2030

(1)

! "# $% & '( ) 2030

* +, -./0 1 2

3 1 5

6 7 38

9 :; <

01 + 06 + 1439

;./

:; >?<

9 24 + 08 + 1439 ./

67'#

@3A( B8(C 3DE3 ( 6 FG/ HI : . JK. > L6 9 MMN# B8"#%E 6 7 3 ";O "

B.< 7.# P.Q .RS 7G.$ ,JK. >. L6 T3 B8(N 7U 3DE3 V PW < X# B< !/Y ( HI Z$ ,2030 [

@\; N#6 !U 6 FG/ H/Y "]^#

_.3 A3 ;" ` ] A?#6a "?bU PE _3 XOc

$d.3 124

e [

. @f.#; B(.\gY .<

JK > LK ";O " !K< B8(C 3DE3 h%# ,X i^? ,!"# jA8 9 aS >d 2030

[ X.# P.Q !/Y

Bk$(U 6 FG/ l m8(

".6( B.\n o. .3n o. "K;# 7G$ ,!K] > "( BK3 DdAS ,MMN#3 !"MU "$ DdAS 9

> L6 B8"#%a ] "?]#K @3p qbr D;? r sb] e [

(' .9

!"M# "$ ,r sb] ,X i^? ,X3n !"# : [

_________________________________________________________________________

________

Appropriateness of the King Saud University Art Education Program’s outputs for the needs of the Saudi labor market in accordance with Vision 2030

Mojib Alzahrani⁽¹⁾ King Saud University

(Received 17/02/2018; accepted 10/05/2018)

Abstract: This study investigated the appropriateness of the King Saud University Art Education Program’s outputs for the Saudi labor market in accordance with Vision 2030. It also aimed to identify the main obstacles that might prevent these outputs from becoming more suitable and find solutions to overcome these obstacles. To achieve the objectives of the study, a descriptive approach was used with a sample of 124 participants through the questionnaire and anterviews. The results showed that the outputs of the Art Education Program are not suitable for the Saudi labor market according to Vision 2030 in general, except for the aspects of education, scientific research, and museums. The main solutions this study focused on were the establishment of a design college and sub-tracks within departments and the coordination of the university, official authorities, and private sector to build plans and programs for the future requirements of the Saudi labor market.

Keywrds: University education, scientific research, private sector, design collage.

_________________________________________________________________________

________

1 6 7 38 ," "$ ,";O " !K] td u#6v [

'(

, K " ( ,

w 2458 Jp k3( ,

11451

(1) Associate Professor, Department of Art Education, College of Education, King Saud University.

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (2458) , Postal Code: (11451)

(2)

: :;

: ."]"]Q B^# a{S |} |"Q !K#Ue

,(.b3 .;#3 >d. VKAy ~8U X# |k# 9

"UO3 !/Y %Y !"# ! V < Q FG/ >z3 9 ."]"]% .f >.z .< X# B^# 7U

~fZA VKAy |"% / (#6 [

Bk.U(3 !./Y .%Y P .3 !"# V$ ] ,.\<OU B?S \# >"?6 9 !3v P V/(

J^# !K# 9 >.$ 9 !f. ;# X]"]Q

P . 7.# _3U X# |cv >$ ` ,Ba .. _.. F .. JG.. ,K..; k.."% 9 D..]?

I"..6 \#"E]#..6 [

!../Y ..%Y !"..# B..8(C

`.. j..# 9 ..\" ..;/( _.. X..# }..;

..S !..U ..3 uS .." |.."^ ..A] B..^#

/

."O B.8"#%a T.3 j.6;#U .](b \"dU zz "Ov 9 PO 8# ~?b# 3 > "<

[

A /Z6Y Z$ B3 |% " "A ;AS 2011

|< "] \" " S #W |% X/ , b# 7.u ,.Y \" K I `e Z".U j.e

G./ T.3 j.6;#U .""U B.8(C #3 b#3e e .U X.# ( _3 !N #Ay k"# JG

\# _ "]"]% |<

[ BW '( n T< G/

|.S ;" !#W B#3 Z". L v j."U(U

.< :. .3 .# !".# (.bU

`. |

K; Ay

Giles & Drewes, 2001

[

~8 iQ JK !"# VS Ba..^# _..3 .. \..(O X..# B..^# _..3 . .; h.]U a X.# ." "^ B#

.OAa BE#.# ." |.# ` #OAa M..Ua ..3 X8..;# ..b# 7G..$ ,

,X?"#

[2007

. !".# B.b# m a

T.3 3K.A (.z$Y . ] VY ~;3 T<# uS ;|?$e !"# VS i"% ;" |"Q |k# B8"#%a ."]W T.# |."< _. ON#3 P 3 Q ~f e

~/Y ~UbU '.O |.? T<3 _3 >]#A < ,

>..O K..3 _.. t(..^# T..<3 S

..

,J <

[2009

P a JK. . !".# VS

`. B.^# T.3 ~.U8(C LKU _3 x X3.n !".# B.8(C ."? VS uS ;T< 'Y AKAy BMMN# 9 ^;U JK "Z#8a "

>z X#

%75

B.8(N {S _3

,X.?"#

2007

,

"; " BMM S # Q T< VY o% 9 |#3 "?¡ "8;U

,VZ"

[2012

.c ,:.? . (.U V¢ T< 9 T# \8# X# j# !"#

,

o. " A3 RS K; P Jv |k"3 U

(3)

iQ P

Bille, 2008

. S (£; ,

. .]A _3 xU Y A " ( B# _3 7..# 3d.. ..";# .. .."] d.. :..?

\"S |( w Y # S / ¤ ,V?

\#K3

D.b > ` ] w?d ¥

Carla, 2017

,

." ( .$ ." ( .# .A . ] \n 9e e X.# d :? | ( (# k"# K

−

3 >r

− ?.cY ,. `. .¥? >.z m^?cY e

~.8 `. !"# XR( _3 M.r

".6( BK6 "< j?K b? _3 VA ."8 >d. Vd. G./ 9 .O /

,¦.

[2009

. !".# B8(C o V# HE# VS ;VZ.\3 V(.3Y ~.; @#.; > L6 B8"#% o . !".# BK.63 X.R( D] 9 >z# P v

> V 9 >.z# xz ,b? | 9 !/K ¤

_..3 ~..8# Z.. JK.. >.. L..6 ..3S ..

MMN# ";¡ BDO

,V?M [2013

..?$ ..A/ >..z oK.. h.."gU VSe e . >.g 9 _. ,K. ".6( BK6

9 7G$ ,"3Q BK6 o "< "K;#

>g

P.?] B.6"6 B3n qb H/Y q JK. >. LK. ."]"]Q B.8"#%a \"

"d. P.Q ` "M | "] FG/ >£#6 ,X?"#

[2007

G.;3 JK T# 9 d3 >z b? VS 9 .. >d.. ..\3 m^..U |.. B;..6

v B;K _K% $ Z$ ,|

!( ` 2016

aS . ~d"U JG X JM#<a ]# _3 d w?6Y >R ¤ , >$ kU b? d3 VY `. . !".# Bb] _3 ` s#U

\#3..]3 9 .^# ~.8 [

..b? ?K.A m.. .]

9 o;¡.. ..{y ..

%12.7

..3 ..¥"

,DM%§

2017

S (£;. ." .U ?K.; FG/ ,

" M#<a B"A3y oK VK E? l T##U X#

[

Ba. .%Y >d.U b? "< V¢ 7G Bk$ X#

;\O"O \;3 Q ` 2030

%y VS uS oE3 |: _3 (z$Y 8 S dU B"fM

jK.% ¦.^ LK. 9 V. oK _3 DM%§ 3 ¥"

2017

t.;/ VY `. .$ ¤ ,

B.3n X.R(r JK LK w"#6 9 Ee oK _3 [

Bk$ ] \./Y .%Y PE _3 2030

b? d3 >% ` H./v _. _3 VS i"% ;

( ""U6a S b? ?KA ¨O 2030

%7

o

(4)

$d.3 |. >. ( PE _3 o;¡

|Y(

,V"

[2016

X./ .( B.3Z#/ .%Y VS

|Y(. `. k."$ oK. o;¡ h"gU ,>. L6 9 "?]#K \#$d3

VY S d.U X# B"fM%y T3 # |Y( h"g#

%

%60

_.3 !./ K. B.3n X.R( _3

BR(r B?b ª

,!UQ [2017

[42

.« _

>.; !#.A ¬.%S BD.8

kf$

PM.^ o.# .¥"I PE _3 2030

. ?6;3 hfg ` Dd.AS !#".6 7G. ,!\8(

B.\ _3 ~8# 3 ^# sb< > ";\3 >d > LK oR(r ¥"\# j# H ?3 ,2030

[2017

.. .. BD..8 ..]

