا اIه نأ نو KcO"ا 6& نQ. Vذ .

>$$ * >E ل]>C K *3ا <3 2Z$E ف& ارا ^I& ا$$ S%"ا اIه (*e,& اO اIهو =>8fE (>-&و >ود 9 فر-,ا ت* -& ر هو >و (>,ا م$>*,ا >O K> <3>,ا

Tا>و >,ا TE$->N ف]-CQ>& ,->Nو >,ا K>& 'ا$>%ا ء>Yاو 2>"3-او g ا K& ة$/*ا .cا .

-

2

#$ ا %&' ( ) * ا

R>ا (>. ^د$>و K>"E >*3ا <3> K>9 >$$/ا T,او &ا Yا T,& S%"&

ة>cآ . (>.

(> Eو ل>َ*َ3او ل>*ُ3ا T>إ D%E <3,ا اIه $ م$او بداو Yا (. / ,ا س$) (. لc,ا ="

k&ا K3ا .[1]

(9 ن"- لاو K3ا f& *E R ل*+و =*+ Tإ D%E $$/ا T/ (. ^د$و K"E VIآ )$. lYa Zf-& 2m)ر nه ر$Lا K ,

.[2]

-

3

# +*ا ,-./

ت">>E K>>9 ةر>>"9 >>أ K>>"- >>&او >>$$/ا T>>,او >>*3ا <3>>, Rm>>Pا ماL->>ا ل]>>C K>

Lاو &-ا K& -إ ت*8 وا%8 .

و,او زا$- <m*8 nه (9 V,-,ا ىوا%ا K3ا $ه عا$ا ^Iه Tهأو ـ>ا 0>أ (>9 ود ف

(

shale )

.

V>-,Eو T > l>C وأ > وأ >ر وأ >,+ وأ > + D>آ ءا$> >./ا 0">1و ./ا ت"-ا ^Iهو (. Y- وأ ء, aE 9 أ SO ه =آP تاذ &E "-E E""O K& ىهgا V,-ا 6&

>*E ن9 -&$+ر "N >&ا >&-& >%ا ^I>ه (>. ف>Eو ةد>'& >إ >,/O >Y-و V>,-ا اI>ه

>%ا ^I>ه (>. ف>E (>-او ن> & >,/O >Y- نأ وأ > 3ا ت>""%ا >"p >. د$>N (>-او خ*-r ,3ا وأ /ا وأ ا ت""%ا "p . د$N (-او رr &ا &-&

.

-

4

وا ,-1 2 # +*ا ) * 3ر

9 فر-,ا وا ت* -& وا%ا ت"-ا ^Iه l&ر K, 0aا-إ TE (9 ء &

. T>هأ Kو

(ه ت* -ا V-& )]9 (-ا ث%&ا :

1- Classification of shale, Underwood [3].

2- Classification of mudstone, Granger [4]; Taylor [5] and Varley [6].

3- Classification of argillaceous soil and rocks, Morgenstern & Eigenbrod [7] and Spink [8].

4- Cemented sand as a soil and as a rock, Barton et al. [9] and Freitas [10].

5- Swelling & collapsing of semi - arid sediments, Singer et al. [11].

ت>""O ت>,/- (> ا ($>$/ا T>N-ا (>. >-ا لوا/ا ج- - ث%&ا ^Iه K ةد*-ا TE )و ت">-& ه>ا$E > 9 >&$+ا ">N >Y-& (> ا آ$> Zf>- ىI>او >/او =او (,3او K3ا

. 0"Pاو ./ا وا%ا :

Major Type

Features Minor Type

Highly Consolidated

Slightly Consolidated clayey shale shaley clay Shale (clay + silt) + fissile or stratification silty shale shaley silt sandy shale shaley sand limy shale ( marl ) shaley lime clayey mudstone mudstony clay Mudstone (clay + silt) + massif & no

stratification

silty mudstone mudstony silt

sandy mudstone mudstony sand limy mudstone mudstony lime

1 لو

/او (,3او K3ا ت""O ت,/- ( ا ($$/ا TN-ا

Major Type Features Minor Type

Cemented Sand sand + slightly cemented by clay and / or lime cemented clayey sand (Shaley sand) cemented limy or calc.

