٣٣ . . . ) / ( . .

(1)

:

: ) / (

٣٣

!"

–

asbelabes@gmail.com

.

! "#$ %& &

! '& (&

. )* %& +, -&/&

0 1) 23 %4 ) ! ) 563

07&# 8(9 53 :&#6 ;<$ / =$&< * >$ &

4 / * %<

4 7&(& %

%& 66 / %< "$< 5&

.

&

5& $

($ & ?$ ) 64 2&$

)

<A / ( D A<

"9& <A 5E +6*

D ) +6* $F < =$

& 6< 6

% 5 3 .

%& # G&

599 %& %& 599 34 .

(2)

٣٤

! "

#"

$ % & '" #"( )* +"

.

%,- " / # :

"

*1"

&! &2 " $3- 3 4 &56" --1

1" 3 3 #"( 1 78 "-/

- 9! '" "5 +" 4;"

% /

"

)

.(

&81 /!" # / #"

:

"

<6, =- /-"

) 6"

] & 7*> %

% [

! " * -?*1 @1 *1 '

/ ! '" "5 #"( )* +" &A 3 #"(

3

"

)

. (

"

&5" # "

"

',

"

#1 " $

/ 4*B5 #"

-1 78 8

)

" (

! >

)

.(

C/ "

<

92/"

*1

) H ( 0

I 0

JJ .

) K ( 0 0

:

! 0

L) H 0 I MM .

) M ( 0

A/ 0 K I 0 HJ & N 0

"# $% &'

I 0 KO & N 0 ()!

I 0 J N

&

0

'*+

I 0 KP .

) O ( 0

I 0

HQQ .

(3)

؟ا يدا ما لأ ن نوا ء"#$ا %ه

٣٥

" $&*1 *1 &*8 4?6, D" #"( +;

"5" $8 ! '!

E-1 1 E" &;

" : "" &FG/ #"( 'D;

#

"

)

. (

"

8H

I8 3 ! , )

"

#? ! "

J K 7

(" %", 1 4 1

% '*+ ! :

"

*1 3"- 3 C/(" 3-L 4M 4 E-N! $"

5" $* & 5 @*> O 3 4P- *1 7"

9DG &* 5 8" $3"- 3 ! G -"" $!"

*1 Q+ ) #,( I! $3D """ I8 "+ ! $1" )* ',- - P $R?"!" R56 7+" $R1"

) ! -1! $?"1 > #8 "8 D8" $>

.

)* )*- 95 - -8 " $) S-!

) . 3 *1 9 R-*,"

$ I" 3"

$ 3>"

. R-"

"

#? !

"

E-/ E *" $ O" $

( @ -T-

"

)

.(

#" Q","

&P- #" ! *?

% &8 " U;

"5 #J

-1 32- ? 4/*+" 3 I5 "; *1 *1 7"

. , E-"8 1 V> #J 5 ) 3*>"

W8-

, 1 #8 ! X-! " $R"P 4+/ 3> 7"P*

R"+" #J

$ , #8 &-8 3" #" ** J .

) P ( 0 ,- .! / % 0 '1! ,2 1 34 , 5'.

I 0 HJH .

) R ( !

0

"

) HMKK ـه / HJQO

"

( , ' 0

0SA/

I I 05T $$& 5(

: K D M .

(4)

٣٦

"

; &* Y- (

3*8 #"

&8 L

$

3-"

3//

$&" , )8"

4B;G" - #"(

:

" S" # 3*8 #"(

$ 2 4 '! "

Z "

92/

Z & ! " I8" # #"/

. #J P "

U/

9, 28 , 3""

$ >J #J "

U/

9 28 , 7"P ; 3- I-", *1 68 3">"

+" ,/" /

$ 3- 3! 3;" +-"

. I"*+"

" #8 5/ ! 56 " - # W" -, ', "5

>L . \

>

#"(

4 ! ," I 3

5 U\"

3- 56", 8 $

"

% "/

"

E"/

#"(

3*8 "

E?"; *1 78 $&8/(

Y- E* !

&*

$ #8 ';" #( ' @/* % /

E @? E;" ! -

*8 - - / #8 P/ " $

-8 E

"

/

"

E .