_..3 .. 2030

:. X; PE _3 \]"]W !# X# | H/v Y(.. /..%Y ..# ..A( e (..® J:..? P.. ¯

B.b< (.bU V\#K. E$ ,X;¡ P^#

,^M.. ,X.. i..^? !"#..$ ..\3 .."%

|M B°d; ,%"K ,<b ,PZv | ;M ,b6#

,"Q [2017

. . VS 9 Zz#..6a `. k.$(U 2030

9 !"#

."]^# ±K.U .Y Z.$ ,J:.? ;

PE. _.3 > L6 !"# B8(C o >3#

VKA§ >3d >"/#

,J?

[2017

m#/ ]

| , !"# B8(C |8 T(

6 ,# a s y T"dU X i^? "

.# B8(C o |O L.6 B.?b#3 . !"

.";\ "O"g B"r ^A wEb ~"8U >

?6;

,!"# |

[2017

. m#/ M#<a P 9 .3 >. 2030

." ( . VS i."% ;J."Q j.An G./ k M.#< _:. >.Y _. h;MU " K _ , P%

V.U VY ~ qbN V¢ (

>.v :. K.r BM#<a _ K P%

,"Z#8a ";# > |

[2016

~A¢ ;b X"U6a H G/ "]^#

M.#<a !. .3 >. ?3 >d Z#/a X?;

(y | PE _3 ~#A3 k X;¡

T B

k"$ T3 Bb] T"{ 9 \8 S @#; >

`Y B(S ]W X# "8#AS (z$v Bb] ` [

BM.#<a . !./Y _3 9( M#<a VS .?3 >d. ~."OU !# i"% ;" 9 N

/ X# ( :A !"# PE _3 9 !/K.U

T² JM#<a ;

Wasmi, 2017

[

.($ PZ.v |. ! S ( HI Z$

.# a `. w?d T"dU PE _3 !\3 JM#<

(5)

!. |K £Av >"\KU PZv P 9 s y BK.6 T3 B$ ] ! >Y > !]U 9 3 "

sb] Bu L"6 9 [

V¢

S J.# s.b] $d3 ?KA T S HI 2030

%80

b.6# |M. B°d.; ! S HI Z$ , Z\3 M#< V#e e e

,2030

[2017

k$(U

M..#<a ..A 9 ..r s..b] tS `.. ..(

~.. V"..6 i.."% ;JK..

w"#..6 9 ..

PE. _.3 7.u ,.";¡ :? _3 K. B.3n X.R( _.3 |?$ Y h"gU o;¡.. |..8 >.. (.. .. PE.. _..3

Wasmi, 2017

[

m#/ Z$

zQ "8;# >]; 2030

R JK #Ay k Z S MMN#

~

,.."8;# P.. 9 Zz#..6a S ..S ,K..;3e X8..;# M..#<a ..%Y .. V#..6 X ,"Z#8a ";# > |

[2016

. Ba. _3 (³ P 9 !.U .] 2030

( H/Y %Y VS i"% ;X;M sb] Z#/a Zz#..6a k..kU ../

(..bU X;M.. P.. 9

X;M #Ay !U c ¡;3 DdAS B;M ,2030

[2017

Dd..AS 9 T..6# ..Y ..( H../Y _..3 e (£; X# "# "%"K T< (bU h%#

."]W 9 !/K.U X.# %b Ba _3 Y ` M#<a v ( "]z

Wasmi, 2017

[

\#\#6 X# Ba T"{ GY _ L.6Y _."3 .Y `. ] K B(]O 9 .\" >. .]U ./3 : 3 S #W >

.U t.;/ V. VY . E 7G. ,\/Y AS X3.n !"# B8(C o LKU o. cM. e

. .\" k.$(U X.# Ba. >$ 9 > L6 [ 2030

.""# @3p. Z#./ V¢. b; G/ _3 . . ."]W 9 !/K.#6 X.# BMMN#

_..3 V..U VY X..?; ..b? ?K..A _..3 ..W ,2030

..6 7.. ..38 ±K..U X..# B. v >.. –

6 − K<

_3 Y c ,\]"]W S " \3

´(. ¬#K3 ` |f( B3n [

`. D.;

./(bU .3n 9 "Q @3p 8(3 V¢ 7u "?]#K ( !U |8 @3( DdAS µ^#6 ." \d."A X.# .%( FG/ B Y _3 U [

VS

"M..# BM..M

!"M..# Ba.. ~..3 !

!"M.# xE.y X."(n !"M# X;M .\8# X.# . b Ba _3 cM ¦e _3 ?KA V¢ 7u T3 ,k#3 >d JK LK

(6)

a oK. o;¡. _.3 B.b] FG./ 9 >

# %10

. >. Bu p.#U Ba Y !

,P

\" > _ TOU(3 / (3

,x(/k [2016

t.;/ VY A !"# B8(C L"6 9 .

.]# T". .#/ oM.MN# oz%? _3 PE. _.3 >. LK \#<E !"# B8(N \"K.]U _ X# µ^ v B6 _3

?U(3 B..6 S ,JK.. !"..# B..8(N ..b

!#"6 Z$ X?;8v !"# B8(N b# (3 B6

"# B(]O 9 ~(

:

<!=

> :

"# ?' 7% @AB : :

A 6

3DE3 ¬3 ( m/ 2011

,>. L6 B8"#%a K B3n XR(

.6 i%? < <

¦".^# XO.c @\;. N#

VY .6 @f.#A B(.\gY ,6 H/Y "]^#

T3 K B3n XR( 3DE3 w?6Y !/Y wE.¡ TU P% k$U > L6 B8"#%

.\8# X.# BMMN# jK% K B3n .. oR(..r |..8S .. 7G..$ ,>.. L..6 Ay j6Q T3 >3# B\ !\3S ,k"

. @f.#; .I(\gY X.# w?6v _3 Y ,®e L.6 o B3n 9 wEb ~# 3 o #

¦O >

[ J(.6Y .6 m ;U o% 9

Asmari, 2008

!../Y ..(3 S m../ ,JK.. >.. L..6 M B^#

!.U .< ,LK. 7.u > B

H 7u "]^# ¦"^# XOc @\; N#6 [

!./Y VY X./ ,@f.#; _3 6 m8( <

X./ JK. > L6 9 B^# B M BK.6 q.b _.3 . o. ~;" # |.6 w"#6 9 FM< PE _3 7u ,3Q !./Y _.3 7G.$ ,r sb] 9 c hfg >.. L..6 ..\;3 x.. X..# B..^# >$d..

!"..# B..8(C T..3 ~3K..A .. X../ JK..

7.u 9 >. ?.6;3 c( a X# JKe >d |O sKU ` 6 $U ,? LK L..6 JK.. !"..# o.. ..

JG.. >..

`.. .. ..;"/ >..g 9 >?]#K.. 9 (..z$Y x"..6 JK !"# B8(C EcS !# VS L6v [

X.?"# .6 m ;U o% 9

>."W 2007

> L6 B8"#%a !"# B8(C 3DE3 \8# X# B?b# ` H(# m/ ,JK v sb<

,. !".# BK.63 B.8(C _3 PZ XO.c @\;. N#.6 !U H/v 7U "]^#

9 O.. t..;/ VY @f..#; B(..\gY ..< ,¦"..^#e BM.MN# ¨?. ?K.; . !".# B8(C

(7)

s.b< B.?b#3 >. .\#"?U "]"?b# "

. | ¶. .6 m.c Y .< ,PZv |.8 T

(..bU ..O"$ Z..$ .." BM..MN# B..8(Ce e m.c Y Z.$ ,k"Ay ® j6Q B\3 B.3n .\] K.U X.# ."Q q.br 8(

B.?b#3 .( .r s.b] T3 "K;# | ·

\] qbr D; > L6 [

oK%? 6 3Y

m/ ] 2006

H(.#

T.3 JK. . !"# B8(C 3DE3 ¬3 ` m.?U .< ,.r s.b] 9 > L6 B?b#3 .< ,.6 @f.#A c( X^K w6v 6 .r s.b] 9 >. w^.cY VY @f#; B(\gY |.\ ;o\3 o?b3 B3n XR( _3 V?b r ,MMN#

.\;3 B".c# 6 m8( ,|p

sb] o !"# BK63 o V # | · X# B\ B3n wE¡ wK$S 7G$ ,r 9 (.£; |¢ mc Y Z$ ,r sb] L6 \?b#

K. B.3n 9 .?# ."]# # L(¡

# L(b ?#6 O zQ

[

x#K..$ .6 m../ Z".