sand cemented clayey silt

(Loam) Cemented Silt silt + slightly cemented by clay and / or lime cemented limy silt

2 لو

/او (,3او =ا ت""O ت,/- ( ا ($$/ا TN-ا

-

5

# +*ا #42 #-5-65-او #-'-*ا 7 ا

tm>Lا ل$>O K*e>, &> ث$>%& ة>9 um- K > 3ا وا%>ا ت">- > او >$$/ا

م>9 ل>YE"& ا $$/ R&Nا (وا ,Ee& ث%&ا VE Oأ P TE SO ,ا

[12] 1994

م>9 3Q& *`ا ر$Lاو $ا &- (cا (وا ,Ee,& Cvا P TEو ،

[13] 1998 T>E (>-او ،

0.

د او "3ا صا$Lا KE ت">- وا%>8 2+ RN- c, "+ 9 29

9,>او >&$او )>Pا ت>g.%, >,C-,ا ءا%>ا K تICأ راو خ*-r &او ,-,ا او جه$و ,او حو3 (و ر او ة'/او ةهاو (-ا لو/& LE K, (-

:

8Lا

خ*-r &ا &-ا

)

*+

( رr &ا &-ا

) (*+

(

-1.30 2.10 -1.65 (3- / K+) ./ا "3ا .cا 1.90

3ا دا$,ا "N (%)

10 - 90 *8

- 30

+ Yا دا$,ا "N )

'Eرا$ا (%) (

20 - 50 -60

100

وا = )

$Nا O -

وا O (%) (

-20

50 *8

- 15

ةmNا 3ا ند,ا

D ر$,- ,ا D وا

Dا D وا

-0.25 36.00 -6.00 (2T/T/آ)./ا 0%ا (. %ا lY`ا و 5.00

را "N )

(. ن ا T/%ا

(

2T/T/آ 2 ZfE D%E

*8 "E

K ) - (0.50 (ا

(12.50- )

خ*-ا "N )

T/%ا (. ةد'ا (

2T/T/آ0و10 ZfE D%E K

+) (1.00 (ا (20.00+)

*8 "E

3 لو

رr &ا *3ا &-و خ*-r &ا *3ا &- ,او "3ا صا$Lا

-

6

# آ سأ #:وا4 ا ت-42 -1/-<ا ,-1 2ا

"

# +*ا

"

>&-ا K>& '>,-و *3 (,/,ا <3,او وا ت,N-او ,او "3ا tmLا (9 ء &

ت$,ا k* (-او اا 3ا &-ا K&و ,-,ا وا%ا 3ا K>& '>,- VI>آو > 3ا

ت>$,ا k* (-او ا ا وأ ,3ا &-ا K&و ,-,ا وا%ا ا وأ ,3ا &-ا >mC l>&رو >-ر ل]C K هو $$ *3ا &-ا 7 E K, 0Q. ، ا وأ ,3ا 9 فر-,ا ت* -&

K-أ K-9$,/ (ا ود :

-

6

و>ا #<ا

1 (>>ا >$$/ا >> زا (>) D>>aE (>-او >/او =>>او (>,3او K>>3ا K> >>,-,ا ت> $-ا =,>PE

>-.cآ ع>*Eرإ (>ا ىدأ >, >E""O K>& >Pا بر-ا (. M"NE , )$. (-ا ر$Lا K 9 ط$Ya

& TZ "N ا

*-L,ا $$/ا =ا$ا /- ضرا <3 K ب& تا$Eو ت8 Vذ .

>. >.cآ وذو ى$>) (>ا l>$- V>,E تاذ >&E (>هو خ*-r &) &E MYا (. =c,E 9$,/,ا ^Iهو ^, aE 9 T/%ا (. ةد'او K &)و ./ا -O (. Vذو "N ة"آ

[12&13]

. Tg ن$-و

3>>ا$& >>,-,او T >> l>>C وأ ى>>/ا K>>3ا وأ (>>ا K>>3ا وأ (>>,3ا K>>3ا وأ K>>3ا K>> >>E""O ح]ا ت$أو K3ا ند tmC .