! "

#(

Z </+" 3X

Z @*+

1 *1 Z

-5 & '

58 Z

. 8"

" $R^ E*1 - "5 3X #(

" $ - " 1( $R^ E-1 Q >L

" 4/

4*

. </+ #("

+";" 1" - .

#D #J"

G 9 E*, _9J R^ E-1 Q " R^ E*1 -

.

"

3! 3;" / #J -1 %";

3/;" 3,- ; E/ +" C/ + U; /

" 3X

<? ';> #J ( $W>

"P- ( @* " "P-

" $ " $ " $ 1, " $ > " $ / " $ "

(5)

٣٧

35 3*> " $ P- " $ H " $ - " $ "/ " $ >

3P-8

"

3 38

"

" $

"

3*

3

"

3*> " $

3?-

$I6/ " $31, " $I5 $31, 3+ "

E " 3-*1 3*> "

3-*1 Z

" " 1 Z

#, ! 4J & & 5

31 45, " ` % #"( 5 3"+ 3*> " $

3-" L ! 32 <? "8 8

, #/

. &/ -5 "

3*> 4J >( ! ', /- "/- % * Y- I-, 1 "

5P- 7>

. E- "5 3" R5 ! ! -+"

3-TG" 3 3// >J #" *1 3*TG"

#"(

//

3 . # 8"

% 6-8 %6*,-

(Keynes)

) bccd Z befg

&

( :

"

+ #,

&- "

/ &

/

= 1 &5 35 42J 8 /

"

)

.(

#$"

! )

% / ( & '& ' '*!

+

' ,

#"( #T" ' U/ >J #J # !

8"

" I @*+-- 7" $

" '

*J V"-

) 86 / ( *1 68 P1 *

5 :

) b ( 86 3;!

.

) j ( &/

)

.(

) V (

"Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite except from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist"; Keynes, The General

Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, p. 383.

) W ( $* %4 ) /$

X +6* $

"

A<

5& 5&

"

*

&$

=$

"

(&

"

= / Z9 :

"Parmi les principes fondamentaux de l'Islam: l'interdiction de l'usure (le riba) et l'obligation de l'aumône (la zakat)"; CEFI, La méditerranée économique, p. 137.

(6)

٣٨

-"

- 8 E

#" *1 -

" 3 3*

Y- +;" T\

.

"

I8" # #"/ 4 4P 6 " '

-+ ( &6*! $& ! "

#" 3!;N

=> 3 $

- @ &" $32/ 3 I5 46 85"

– -

!" / Z

1 >L k 3*

/ *1

"- - %

)

.(

-( $3-8l" 3-6l " 31 m"- &P1 U; -5 "

> &8/ 46- :

m RQPONML l

] )*

: bf .[

5"

D Q 3*8 #" ';" &5

$3* =>" 3, #?"

< >L -"

<-"

. "

E #"/ R"! J Q .

"

E "J ) &

)8 "! E-1 Y- " E-1 &6* "

. -> N!

!" "" $# ) " 5H & ! $86 E-" # 2 3/

.

=>

: $31"+ 4 /"" 86 )-5 $3,

K $7"" $48" $3" $3" $3"" $C" $"-"

. 5"

" W- *1 ! #8 ( $*8" U #/ 1 *1 - "! & I/

# @- ! P- / ) ;" $'!- .

$=> 3, "

E/"" )-5 " $X" $" $8/

$W" $X

K $kX"

. ; - ( $**" #+ 1 *1 - 5"

3/", ! 3/* E-1 - ! 4-8 " $ ) ;" _E

# I8 ! P- /

)

.(

) J (

Chavagneux, Les dernières heures du libéralisme, mort d'une idéologie.

) HQ (

#!

0 ,* $ I 0

KH .

(7)

٣٩

, %

,

9-L P *( G 8

9"

=>

&* ' $

3-" I8 E* " # #8 .

,- / #2 # *!