..( 2005

K. B.3n B8(C o # w?6Y !..U ..6 H.. P..c ,>.. L..6 o..

,¦"^# XOc @\; ¡S _ A?#6a N#6 o. # w?6Y W @f#; 6 m8(

B8(C |p.r w." .\;3 ,> L6 B3n

,k"Ay h ,oR(r ¬ "

>. L.6 B8"#%a "3n @/; ?6;3 [

9

>.z#U B"c# _3 m8( 6 7U # L.6 B?b# "3n BMMN# ~"8U | · 9 ..\ D..; `.. k.."$ ,>..

..?b ..(O B

,k"Ay j6Q |8S PMUa B\$

."]"?b# j.An `. k"$. .6 mc Y Z$

";# Td " µ^ v q [

>.3k .6 m.#/ ~Uu K 9

2002

. K. " ( 9 > L6 >?]#K _3 >"8 |c !]# 6 7U m/ i"% ;V®

B.# ,JK. > L6 >?]#K ":#6 7.U @f.#A BD8 ,XOc @\; ` 6 7U .; JK. >. L.6 VY `. $# 6 j#K a ~Uu m< 9 ~; k#3 >d S 6 mc Y ] 7G ,";¡

.6"6 µ%S

` j# _ ±#% ";¡ |8 "O"gU E?]#K3 b? d3

e [

C> : DAE ?' 7% @AB : :

a$ 6 m/ ]

Carla, 2017

]^#

"p B3n 9 V;O @3( B8(C U _3

(8)

#6 !U ,> L6 T3 7U 9 XOc @\; N#

t;/ VY \Y _3 ,| @f#; m8( < ,6 B.3 . # V.;O @3(. B8(C o ]Ue 9 B(\g "«y _ ,> L6 o "p B.3n XR(r TU X# 8v ¬#K3 'ONA v q ( 6 mc Y < ,ozQ "8#Ay 8

9 Nd. .\# X# B\ "A ¬#K X;O ~MM Ba [

L.6 o. |.O >z z% 6 9 _.3 >.$ .< .3 ´( !"# o X >¸ e

Lp;# U

Bach & Wittenberg, 2017

D(8¢

LK. o.¥8E .3DE3 ( i^

x.v >.

!./E H (.£ (.£A !\#"?. w(. >.z _Ge .\Y @f.#; .6 7.U m.8( .< ,"6"K ±.#% o.¥8E o. .( !. ¬#K3 'ONA B(.\gY Z.$ ,."38 B\.« V _G 7¥ Y X.;\3 jU ` M o¥8E jY VY @f#;

,> j6;3 a .6 o"; jY V¢ 7G

_.\ D;z#.6 x.v > L6 9 K; !\;

> 9 " B\3 S #W a X# b"K?

[

"kA..< ..]( Y ..6 9

(Abrego &

Gonzales, 2010)

..(3 V.." H.. ..W !..U

S V (8..\ F..]U JG.. !"..# ..3DE3 B..a

X.(3v > L6 T3 "(3v |^#

[ !.U .<

P.c A?#6a PE _3 XOc @\; N#6 6 H/Y S [

VY B(.\g X.# @f.#; !/Y _3

V." >"6Y 6 m/ o% 9

(Aracil

& Valden, 2008)

B.8(C o. .# ¬3 (

>. L.6 o. !"# # V;O @3(

B.3n XR( ` 6 m(8Y < ,´ v A?#6a PE _3 XOc @\; N#6 " v VY .6 @f.#A B(.\gY .< ,."A" Bk .r >."/U ¬#K.3 B..3n _.3 oM.MN# oR(

m.A$ 7G. ;>. LK. j6;3 P " v BK.6 9 > ( ` PMQ 9 < K;

oOg " jU TU X# |k" B°d;

[

¦". .6 3Y

Bille, 2008

S m./ .]

o. _O P 9 !"# B8(C o A]

;.c

N#.6 !.U .< ,X$ZA. > L6 9 s y

(9)

m.8( < ,6 H/Y "]^# XOc @\;

~." >M. JG. !"# VY ` $# @f#;

s. y | k"OW ` # V;O 9 VMMN#

P > Bu hfg ` PMQ ! ( ¤ ,!¹

;#U .# k."# !".# "A T3 !I< T3 j6

s y ( ` [

. ".8 _3 >$ ~ o% 9¸

(Giles &

Drewes, 2001)

V..;O B.."$ B..8(C ..6 S

N#.6 7.u ,J.; >. L6 T3 \]U 6 7U m3N#6 < ,¦"^# XOc @\;

A?#6a @f.#A B(.\gY .< ,B.A"? T.n |.$

.. !"..# B..8(C o.. ..OU(3 ..]U .6e e B.$Y Z.$ ,>. L.6 T.3 V;O P 9 J;

P v P. X./ .; B.3n VY ` 6 V;O Ba >$ 9 > L6 B8"#%a [

#d.. ..3] '(#..6 PE.. _..3 `..

. t.;/ VY .# ] K. B.6 µ^ v L.6 T.3 JK. !"# B8(C o U jAn ~8 v _3 9 >

[ V¢. >. ] 9

'(#.6 !.U X.# ." ( ." !".# B8(C B.8"#%a 3K.A (.z$Y .U .l ]# µ^ ve

$Y ,I#

~." Bd.A JG > LK 3DE3 (z

_.3 >.$ S _(8.\ _.3 !".# B.8(C D;z#6 |^# Ba Y

"(3v j 9 o3]

L.6 T.3 !\"/U DE# a _G ,"3; P _3

´( >

[

: 9F :

# /3 !"U B8(N "n y VS ;

B"A3¢ ""U BK63 S # ´Ry #Ay LK.. .."O B..8"#%a X..(U .." "M..M

.^# ~.8 `. . !"# B8(C VS ,>

.Y Z$ ,~d X"# £; X< ¬#K >z

B.# V.? X]"]Q b# U

X.£

3v ,J6v | 2012

9 V? m6 < ,

>.$ o V# # S >d ]#

L.6 B?b#3 o W !"# B8(C _3e >

(Etro, Marchesi, & Pagani, 2014)

[ _.

!"..# B..8(C o.. ..f] ..<E V.. P..]

> L6 B?b#3 >d |( >3 _3 p#U

_3 U ~Uu m< 9 X/ ,JM#<a ; 9 ?3 i."% ;."3; . P '.U X.# >$d ( Y !".# B.8(C o KAa º%E > L6 B8"#% o

,»(]; X

[2013

$U Z$

;/ VY B6 ^. aM.OA te

JK > L6 o !"# BK63 o

(10)

¨(.. ..3 ..? JG.. ..r s..b] 9 ..c e !"# B8(C

,X?"#

2007

` > 3 ,

!".# H./Y o. >. L.6 o |O ..%(3 X..R(r ?K..; (..N# Td..3 ../ ..

...?