-

6

#-6?ا #<ا

2 $Y>` ض>-E T> (>-او >/او K>3او (>,3او =ا K V,-ا *`ا ت $-ا =,PE

ا>g >9 ط

>-.cآ ض>*Lإ (>ا ىدأ >, >E""% 2>ا بر>-ا م>9 (>. M">NE >, > ىL>8 ء>3p د$>و م

"N ا . آ وذو تاذ هو ، ر !"ا # $%&ا '(هو

او )*+ و &ا +, ذو -. /*012 ل,4او ' 51$ 6&7ا ن9:1

[12&13]

. )+او 612 <= وأ &ا ?2 وأ @ا ?2 وأ #2ا ?2 --, 6A2 ن%)+Bو

?@ا وأ حD24ا وأ %Eا @ا%

.

(>>وا >>9$,/,ا ,>>NE T->> ق->>1او M>>آ-ا >>9ا$) ماL->>Q&و )

V>>,-ا ة>>Pا (

ن$>> S>>%&

=>>8أ

ـــ,ا "

>*+

"

> 9 ى$>-%,& =>ا وأ (>,3ا وأ K>3ا ت>$ ">N M>NO "> ,ا *>ا .>aإ R>

(-آ ,N-ا <"- &-ا :

+ *+ -

( Clayey Tafla )

( Silty Tafla ) ,+ *+ -

- ر *+

( Sandy Tafla )

( Limy Tafla, Marl ) + *+ - *>8 VI>آو ى$>ا (>ا l>$-,ا ىوا%>ا V>,-ا *>8 >m39 ع$ ا اIه (9 *3ا W* 23 SO

^, aE O (. خ*-r &ا .

V,-ا *`ا ) cا 9$,/,ا أ (

W* ن$ S%& <3,ا ر-Cإ T-.

"

(*+

"

و *>ا $ه (,>NE

( ,آ ,N-ا <"- K3ا وأ (,3ا وأ =ا ى$-%, "Yا "N ا MNO ا :

( Tafly clay ) (*+ K+ -

- (*+ (,+

( Tafly Silt )

( Tafly Sand ) (*+ =ر -

( Tafly Lime ) (*+ -

J ع%1ا ا(ه $ " *@ا" *F G@B H, /ا ىهAا ىوا79ا +ا *F M@$

ر :ا F= (آو .

)+2 أ ةرو/ 1BO +ا Fو 51$ <: +ا *F ما50+إ نأ آ( B5و R* و +ا *F 12 @$أ *E آ ما50+إ ?)و ر :ا F= و Bوا7F ا ر :ا *F Oد @$أ T % .

7

-

#.@ا

K-أ K-9$,/ (ا ,-,ا وا%ا &-ا 7 E TE

:

- وا ا )

ا (

W* ق]+إ TE (-او "

*3ا "

l>$- ىه>[ V>,E تاذ (>هو ، >9

-O (. Vذو "N ة"آ . .cآ وذو ى$) (ا >aE > 9 T>/%ا (>. ةد>'او K> >&)و >./ا

^, . T > l>C وأ ى>/ا K3ا وأ (ا K3ا وأ (,3ا K3ا وأ K3ا K E""O Tg ن$-و *3ا K عا$أ &رأ (ا ,NE TE (-او ، ح]ا ت$أو K3ا ند tmC 3ا$& ,-,او

$,ا MNO (هو & ةmNا ""%ا ت

:

-2 -1

-3 ر

-4

- ا ا )

را (

*8 ق]+إ TE (-او "

(>*3ا "

7>a ىه>[ V>,E تاذ (>. >9

. ن او V*- &)و ./ا -O (. Vذو "N `*L . .cآ وذو ^, aE 9 T/%ا (

ل,Oاو .