:

• 8 3 38* # 38* ( $86 # E+-

E" " "5" $E I8 ! "5 8 86 +" + :

m jihgfedc l

] V :

jf Z jn [ - #"" $

] [ :

"

E;1" E" E &/ &* *1 &* #8

"

)

.(

•

E+- 8 3/ #"

<;

&* ( $86 #

E*1 I, %H" 3 1 & -" #"( I8 ! / E" " "5" $3 @"/

: m hgfedc

wvutsrqponmlkji

¢¡~}|{zyx l

] : jgo .[

•

#"

7>

% - @!" # ! 7 -

O

<; 86 46*

E" " "5" $ :

m ba

ponmlkjihgfedc l

] / :

o .[

•

" 2" Q, 86 46* ( 1 #"

# #; 7"!

p?

p?!

E" " "5" $ :

m À¿¾

ÓÒÑÐÏÎÍÌËÊÉÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁ ÛÚÙØ×ÖÕÔ l

]

"5 : gb .[

) HH ( ) KPRO (.

(8)

٤٠

• R5 ( $86 # E+- 8 @- ! #"

6 E/*" $> 6 86 #- >(

! ^

# 8 "

: m ÌËÊÉÈÇÆÅÄ

ÓÒÑÐÏÎÍ l

] : gg Z go .[

•

"5" $86 # )8 E+- 8 # 6-8 3/ #"

E" "

: m ihgfedcba

r qp o n m l k j t s

}|{zyxwvu l

] 3"

: df .[

•

<; E+- 8 # #" #"

" "5" $86 #

E"

: m dcba`_~}|{zyx

tsrqponmlkjihgfe

~}|{zyxwvu l

] / : o [ $ 85"

.

3*8 #"(!

3,

"

- / !

]

[ &P- 5", 6

%

3 ( *1 6 E-( $

$ 3 Y5-"

3

$ <1 3+;- E" J

31 & 32 .

@ " &!

3 4- '

$ "

) 3

86 ! EP- 8 $ &/ ! (

, &P- 6

$ ( E 4, X

3"

" 3

P1""

U?-"

*1 C/

/"

$ U" #> /"

. "

", %6*8- qH #, )

Gibbon

) ( bodo Z boef (

"

-

]

[ "5

) HK ( 5 =< % ! &( "$

" : [9 <

<$$ $6*

"

'/ 0

:Aristote, Les politiques, p. 122.

(9)

٤١

) QD

4 3/;" 3 D/ % /" (

"

)

.(

#"

* - @ )

Risler

" :(

6,- X-"

# / -2

]

[ ! $

* -^( , 3; Q #" 8

"

)

.(

86"

4

r"- # 6 W8 *1 5 # $# m- 3;

/ W- C

" "

$ - > 8

]

[ 9?

:

"

3 # m-

"

)

.(

5"

*1 #

$ <- W % &P- *1 # -N!

<

1 3 3! - &8/ &" & 8 &/ *1

&

# $ 3;! *1 - "5 86

$ &/"

$ ( ! E-1 -

E "J* ' 3 3

)

.(

3, / -5 "

/ 3*J 4"/

Z 2 Z k @/ ! "" 4+ I # ! 86

)

.(

"

-5

+ &

3

$ #1 E-"

$ W"

# ( $"

#8 +1 "5 %

@/

/ E . ; ! "

- @ 38/ ; ? 3"

. 4"/ 3, / 8

3*J 86 /

31, 3 # ! "

"

#!8

1,

"

)

/ " _(

C> I8 &/ # ! # ! " $

) HM ( 5#9 / :

\ 4 D +& =$9 D

$& -T &)

] [ = * _6

=<9 0 &) ;6 0=T &

T

`*

& _6 &) $,& 0% 5/ +6*

"6* \& 0_6 5/ +6* -T .

) HO (

Gibbon, Histoire de la décadence et de la chute de l’empire romain (2 : 494).

) HP ( 0 I

MO .

) HR ( ) KPWW .(

) HV ( 0

2

KJ I I 0 :

HPO D HPP .

) HW ( 0 !" #$%

I 0 VH .

) HJ ( 0

& &' &!" (&

# I I 0 :

HVO D HVW N N

0

' )* + # ' !" #$%

I 0 I : JM D HHQ N 0

(10)

٤٢

" 86 / " _# I8 #?" ! &/" #/ @

<

3 38* # +"; !