9 F#$... #K...8 >f...6 ¯

_. .3 |"? \Oc _ X# " B6e ;r sb] B8"#% _ ,> L6 B?b#3 _3 9 ]U ±#% Y E3U VEz a ZS i"%e e BaQ

,X;"KQ [2016

.#Ay h. _.3 >$ V VY X"?b _3 ¸ o.. ..# .. @U..A !../Y ..%Y ..b? d..#A PE. _.3 ,> L6 o !"# B8(C ." !K] # ¥"/ DY %$ i%? >

s.b< 9 ~.Up 7G.$ .6 7. .3 ";O BR( XR( o b 8 º%a ] !"M#

M ";O " @3A(

Z$ ,|v B;K 9 ce

h.."g# !"M..# L..6Y 9 ..W .. t..;/ VY . X# BaK# _3 z ¤ ;!K] XR(

_.3 @3.Ap 7.u B.8(C 3DE3 ¬3 \#3]3 9 `. ,JK. >. LK. B.R(r oR(r d. 7.U i.^? .6 FG./ m.3< .] 7u .]U u.. ~." D..;? _. X.. L".6 9 \ ,(]U ><Y ` ~;3 W Y P«y G/ >W < B(<

. \#;.U .%¡ /Y t;/ VY ce

2030

b? _3 Q !"# ]#3 [

: G :+=

:

S 6 FG/ HI :

−1

." @3A( B8(C 3DE3 ` H(#

9 M.MN# B.8"#%E 6 7 3 ";O JK > L6 [2030

−2

P.W .< X.# B.< !/Y ` H(#

7 3 ";O " @3A( B8(C 3DE3 V JK > LK 6 [ 2030

−3

o 3DE | "O"$ ` H(#

X.R(

. JK. > L6 B8"#% o @3Ap [2030

: H=

: −1

." @3.A( B.8(C .3DE3 ¬.3 3

9 M.MN# B.8"#%E 6 7 3 ";O JK > L6 ?2030

−2

.3DE3 V PW < X# B< !/Y 3

.A( B8(C .6 7. .3 .";O ." @3

JK > LK ?2030

−3

X..R( o.. ..3DE |.. _.. h.."$

>. L6 B8"#% o ";O " !K< @3A(

?"?]#K "Q JK

(11)

: I=

:

¦ Z" 6 "Y k$U :

− G/ "MM % ."Y .\"bU 6 F

."3n ."$v Ba %Y 9 \z^ PE _3 JK > LK \b [

− 3 ";O " @3A( T< ` H<

9 j?K.#U .< X# M] ~8 Y (3 ,6 7 |.c Xb ¤ ;> L6 T3 ~U8(C ?6;3 B" Y (b# oK^#

[ K. .< G./

| 9 Y .3n Y !K.] 9 D.6 (.] XAc ." @3.A( (bU « _3 B(< u 9 !"#

Z. ,""U.6a q.br .] Z. 3n 9 ";O

# "?]#K ( T3 [2030

−

`. .6 FG/ KU <

w?.6Y .(3

..%Y 9 M..MN#3 ..¥ X..R( ¬.. ..b? ..8 B.3n _.3 . \3.]U X.# ""# @3p 7.U B.A3 o ~ d# 8 T3 c ,K

¬(Y 38 o 3 @3p [

− T3 @3Ap B8(C 3DE3 w?6Y (3

P% !]# a Xb > L6e .b? _.3 .^

K B3n 9 ~z3Y @3Ap G/ XR( o [

J K : L@M :

.";O " @3A( B8(C :

B.8(N X./

3 ";O " !K< BR( XR( _3 :?

6 7 [

";O " @3A(

: ¯.? @3.A( /

] 6 7 3 ";O " !K]

[

> L6 :

~." 8# JG > V3 /

~.."b] ,>.. V.. >.. _.. Vz%..?

K " ( r X3Q [

..

:2030

..3% ..\#;?U 3..« ..b X../

`. >. >.8Y _3 7u ;K " ( µ%S |."^ .b?U( B.b] 3#3 ";U

o"] o;¡

[

: N :

XO.c @\;. N#.6 !#. 6 FG/ 9 _3 s; G jKAv @\; G/ VS i"% ;¦"^#

Y T.< !.\ h.c `. K. ~.Av ;µ^ v P..% S P..c ,..% (b "..]

,d..

(b# >"?6 ` B"cU !]U [

: O :

D(..8y ..6 FG../ B Y D..;? i..%? ..<

X# "MNd ] A?#6a _3 >$ PE _3 i^?

FG. 3.6( H./v "]^# \#"%Ec _3 $# !U _.3 "Eb#.6 .;" `. A?#6a m]?¡ < ,6 _

.;" `. .\]"?bU !.U 7.u . ,.6 .;"

(12)

_3 A "fd 6 B.R( X.R( _3 117

BE .] m Z" ,6 7 3 ";O " !K<

T3 _3 >$ 9 o K3 D3 Vz _G Dpr _3 7

¦. !"M.# X."(n !"M.# !".# sb<

..\"W B..A"? T..{ 7..u .. ¬(..8 ,h%..#

?6; B"c# !]U \#d<;3 @f#; EN#6 [

: )%'P :

|Y jK.% oK.< `. 6 T# >#d

¦ ] BA"? T{e :

_.3 V.# A?#.6a Z" 6 T#

K.] ¯.? @3A( BR( XR(

." !

PZ o]^#3 A$Y D6 ,6 7 3 ";O

> ( ` Vz^? 3 Y [

.. ] #.. JG.. ..6 T..# ..3Y 9 o K. D. _.3 Dpr >« ~A¢ "MNd ¦.. X.."(n !"M..# ,!"..# B..b<

v | h%# ,X;M 9 3.U _G PZ

3 ";O " !K< BR( XR( T3 !ZY '( ;3 9 6 7 [

0 :

:

¦. .6 .;" (.Y ½ $d.3 e 124

9 $d. 7G.$ A?#.6a ` 8y o 3 U

¦ ] "MNd BE ]e :

."# !U "fd. .;"

.3 .";O ." !K.< BR( XR( _3 b"K / ½ 6 7 `. .8Y .R( .R( 117

6 FG/ A?#6 [

. 8§ M.< .;" "# !U Z$

/. ½. "M.Nd . ] ¥6Y ` _.3 7

Dp.r

_G.. JK.. >.. L..6 9 o K..

Vd..

X.R( _.3 !.\3 o3 _ o K D k$(3 6 7 3 ";O " !K<

[ !\.U V$ <

..#$

: ,!"..# s..b< _..32

!"M..# s..b< _..3 2

,X"(n ,¦. !"M# sb< _3 2

s.b< _.3 1

h%#

[ z 9 "]"]% c i%? 8 <

`.

h%# 7G$ ,!"M# Ba >$ 9 ;" FG/ (Y sb#.6 ~.AY aS ,\" ";O " !K< XR( > |;

|(. w.6Y N#.6 (¡ _ G/ S >c#

."z

Snowball method

FG../ `. ..z ." 9

;" "MNd BE ] 9 ~ (#U ,;"

s.b< >.z

L..OUa PZ..v |.. 7G..$ ,X;M.. !"M..#

!. ob] _G/ _3 i%? !\ < _G o K

";O " !K< _3 oR( T3 VY ! ?K [

Q!:

3 51 R 2#S( A'S< T UVFS S : 0 = )WB UA

XY R

XY :

A#

H

($u 47.86 56

%

±zAY 52.14 61

%

{y 100 117

%

(13)

.;" (.Y w.]U K. P n _3 #

9 $..« _G.. B..R(r oR(..r _..3 >..

B.R(r _.3 ;" (Y ?KA m i"% ,V"?#6a

52.14

% 7.u oR(.r _.3 .;" (Y \" ! ,

¥3 ?K;

47.86

[%

Q!:

3 52 R MS7F S; T UVFS : 0 = )WB UA

6M7' 2#(

R

6M7' :

H A#

!"#

28.57 2

%

X"(n !"M#

28.57 2

%

¦ !"M#

28.57 2

%

h%#

14.29 1

%

s 100 7

%

?KA VY K P n _3 #

9 o$d.

!"# P 9 o K Dpr _3 "MNd ] m

28.57

% 9 o K Dpr T3 PQ 7G$ ,

¦. !"M# X"(n !"M# Ba _3 >$¾ T<

28.57

% Z\;3 >

[ _3 o$d ?KA m Z;"

h%# sb<

14.29

[%

: !=

: A?#6a 6 FG/ 9 oUY N#6 !U

"M.Nd ] [

`. . 8§ m.c A?#.6a

.< ,6 ¥6Y _3 iz PK P v PK Z$ ,";O " !K< XR( ` A?#6a N#6 !U X. B(." ¯."]3 N#.6 A?#6a FG/ 9 !U

#

3 .3 . ,.3 ,3 ,|d

|d ." S y A?#6a J ` 8§

~.Y ~." j.# VY td. T"b#K #O3 [

V.#U

B33 \;3 P v _# ;Dk8Y E _3 A?#6a @3.Ap !"."]U ` J# xz Dkn Z" ,td _

!K] ¯ LK. ~.#3DE3 ¬3 ";O "

_3 Dkn G/ V# ,JK >

.# |(.] 11

.\;3 |(.] >. \3 _3 ~#]3 ¬3 td [

.3Y

PK. `. J.# ~.A¢ A?#.6a _.3 iz Dkn ." @3.A( XR( o 3DE | "O" # > L6 o ";O G./ `. 8§ ,JK