K E""O Tg ن$-و )+او 612 <= وأ &ا ?2 وأ @ا ?2 وأ #2ا ?2

?@ا وأ حD24ا وأ %Eا @ا%

""%ا ت$,ا MNO *+ عا$أ &رأ (ا ,NE TE (-او ،

(هو & ةmNا :

-1

-2

-3 !ر

-4

A&ا4ا

[1]

م$او بداو Yا (. / ,ا س$) )

$Zا "3,ا -

تو&

- -1960 %*8

(68

[2]

$$/ا T/

) &ا Yا R,/

- cا "3ا -

%*8 1982 (339

[3] Underwood, L.B. ( 1967 ), " Classification and identificationb of shales ", Proc. of AMSCE, J. of SMFE, SM6:79- 116.

[4] Granger, F. ( 1984 ), " The classification of mudrocks for engineering purpooses ", Q. J. of Engineering Geology, London, 17: 381- 387.

[5] Taylor, R.K. ( 1988 ), " Coal measures mudrocks, composition, classification and weathering processes ", Q. J. of Engineering Geology, London, 21:85-99.

[6] Varley, P.M. ( 1990 ), " Susceptibility of coal measures mudstone to slurring during tunnelling", Q. J. of Engineering Geology, London, 21: 85-99.

[7] Morgenstern, N.R. and Eigenbrod, M.D.( 1974 ), " Classification of argillaceous soil and rocks

", Proc. of AMSCE, J. of Geotech., GT10: 1137-1156.

[8] Spink, T.W. and Norbury, D.R. ( 1993), " The engineering geological description of weak rocks and overconsolidated soils", Proc of the 26th Annual Conference of the Engineering Group of

the Geological Society/ Leeds / UK.- Engineering Geology of Weak Rock: 289- 301.

[9] Barton, M.E., Mockett, L.D. and Palmer, S.N. ( 1993 )", An engineering geological classification of the soil / rock borderline materials between sands and sandstone", Proc of the 26th Annual Coherence of the Engineering Group of the Geological Society / Leeds / UK.- Engineering Geology of Weak Rock: 125- 138.

[10] Freitas, M.H. ( 1993 ), " Weak arenaceous materials ", Proc of the 26th Annual Conference of the Engineering Group of the Geological Society/ Leeds / UK.- Engineering Geology of Weak

Rock: 115-123.

[11] Singer, S.; Marinho, F.A.M; Santos, N.B.and Andrade, C.M.M.( 1989 ), " Expansive and collapsing soils in semi-arid region", Proc. of the 12th ICSMFE, Rio de Janeiro, 1 (7): 647-

650.

[12] Abuoshook, M.I. ( 1994), " Engineering classification of weakly argillaceous rocks in some Egyptian deserts", Proc. of 7th Congress of the International Association of Engineering

Geology, Lisboa, Portugal, II: 421-428.

[13] El- Sohby, M.A., Mazen, S.O. and Aboushook, M.I.( 1998 ), " Classification of some dry hard soils, Tafla Deposits in Egypt", Proc. of the 2nd International Symposium on Geotechnical

Engineering of Hard Soil- Soft Rock, Naples, Italy.

The Origin of Term " Tafla " and Using it for Desert Soil Classification

By

Prof. Dr. M. A. EL-Sohby*, Prof. Dr. O. Mazen**, Prof. Dr. M. Aboushook*

* Faculty of Engineering, Al- Azhar University, Nasr City , Cairo ** Building Research Center, Dokki, Cairo

ABSTRACT

Desert lands cover large parts of Egypt's land surface occurring on both sides of the narrow alluvial plain of the Nile Valley. The sediments of these arid land are mainly clayey and sandy desert deposits. Many engineering problems are related to these deposits. Most common are expansive and collapsible behaviours.

Tafla is a local term widely used in geotechnical engineering practices for such range of soil material associated with regions of moisture deficiency outside the Nile Valley. This term is very popular, particularly among personnel working in the field at different levels of professional practice. It is generally used to describe all types of desert formations which are clayey in nature.

However, the term is now, looked on with some disfavor because its origin and the development of its usage is not brown.

Words are creation of man which likely may turn out differently than considered. Therefore, the authors of this paper feel that this term , being a living term, needs investigation, ratification and classification.

This was done, in the present research, by digging into the question which exposed some of the roots of linguistic and geological terminology. Therefor, the established concept was verified. Then a classification based on this term has been recommended using internationally adopted classification as well as physical properties and engineering behaviours of desert soil materials.