)

.(

#( *1 3 +- 1 U/ #J E; "

:

:-J 86 &\ J8 ( #( I,/ &1

•

Z 1, ; 3;

) "

taxe de la sécurité sociale

)(

.(

Z "

"

1, J 3;

"

)

.(

Z "

"

- 1, &

) "

redevance socialo-religieuse

)(

.(

Z "

"

3- 3;

) "

impôt religieux

)(

.(

Z "

"

3 3;

) "

impôt islamique

)(

.(

•

! 56 &1 -J 86 7" J8 ( #(

"

U;" X

3 38 - @/ ! %"

"

)

.(

•

&? 4H ' 86 J #"8 ( #( #+ &1 #/ 31, 3! "+ 5 ! $ "( "*

)*/

! 4 " $(

E/ #8 4-G 3 "; -1

*

"

"(

"

)

.(

&- 1 - Q &"*"

!"

: ,+&- ( I I 0

: PH D PO N 0

&!"

: . )* ( /*

I 0 KJ .

) KQ ( 0 0 ' !" 12 3

I I 0 :

HQV D HHH .

) KH (

Mazahéri, La vie quotidienne des Musulmans au Moyen Age, p. 117.

) KK ( I

VR .

) KM (

Boubakeur, Traité moderne de théologie islamique, p. 297.

) KO (

Siagh, L'Islam et le monde des affaires, p. 15.

) KP (

Toussi, Qu'est-ce que une économie islamique?, p. 192.

) KR ( 0 I 0

HHP .

) KV ( 0 % 3 ' I 0

HQ .

) KW (

Masahaku, La responsabilité des civilisations, p. 27.

(11)

٤٣

E-1 &5-^ " $&/ " &5; 1 &5- -" $&/ U*"

.

&/ => 3 9" 3? #"( R5 +-- 8"

- &8/ 56 $38" 38 3 I5

92/" 3( *1 *1 &/ 8

Z ) 3,/ 4; *8 Z

6

U/ Y- +; 3 #"

/ #2 # *1 - :

•

& I8 1 1 3 / #8" &1" I8*

#8"

)

.(

•

I8 I","

3!" ^ - E-

))

.(

•

#8" !- 3-s # >

)

.(

•

7/

$ '?-"

$ ++> 5 -" $31 4 31 4"

- & 4,"

] [ 3/ 28 5""

]

)[

.(

•

# <6-8 "8

4,>

6 %X I5 E8

) (

EX "1" #"/ % & ! &,"" Y"

.

) KJ ( ! 0

45 I I 0 :

KO D KR N ! 0

4&5 I 0 MV N "#

0

6 7 % 89 I I 0

: WK D HQK N 0

7' 45

0 4 ; 45 #5* 45"

I 0 HOV .

) MQ ( $ 0

- I 0

JR N % )

( 0 3&<9 &=>?

2 0 H I 0 HVJ N

% 0 3 8? 0 I 0

VR .

) MH ( & '(!

L) +6*

$) 0 3& #&9 @?

2 0 O I 0 KVW N 0

359 5 I 0

HO .

) MK ( $#

0 &9 A 89& B9 7 < ' 35 89 C"" D-

0 C" B+% . 3 #9 .

) MM ( 0

2 0

M I I 0 :

MQR D MQV N * 0

& 3&

/

E=;

2 0 O I 0 HQQ .

(12)

٤٤

•

'!- &* 3*;

$ U #"

$ ' W"

$ -X "

)8 '

.(

•

-X" ! "8 3- !

)

.(

•

* # 4 #"

98* 4

)"**

)

.(

•

3, " 1 ; +* ,

)

.(

•

<" "8 #

H &" $O 3 ! @-" $&/ I8

>M 1 #X " $@*> *1 8 =" $E"/ E-

)

.(

•

!" P/ "( " *1 I, #"(

5 3 U !

1" I+> &16 8 I # 4" O #

)

.(

•

W" #1 &

"

)

$(

"

; " (

? 3"

$

"

38/

; - @

"

.

# ! "

"

#8 +1

E/ /

"

)

.(

*8 #"( # &/ "

3 7" " #/ !