7G.$ ,%]3 B 8S ¿ td XbY PK . ¬(Y D³ h" VY td T"b#K #O3 "

%] B 8y 9 83 [

!.U .< ,"MNd ] X\ "Az |v 3Y ..£; ~?..« .. ] .."#

(Semi-strucctured

interview)

¢ 7G$ ,]" B33 XbU v

"K.;U . ./; !.U .3 uS A?#6E 3 VU ?K..3

(Cohen & Crabtree, 2006)

B..#% ..< ,

BaK.# # P v ;Dk8Y E ` ] ¥6Y LK. .";O ." !K< B8(C 3DE3 ¬3 P%

Dkn D8 Z" ,JK >

P.% P6 p xz

(14)

!K] B8(C 3DE3 V PW < X# B< !/Y .] .v Dk.n .3Y ,JK > LK X;

!K.] B8(C 3DE3 | "O"$ P% P6 9 >z

JK > L6 T3 [

: !=

:

_.3 "MNd ] V"?#6a _3 >$ D; !U oM.MN# DE3k _3 o; T3 V # i%? >?<

_.3 >.$ D.; ; ,6 7 38 _3 ¯"] 9¾ T."{ X.bU V. ?#a Gv !U ] A?#6a D.; !.U Z.$ ,.6 FG/ ¥6Y \dU X# ^ Z\? o#3 A# oUv [

7.u . !.U .<

'(

o.^ _3 E ` ] ¥6Y A?#6a

~8Y _3 m"; 3 VK"]#6 oUv VY _3 $#

[ A' U%9L &:Z

:

_.3 .E `. .\f; . A?#6a '( !U 6 7 3 # ¥"/ DY _3 o^

E.# > !U ,\#"%Ec \#3E6 _3 $#

B

l c Y X# O"Ob [

[\ : &#B<

:

A?#.6E ¦. LK.Ua L.c wK% !U _.3 ..A3 "Eb#.6 ..;" `. "?b#.

_..3 30

».?U >.33 wK.^ 7.u ,BR(r oR(r A?#.6a B.? _.3 |? > 8 o V6

N#.6 !.U ,A?#6E " 8 o @3.A(

SPSS

7u # P n , :

Q!:

3 53 R S9 S: US! S S S A' A0 1 ]A0 $V U -^ _AB UA

A' R

]A ?`

$ L _AB<

a'#

JM(K <:

]A ?`

$ L _AB<

a'#

JM(K <:

1 0.011 0.46

* 7

0.00 0.70

**

2 0.00 0.83

**

8 0.00 0.65

**

3 0.00 0.89

**

9 0.00 0.70

**

4 0.00 0.88

**

10 0.00 0.86

**

5 0.02 0.42

* 11

0.00 0.86

**

6 0.001 0.59

**

* <: a'# D 3

50.05 , **

<: a'# D 3

5 0.01

(15)

9 V.6 ».?U BE3.3 PE _3 #

.8 A?#6a B? T"{ »?U K P n ..; B..¡?Ua FG../ !..£3 VY ,A?#..6E .."

..a ¬#K..3

o<(.. Bu oU..? .. 0.01

1

.; a ¬#K3 V 5

0.05

; P. .¤

|.< .$ ,A?#.6E ¦. LK.Ua s.OU ` |Y VY `. P ,A?#6a B? ¦ »?Ua Q.c .Y ,LM. _3 " 8 !K#U 6

~6"] m 3 ¯"]

[

A'< AC

Reliability

:

.;" `. "?b#. A?#6a B? wK% !U ] b#6 _.3 .A3 "E

,B.R(r oR(.r _.3 30

Á..?A ($ ..OY >..33 N#..6 7..u

Cronbach's

Alpha

A?#.6a B.? >.33 ½ i"% ,

0.91

./ ,

>d. A?#.6a B.? `. P ¤ ,TOU(3 B? >33 [ w.6v N#.6 !.U @f#; KOU >"\K#

8y ¬#K3 ^# #

¯"] >f ` [

i"%

>f? V DbS !U :

|d 3 =

.3 ,4

= ,3

3

= |d 3 ,2

= 1

h";M.U !.U !. ,

_.3 ¬. K#3 B#K3 Y S B 8y 7U

"# PE :

¥O P¡

= ."< p.$Y

− ."< >.<Y ÷

. ¯"] >f

=

−4

÷ 1

=4

¬.3 `. >M^; 0.75

> Y hc > "# Bb6#

:

Q!:

3 54 R ] = T d:7'#S e:S' S ! @S' a:S )SWB UA

fLA R gZ

@' a:

|d 3 –3.26

4

3 –2.51

3.25

3

–1.76 2.50

|d 3

–1 1.75

! : J' N'F`

:

..6 @f..#A '(#..6 Dk..n G../ 9 !#..

BaK..U `.. .. 8y .. \#d..<;3 /K..OU O6 /W !U X# 6

e [

Q!E Q h#

: S a:

SS'(< )SS SS SS SS SS SS ! "# $% & T MM7'

? 2030

¬.3 `. H.< PK. G/ ` 8§

.6 7 3 ";O " @3A( B8(C 3DE3 JK > L6 9 MMN# B8"#%a T3 A?#.6a 9 o$d. D³ _.3 >.$ >"W !U 2030

"MNd ] 9 o$d 7G$

[

<!=

>:

A'< J' Q!E Q h# ;'

:

.;" (.Y (.£A .\8 . .# P n

(16)

..";O .." !K..< B..R( X..R( _..3 ..6 !.U JG. ,A?#6a 9 o$d 6 7 3 ..¥ jK..; B(..# wK..% ~..E _..3 j."U " B(^Aa " KQ Bb6#

q6#

.3 ./ Z.$ A?#.6a B? ´KQ

¦ Z"

:

Q!:

3 55 R S A' A0 Q( E j#k l'% 2B ! L< ! #k @' ! H 2# ! 9' UA

'( )

"# $% &

R

d ]A

]:F ^m ^m

]:F l'

j#k G L<

"

2B

t 60 51 2

4

!"# P 9 > @(r >/ 1

% [ 51.28 43.59 1.71

3.42 3.43

0.70 1

t 16 37 29

35

X"(n !"M# P 9 > @(r >/ 2

% [ 13.68 31.62 24.79 29.91 2.29

1.04 8

t 19 27 41

30

¦ !"M# P 9 > @(r >/ 3

% [ 16.24 23.08 35.04 25.64 2.3

1.03 7

t 14 25 41

37

X;M !"M# P 9 > @(r >/ 4

% [ 11.97 21.37 35.04 31.62 2.14

1.00 11

t 20 69 19

9

h%# P 9 > @(r >/ 5

% [ 17.09 58.97 16.24 7.69

2.85 0.79

2

t 13 41 36

27

PZv | 9 > @(r >/ 6

% [ 11.11 35.04 30.77 23.08 2.34

0.96 6

t 17 45 33

22

MMN# zQ "8;# T3 >3# @(r >/ 7

% [ 14.53 38.46 28.21 18.8

2.49 0.96

4

t 15 69 20

13

" µ^ v > @(r >/ 8

% [ 12.82 58.97 17.09 11.11

2.74 0.82

3

t 14 44 35

24

T >d "O"g c( ` PM^ @(r >/ 9

% [ 11.97 37.61 29.91 20.51 2.41

0.95 5

t 17 26 41

33

JK > LK "Q B8"#%a X? 10

% [ 14.53 22.22 35.04 28.21 2.23

1.02 10

t 17 32 34

34

JK > LK "?]#K B8"#%a X? 11

% [ 14.53 27.35 29.06 29.06 2.27

1.04 9

q6#

2.50 0.94

(17)

.n _3 #

!.< P (.Y (.£A B.\8 5

`. !\#]3 8 P% A?#6a 9 o$d ;"

7. .3 .";O ." @3.A( B8(C 3DE3 V.$ ,JK. >. L.6 B.8"#% T3 6 B.? FG. . ´KQ q6#

_.32.50 4.0

.¥ _.3 ."Az .¥O 9 T.] q.6#3 / ¯."] B

B? ` V] a ;" (Y VY X; ¤ ;X ( .3 .";O ." @3A( B8(C 3DE3 A?#6 JK. >. L.6 B.8"#% T.3 .6 7 8 3

>d 7u , [

@f.#A A?#.6a 9 o$d. D³ m6 ] B? P% U O#3 (Y ]3 BD8 i"% ;^

.";O ." !K< BR( XR( _3 6 ;"

|? ` 6 7 3

>. @(.r >/

!"# P 9 .8 7u v ?U( 9

.3

|d ´KQ \b6#3 ½ i"%

3.43

` P ¤ ;

@3A( XR( 3DE3 ¬3 7. 3 ";O "

(.£A .\8 _.3 7.u ,!"# P 9 > 6

!\KOAY oR(r [

.6 ;" (Y ]3 BD8 Z$

oU? `

,h%.# P. 9 > @(r >/

" µ^ v > @(r >/

8 .3

z "Az o#?U( 9 UD8 i"%

´K% q6# z

,2.85

j"U ` 2.74

[ .. ..% m..6 X..# .. ] ..\n 9e e

X.R( _.3 .6 .;" (.Y .]3 BD8 `. .6 7 3 ";O " !K< BR(

8 7u A?#6a B? _3 B? xZ

.

3 Ib6#3 B^A i"%

o " KQ

,2.14

.;/ ~.A" !# Z$ 2.49

[ |.? BD.8 .]

>./

M.MN# zQ "8;# T3 >3# @(r 9

´K..% q..6# .. ( ..?U(

2.49

BD..8 Z..$ ,

|?

."O"g .c( `. PM.^ @(.r >/

T.. >d..

´K..% q..6# K..3r ..?U( 9

2.41

|? BD8 o% 9 ,

9 > @(r >/

PZ..v |..

´K..% q..6# 6K.. ..?U( 9

2.34

|? BD8 ,

P. 9 > @(r >/

¦ !"M#

´K.% q.6# K. ?U( 9

2.30

|.? BD8 Z$ ,

9 >. @(.r >./

(n !"M.# P X."

q.6# .;3z .?U( 9

´K...%

2.29

|...? BD...8 o...% 9 ,

X...?

JK.. >.. LK.. "?]#K.. B..8"#%a 9

´K% q6# 6# ?U(

[2.27

BD.8 .Y e

|..?

>.. LK.. .."Q B..8"#%a X..?

JK ´K.% q.6# | ?U( 9

2.23

,

|? BD8

!"M.# P 9 > @(r >/

X;M q.6# |.v |:. Q ?U( 9

(18)

´K%

[2.14

A?#..6a 9 o$d.. D³ VY ^.. ..? e j.An 9 ";O " @3A( B8(C 3DE3 W

%# X i^?$ l # 3 ""#

h [ Z.$

. i."% _.3 ."8 A?#6a 9 o$d D³ ?U >.. LK.. ..";O .." !K..< B..8(C ..3DE3 !"M.# ,X;M. !"M.# _.3 >.$ 9 JK PZ.v | 9 ,¦ !"M# ,X"(n [

Z.$

T...3 >...3# .../3 ... @3...Ap B..8(C VY .zQ "8;#

D³ V¢. G./ >. ,M.MN#

>/ a @3Ap G/ VY S dU A?#6a 9 o$d ~.Av ;T >d "O"g c( ` PM^ @(r w. _.3 ,>. LK "Q B8"#%a X? a >.. LK.. "?]#K.. B..8"#%a X..? aY Y . T.3 ]# JK .# 2030

>d. k.$(U X

Ba.. `.. ..zQ .."8;# `.. ..

!K.] @3A( \"S (]#O X# PZv | ";M X;

[ C>:

Q!E Q h# ;' M7F ; J' :

.. ] 9 o$d.. B.. 8¢ ..# Z"..

8(C 3DE3 P% D® m;?U ] "MNd !K< B

JG. >. P jK% > L6 T3 ";O "

`. .$U .\ 9 mA$ VS ,V$d ~"S X#;

D;z#.6 >. LK. @3Ap B8(C 3DE3 !#".6 Z.$ . |AK. Ba. ""# Ba >."W ."#; .] b3 ."#; FG./ ,¦. Z" ~(

#6a B$Y X# ] K B6 Y ] b3 ,A?

9 JK X3n !"# B8(C 3DE3 ` F.a T.3 '# Fa G/ ,> LK ~ JG ] K B6 9 ~(#6 !U JG X L.6 T.3 X3.n !".# B8(C U ` $

Y _3 >$ 9 >

>p ;$ (3Y [

P v PK # Z" " RS (z$v "%; 9 _G.. !"..# P.. 9 o K.. Dp..r VY ..A .3DE `. .$Y .< "M.Nd . ] 9 $«

P. 9 >. LK ";O " !K< XR(r "

# VY V ( i"% ;!"#

R( ~" >M JG >"/

.";\ ."$v X%.; 9 .";O ." @3A(

..(O B..] "$K.. .." y ..(O .# .3 / ,!"# P 9 > !fE3 \ T3 W P G/ 9 2030

e[

9 V$d ¬Y "? " L"6 9 ]

VY h%.# s.b< 9 o K Dpr _3 "MNd P. 9 .?$ % S /3 ";O " !K< B8(C _3 >$ 9 P G/ 9 > LK fE3 h%#

..#W Z".. ,"$K.. ..";\ .."$v X%..;

(19)

S \ (O B] " y X%;

(bU

> L6 9 > 3DE3 (z$Y VR(r V" p$Y T..3 ..]U (..z$Y ..A ±..#% ,h%..# ..re . B\8U P. G./ . Z". 2030

[ FG./

,A?#.6a 9 o$d. D³ ."#A T3 ]#3 "#;

XbU ";O " !K< 9 6 "?¡ VY ? i"%

R(N ,h%# ' P% H _3 z o D.;Y wE.b .l ( X# " B$d 7G$

.\" $d. ' 3<S _3 !K] 9 !\#6 P G/ 9 E?]#K3 > "A3y !\"bU <e [

!"M..# P.. 9 V K.. Dp..r ..3Y 9 V$d X"(n . Y .] "M.Nd . ]

9 > ";O " !K< B8(C 3DE3 !¹Y .. >d.. X.."(n !"M..# L..6 [

..$Y ..]

>.."/# h.. `.. s..b] G../ _..3 V$d..

." !K< B8(N X y ,X;\ ,X$v 7¥ Y $Y ,X"(n !"M# P 9 ";O Dp.r

XR( _3 !\3 o3 _ !/ _ V K X%.; 9 .6 7. .3 .";O ." !K<

X.# .(O B.] ."%A _.3 7G$ ,"$K .3DE3 ¬( JG Fa G/ ,?/ ` #U T3 # X"(n !"M# LK @3Ap B8(C D³ 6 FG/ 9 A?#6a 9 o$d [

Dp.r .$Y ~ d.# .% . ]3 @f#A _

s.b< _.3 "M.Nd ] 9 V$d V K ." !K.< B.8(C .3DE3 ¦ !"M#

!\"/.U VY .$Y ,¦. !"M.# LK. ";O b#3 T..3 j..6;# a ,X..$v ,X..;\

G../ B..?

FG/ A?#6 9 o$d D³ T3 # 3 / ,P 6 [ . VY X./ ,.\3 b]A zU @f#; FG/

..

M..#<a X%..; ..";# H..I 2030

,. !\3 AK$ !"M# Ba U X# ";M ..8 ¦..n w.." ..£%E3 _.. 7..u T..3

% BMM

!"M.# X;M. !"M.# >.z3 "

9 .\ !"M.# BM.M _.3 ./ X(n 6 7 38 [

*/ Q h#

: -! Qn :` D' ` ?+=

S S S S S S ! $% & )

? 2030

G. x.z PK 8S P%

!/. .# J

@3A( _3 oR(r 3DE3 V PW < X# B<

>.. LK.. ..6 7.. ..3 ..";O .."

JK .6 FG./ m.8( ] 2030

Dp.r ./($u X# B< w?6v _3 X.# "M.Nd ] 9 $« _G V K

Y D8

\ : 7 3 ";O " !K< B8(C VS

(20)

.OU .3 / ,!"# P 9 q] > |"\3 6 >.?< _.3 s{S t;/ 7G$ ,V K Dpr ~"

!"# "A VY !"M# Ba 9 o K Dpr _.. .." ..";O .." !K..< ..R( F..]# JG..

6 B8"#%

!"M.# Ba. 9 >. L [

."

Ba.. 9 wE..b ..] ..3 VY S j?K.. i..%?