$ 6N8

$E8 ', &/ " $" #8 86 3;! 3/

&/ "

& ! &* ^" &*

) &

( I/ !"

) MO ( 0

2 0

HH I 0 HP .

) MP ( + 0

B+

2 0 H I 0 RKV .

) MR ( ,"

7 C 3 # 7 ' 7 .

) MV (

# 0

I I 0 :

KWH D KWM .

) MW ( ! 0

45 I 0 VJ N 0

B 9&' #9 3 2 0

H I 0 I :

KHK D KHM .

) MJ ( 0

2 C<

I I 0 :

PM D PO .

Lewis, Juifs en terre d'Islam, p. 23. (OQ) ) OH ( - 0

F0

2 0 H I I 0 :

KQP D KQR .

(13)

٤٥

) & ^

)(

) "/-" $(

. 3 #"( # &/ 8 #2

#!8 6N 1,

"

8" #8J" W* @/

"

)

$(

"

38

" 8" &

"

)

.(

3 3+" 3! 3/- U; -5 "

$

& ( $ ! & &P- *1 3*+ 3 @+- 38"

38" 3 @

$ "

@ @/ 2J "

$ W"

W8 . # # "

9+" , &

3 +> =

$

31" +>"

. 3/8 3 #"( *1 3+" @+- -"

38*"

Z 92 – E+; X- + ! .

% &P- 8! - 5"

<, 3" 38 / ; 3*8

$ "

<, "1

.

! $( R^ ' * 4*"

$

! I5"

*8 #

$ ! "

( 3 #"

E-8" $ ! *

3*8 #"(

3, :

*" $( R5 ( ! "/ I5" $4

8" 6 .

8" 6 #8 U "! &

$ + '

&* #" 3*

. U ' # #8 N! "

! #> "! '!-"

3*8 E"

! ' # #8" $ "J E" ! #> "! ;"

3*8 O # $-1 -

: m VUTSRQPO

^]\[ZYXW l

] :

e [.

) OK ( . 0 0 $% ' ' C I I 0

: KHV D KMQ .

) OM ( 0 5 ' !"

I 0 OO .

) OO ( 0 40 3 G GH 950 I 0

JW .

(14)

٤٦

\ +6* %<& ' aA b 3

c %& '$ "6 %E& aA 8&

A$< "9 0

% %& +6* Z9&

* Z9

"9 b< * & %9 b< +6

<9 "9

5/&A 5<6 59

<)&

...

%&

56<

5 %&&

!"

# / =

$ &81 /!"

` 5 :

• 3,"6 38*

) 3" 3>

.(

• 3 3/

.

• 1, #!8

)

.(

%,- " / ="

` , 3

* &

:

• E! "*> " O # # .

• #8 38 / ; ', ! !

.

• 31, 3 @/

$ 1, 6" P/"

.

• 3> 38* &/

.

• / 3 3 .

• 3* 3 3- .

•

@-" )

)

.(

) OP (

&

0

' !" #$%

' )* + # I I 0

: MJ D HHV .

(15)

٤٧

"

38 3/ ` 5

1", 5

,"6 38*

$3

1, #!8" $ 3/"

$ &; E %

"

'6"

"

" $

"

3

31,

"$

"

1, ; ."

- #8 2/ #, "

&P

` R5 *1 68 % 322

. 5"

S+

- 7*>

>M 6

$ 3 ! ,- %

Z #2 # *1 Z

"" "^" I" - % )

Le Roy Beaulieu

( ) bcfd Z bebg

&

(

"

3"H

$ 3/"

$ 38*"

$ 5 =8 C2 @?/ 5

3*"+ 4" $3, 4

"

)

.(

,-"

- 7-" 1 !

% I+>

? *1 28 68 `

3!-

"

&/

) 1,

.(

5 ! ; "

+ #J

" E/*+ +;

R+ /

- !

$ "

5 -J ` R5 &

#2 #"

. 3! 3/- $

6 1 !