VY ¬.#U a .8 | . B(.]3 ( / !"M#e !"M..# ¦.. !"M..# .. 9 ..3]3 V..U q] X"(n [

.Y V$d. \" k$ X# B< _3 e ." !K.< X.R( |.8S T.3 >.3# .";O

\"S # X# !"M# Ba 9 zQ "8;#

b?U(3 T< 9 "«y FG/ ,X< > L6 !".# " M< ` $U X# ] K "«y j.A8 ./ % jA8 ` X; @3Ap 9 ?#

!"#

[ Z# a ~.8# G./

X. ~.8# T.3 ±.«

|(.Q .";O ." ±K. 3 PE _3 ";O "

Ba. _.3 . 9 . BK3 !/KU X#

..""# ../ v ..S .."Z#8a M..#<a [

_.3 . j.b# i.Q > L6 VSe

M.MN# B.\ \#3]3 9 3v .O#

m. B.?b# FG./ T."{ ,X.]b; >"^# <;

]U X# |(Q ";O " ±K 3 D; ; I(3 9 Ä6Y >d !/KU ,"(3v B3n ¨ 9

"K.;# q.bN .] ~.8# Z > L6 3Se >.. L..6 o.. B..3n 7..U o.. P..?#

Marklein, 2012

[

B. 8S PE. _.3 B(. X# B< _3 .. ¬#K..3 h.. ..6 FG../ 9 o$d..

.3 / ,";O " @3A( B8(C ¬ k"Ay m. ;U X.# ] K. B.6 !.£3 ~." B$Y

> L6 JK X3n !"# B8(C [

a

..Q >.. L..6 VY 7..«

.. |..8S j..b# i

Ba. 9 .c " ( S S k"Ay .< D.$ BK63 T3 >3# !# i"% ;!"M#

@3(. VY S .S ,´(. LbA A LK. 9 V3. .\"S # X# zQ !"M#

v 9 k"Ay U "^

MU 3 | ,>c

.8 _. E. ,.Y .k"Ay . IzWe e V¢. .# ," ( V "R a LK 9 DE !.\3 >.c# !#. X.# . X./ k"Ay µ.^ v j# T8( jY VY _ E ,/pe Ay VU Ba FG/ 9 |"n k"

[

Dp..r ../ Y X..# B..< _..3 7G..$

.8 X/ 6 FG/ 9 V$d V K L6 B?b#3 9 ";O " !K< B8(C ¬ |p

(21)

9 V K V$d \" $Y "%; FG/ ,>

P. 9 Dp.r VY Z" ,!"M# r > L6 !"#

,d. FG./ S d. h%.# 7G.$

!K.< 9 wE.b \.6 X.# br S | ; 9 ." Bpr. !/ k.U Y º%EA ";O "

>d. '. h%.# .# !"# P

!\8( >?< ?b ~6Z X<

[

f/ Q h#

: S ]SW 19% gV US

"# $% & '( U! o Dp\

?A;'# ! k ."A3S "O"$ ( PK G/ ` 8§

B.8"#% o. @3.Ap X.R( o. 3DE |

>"W !U ] ;"?]#K "Q JK > L6 9 o$d.. ..6 ..;" (..Y D³ _..3 A?#..6a

7. .3 .";O ." !K.< B.R( XR(

9 o$d. D³ >."W !U Z$ ,(3v G/ P% 6

"MNd ] [

<!=

>:

f/ Q h# ;' A'< J' :

B. 8S >."W "#; '(#6 G/ ? 9 A?#6a 9 o$d ;" (Y `. BD.8 X.# ,

# ^;

:

Q!:

3 56 R d'S .S "#S $% & U! U 1 :,B :` D' (; QL H 2# ! 9' UA

) A'< T UVF q N! 1 2030

R

:` D' (; Qk ) d' . "# $% & U! U 1 :,B

: 2030 H A#

!K] > MMN#3 "( BK3 DdAS [

35.90 42

%

MMN#3 !"MU "$ DdAS [

30.77 36

%

> L6 _ K "6( BK6 T3 "K;#

!K] qb D;?

[ 24.79 29

%

!K] @3A( > "8;# !U h"zU [

4.27 5

%

!K] # ¥"/ DY DY ";U (bU [

4.27 5

%

rsK 100 117

%

X# PQ !/Y _3 VY FEY P n _3 #

.";O ." @3.A( X.R( o 3DE _3 kU <

L6 o . T.3 DE#. Z JK >

2030

BK3 DdAS X/ A?#6a 9 o$d (£A \8 _3 ..¥3 ?K..; 7..u !K..] >.. M..MN#3 .."(

35.90

% M.MN#3 !"M.U ."$ Dd.AS 7.u ¦.U ,

m ¥3 ?K; 7u

30.77

% .]3 D.8 Z". ,

K. ".6( BK.6 T3 "K;#

L.6 _.

(22)

?K.; 7.u .zz ?U( 9 !K] qb D;? >

m ¥3

24.79

% h."zU _.3 >.$ D.8 Y ,¸ e

.";U (bU ,!K] @3A( > "8;# !U ."# j.U( 9 !K.] .# .¥"/ DY DY m. ¥3 ?K; 7u

%4.27

Z\;.3 >.

[ FG./

Q Dp.r F Y .3 T.3 \ 9 #U %] P

PK G/ P% "MNd ] 9 $« _G [

C> : f/ Q h# ;' M7F ; J' :

"MNd ] 9 V$d Dpr <e X.R( o. 3DE | E _3 _ PQ _3

<

> L6 o 6 7 3 ";O " !K . . | · `.. V$d. T.{Y ..< ,2030

Bu B.\n o. X.; !K.] o. ?K "K;#

,>.. |..$ JK.. >.. L..6 9 ..<E ."O B.8"#%a .( .r s.b] 7G$

qbr D; > LK B8"#%a 7U

[ G/

P.Q !./Y _.3 V. < o$d >?< _3 <a µ.^ v B.6 _.3 .z .\"S mM X#

. !".# B.8(C .3D3 m. ;U X# ] K oK%? 6 >z3 JK > L6

2006

,

X?"# 6

2007

x#K.$ 6 ,

[2005

DdAS Dpr \"S «Y X# Y \ B%] _3 \"S # X# Ba 9 MMN#3 B"$ Y K<Y

!"M# B"$ K<$ JK > L6 [

G/

P.Q !./Y _3 V < i%? (£A \8 _3 >Q Ba Vv 7u ; BO#a 3n ` X?; X#

,>. L.6 .\"S # X# Ba _3 !"M#

a oK _3 Ba FG/ 9 o3 Vv 7G$

# %10

,x(/k [2016

~A.« _3 ] G/

9 !/K. 7G.$ oM.MN# > L6 VY b? d3 >%

[ D³ o. .]U t.;/ V¢. 7G$

o K Dpr "M.Nd . ] 9 $« _G

M.MN# zQ "8;# Z#/a | · P%

B(.] _. .S >. L.6 \8# X#

.3DE |k !K] 9 wEb \6 X# "6 JK > L6 B8"#% T3 [

. ] 9 V$d. \3.< X.# PQ _3 ." !K.< B.8(C 3DE3 ¬#K3 T( "MNd Z#/a | · JK > L6 T3 ";O P. 9 k"Ay B(]3 h"zU ,k"Ay .. Vv 7..u ;>.. L..6 .."O Z.. M.N#

JK > L6 B?b#3 !/Y _3 U k"Ay

"#; FG/ ,iQ jY ~"S mcU 3 T3 #U

\.( !U Z$ JK Vd m ;U X# B6 .. Z#../a `.. B.$Y X..# ,..6 FG./ 9 JK > LK \ "UO %$ k"Ay

(23)

¦?]#K iQ [

B.$Y .6 FG/ VS P] _ #r 9 \f#A PE _3 @3.A( B.8(C .3DE3 . `

L.6 B.8"#% T3 6 7 3 ";O "

. . JK >

P. 9 aS 2030

~.. |AK.. Ba.. ..^# ~..8 `.. !"..#

.."] ..3Y ,X.. i..^? h%..# Ba..$

V¢. JK. >. L.6 \d. X# Bb]

C VY @f.#; B(\gY ,\3 #U a @3Ap B8(

B.8(C .3DE3 9 ]f >z X# w?6v !/Ye @3.Ap G./ VY X./ JK > LK @3Ap ". P v ] 9 oMMN#3 o3 @(N# 3 Ba. 9 >.U :. B.<¡ @(.N# "\3 9 Y ";M O#N !"M# Ba

[

FG./ 9 V$d. \3< X# PQ !/Y _3 G./ B.8(C .3DE3 .kU VY _. X# 6 . . JK > L6 T3 @3Ap >d..U M..MN#3 !"M..U .."$ Dd..AS X../ 2030

!"M..# 7.."(n !"M..U ";M.. BZ"M..#

# X# ¦ ."% JK. >. L.6 .\8e

M..MN#3 .."; BK..3 Dd..AS 7G..$ ,E?]#K..3 e

> L6 T3 #U [

FG./ 9 V$d. .< Z.$

.";O ." !K.< o. "K;U t;/ V VY 6 L.6 9 |"O#K. Bb] o 6 FGl X;

"?]#K.. "..6 q..br D..;? >..

`.. D..;

> LK "O B8"#%a [

Z' :

(..r _. .6 FG../ @f.#A `. D.;

"# B"c#

:

− 6 7 3 ";O " !K< 8(3

B.?b#3 T.3 #U z% qb D; ,"Q ~bbr T3 "?]#K > L6 [2030

− |.."< X..;?U !"M..U .."$ Dd..AS ..3n

L.6 .3y Å."f( M V#6 v ;MMN#3 MMN# :? _3 ~U8"#% ¦?]#K >

|AK jAn 9 |# !"M# jA8 9 [

− o.. ..3n o.. ..3k3 B..$ ..]

..6 9 >..U X..# .." BK..6 B$:..

L

Bpr !lK$S wEb j# JK !"M#

3n _3 !\8( >?< 3E [

− >.. LK.. .."O B..8"#%a (..]U

."3Q BK6 :? ¬] _3 JK ,BDM..%y ^M..3 >.. |..$ "..6(

LK.. .. b .."3n BM..MN# µ^#..6 U Y >..

7..U `.. D..; ..\;3 ..8 (..b

B8"#%a [

(24)

− B.3 .Oz3 "?U B µ^#6

Ba. .^A !\\"8.U > _ o¡ ";\3 K. ;>. L.6 9 oOg. 9 « _3 xU X#

Bu 9 .b? d.3 _3 Q Ba 7U k m<

[

* * *

! M %J`

)

<!=

> :

)

:

X36 ,oK%?

[2006

. !".# B8(C 3DE3 ¬3

>.. L..6 B..8"#%a K.. .." ( ..

r

|y M#<a ,kk? 7 38 R ,kk? 7 38 – 1

10

,

−87

[104

Æ j."?% ,x#K$

[2005

!".# B.8(C o. .3D

> L6 B?b#3 B." 9 .3]3 >. < [

'..( kk..? _.. Æ..? 7.. ..]"

,

−27

+30

+1 2005

[

.ÇY ,»(.]; ;±ObM3 ,X [2013

@f.#A 9 BD(.<

B?b#3 "?# ""# BK6 XR( 6

> L6 n [

"3 ,. k .38 – 2

15

,

−105

[126

\# ,!UQ [2017

?b P 9 Td3 µ^#6

. D. 9 3#K. ";# ]"]W |}e [2030

|d;3 #K83 6 [

6 7 38 [

K " ( [

K%

Lc ,_

[2016

6 o 3D

!".# > L [

.

V."? B6

− ,q".bN# B.6 V."? k.$(3 4

9

,

−71

[98

VZ"6 ,X;"KQ [2016

!".# @3(. 9 |n ¬#K3 T

T.3 !"# B8(C >3U "]W (¡ _

>. L.6 B?b#3 :

Td.3 >.W ."A"3 .6

³ Tb#KU (N#

?b o$v D .]3 i.^ [

!".# |.8 VZ. ¯K. ´( ( 9

,¡(r ,

−9 +11 +2

[2016

,"Q [2017

B.?3 G.O; JK. PZ.v sb<

H/Y "]^#

[2030 ,'( O"^c >( Y 30

,2017

,642

[26

..

[2030

[2017

..

K.. .." ( ..

,2030

http://vision2030.gov.sa

[

_Ç(.? ,>3k [2002

. 9 >. L.6 >?]#K.3

V® _..3 >.."8 .. K.. .." ( ..( ¬..#;3 [

'.( JK M#<E "?]#K ,

−19

( .#$Y 21

2002

[

(../k j..3 ,x [2016

.." K..<Y K..<Y ..";O

!"M.# sb< 9 K B3n ¦ !"M#

¦ ,M.MN# . ." . [ ."n

,O; ! "Av 5

4

,

−411

[427

R ,V?M [2013

L.6 !".# B.8(C o. 3DE

>

Z#8a µ^ È @"r k$(3 ¬#;3 [ "

"AKAy ´ ,

−9 +10 +3

[2013

;_K ,X£

V;Y ,J6v ;ÇY ,|3y [2012

¯"<

B.3n (.£A .\8 _3 !"# B8(C |8

> L6 BK63 ¨ ,M.#<a |y [

9 34

,

−147

[171

(25)

P;3 ,J?

[ [2017

";U 9 / VEy ;c |.

.. ..] Z.. PZ..v [2030

.. #K..83 ..6

|d;3 [ 6 7 38 [

K " ( [

.;3 ,X?"#

[2007

. !".# B.8(C .3DE3 >."W

JK. >. L6 B8"#%a . . [

–

,m 38 5

23

,

−7

[31

ÇY ,¦

[2009

X;]# j# B8(C q ( 3 B6"6

>. L.6 B.8"#% T3 X;\

[ S .3]3 .<

9 PZ.v w^.cY BZ£;.3 P.% "3] | ; B8"#% j# B8(C o f] |O ""U

> L6 ,|(/] ,

−9 +11 +11

[2009

_Ç(? ,V"

[2016

C o |O . !"# B8(

JK > L6 ,L:. O"^c ,

bK.Y 17

,2016

,452

[21

f ,J < ;?c ,

[2009

o. .# . ^A

> L6 @(r BOc3 .y . . [

M#<a

− ,M#<a |y "$

,16

−25

[ 52

M..;3 ,VZ"..

[ [2012

(..bU .."?# .."?# @3p..

9 ..b? d..3 ..n3 >.. L..6 B..8"#%

K " ( B.8(C >3# ( [

..r .. s..b] 9 >.. L..6 T..3 !"..#

,

,Vv

−25 + 28 +3

[ 2012

DM%§ 3 ¥"

[2017

3 "¥ ,3 ¬] K3

K " ( DM%§

[

https://www.stats.gov.sa/ar/survey/12438

[2017 !"# |

K. ." ( !"#

[2030 "Z#8a ";# > |

[2016 @3.A( B\#K3 "]W

X;¡ P^#

_3 <EbA e 2020

[ 2030

https://mlsd.gov.sa/ar/content/goals-policies

K B3n XR( 3DE3 ¬3 [²⁰¹¹ [J ,A JK > L6 B8"#%a ,µ.^ B6 [

3 55

,

−13

[30

C> : AE )

:

Abrego, L., & Gonzales, G. (2010). Blocked Paths, Uncertain Futures: The Postsecondary Education and Labor Market Prospects of Undocumented Latino Youth. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 15(1), 144-157.

Aracil, A., & Velden, R. (2008). Competencies for young European higher education graduates: labor market mismatches and their payoffs. Higher Education, 55(2), 219-228.

Asmari, M. (2008). Saudi Labor Force: Challenges and Ambitions. Journal of King Abdulaziz University- Arts and Humanities. 16(2), 41-97.

Bach, S. & Wittenberg, E. (2017). Education is the driving force for labor market integration: Seven questions for Stefan Bach. DIW Economic Bulletin, 7(4), 44- 59.

Bille, T. (2008). Labor market and education for artists and the creative industries, some descriptive results from Denmark. Journal of Education and Work, 21(5), 17-29.

Carla, C. (2017). Can arts-based interventions enhance labor market outcomes among youth? Evidence from a randomized trial in Rio de Janeiro. Labour Economics, 45, 131-142.

Cohen, D. and B. Crabtree. (2006). Qualitative research guidelines project. Retrieved from http://www.qualres.org/

Etro, F., Marchesi, S., & Pagani, L. (2014). The Labor market in the art sector of Baroque Rome.

Economic Inquiry,1(53), 365-387.

Giles, P. & Drewes, T. (2001). Liberal arts degrees and the labour market. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 7(2), 28-33.

Marklein, M. (2012). Liberal arts education lends an edge in down economy. USA Today, January 25, 2012, 458, 9.

* * *

(26)