3 I5 R^ 1 .

"

! 4 *1 ; "5

4/ ';"

#"(

<1 3" 3// 4

% ', " t

&8/( ! 7> '" E -

#"( )* 4/ V- 3*

t

R5 J 3/ R5 ! + % !" &8/ "

3" 3// 4

<1

<1 3;"! 3*+ )*" $

" t # % *1" t&8/ 78" t

*1 # -N! *1 4 4H R5 #2 t) ! 3""( 5

< W #J

&8/ 7"! " $ 78 E! #> 95

) OR ( , 0

!" D<% #<

I 0 I : HJ D KK .

) OV ( 0

!" #9 ' H 2 0

H I 0 KM .

) OW (

Fitoussi, Compétitivité et cohésion sociale.

(16)

٤٨

4;

"+" X U" $3/ ";

1 +;- " 8" 6 I/

.

3!; ,"

"

31, 3 "

!" C/ S+

&

8 8

)

1 #8 E*" $(

"

3 38 "

"

3 38 "

3,/

"5 &

$38 1 #"

"

&

#8 ! 5", , 38 &" ) ! =-

3--" 3"

)

.(

S+ # "

"

31, 3 "

3P- 4," 4-

"

3 38 ."

"5 * 7"

3 #;!J % &P- @+ 1 @/ 31,

I"" J+> E! '- &P- % ! @/

)

2J 4 -" $(

=>( #"( *1 8

)

1 Q! *1 "* 3 - >L " $(

38* @"/

%",

)

3/ " (

. I8 I5 # J #"

"

O

&*1 E6- W *1 31, 3 3 # #N ( $6 # E &5 " $ '?" &8/l 3-; I8 &"/ *1 W- #/ E" $#+ @/ 6D E

"

)

.(

"

) OJ ( . ,/

!&(( 5*

) HWQH D HWVM

"

" ( 9 S &)

5<T "

"

. +& 5 +, G "< X &($ &A $

) HWWV D HJPW

"

.(

'/

%& %& I&3 :

Abdel-Malek, Idéologie et renaissance nationale, p. 407.

&

$d %& I&3 :

Berque, Bibliographie de la culture arabe moderne, p. 150.

) PQ (

Piettre, Les chrétiens et le socialisme, pp: 13-25.

Ellul, L'idéologie marxiste chrétienne, p. 130.

.HKP I 0" 0+& (PH) ) PK ( 0 2 1* # ' " !"

# I 0 HPKH .

) PM (

Garaudy, Pour un Islam du XX^e siècle, p. 19.

) PO ( 1 0

# F I 0

MQH .

(17)

٤٩

W- &" # # O @"/ ! #

$ " R1 @"/ !"

"-, –

) # ! Z

R1 @"/ !" O @"/ ! &*P .

U*+ , "

"

31, 3 "

Z E+; I

)

E+;- &1" (

31 3/- Z

I8 #* ^

"

3^ `

#"8 3"* " $38** /" I "5 # " $&J

6" 1" 48* Q6- " $ 8 I?;

. #"/ )

E+; &* #5 31 3/-

2 #"

- 31, 3

" -^( 3 -^( #" Q+

)

.(

-1 "

:

# "5 @"/ 3! ) & " $E/ @/ % #8 !"

+ 41

"

3 3 .

"

P 31 4 ! 3/

" I8" #

$ "

&

N! $C/ R- I8 ! 1 "1

R- I

&"8 3*> u :

3/ # *1 3- 31 3 4

&*P" $Q>" k^" $3," $" E @/* " I-,"

.

3/ 7 *,"

Z 1 -" $E8 P 7" ( -J

E*! P 8-

)

Z(

4" I8 ! #( 5 3/

3 . < #2 # *1 3/ P ,-"

' -1 )

! k1

o 5 ( -

"

"( / E #" E," I8

"

)

$(

92/"

3- ! )

bdjj 5 Z bevf

&

( %", -1 )

bjgf Z bddj 5 (

) PP (

Marinescu, Raveaud, L'efficacité économique est un préalable à la justice sociale, p.184.

) PR ( 12$ / 0

F # ' # B0 B! 0 I 0

OHH .

) PV ( 0

&% C&" %9 #52 I 0

KJJ N 0 / 0

#&52

%9 I 0 KWO N . 0 3 @ ;

7& &' <9- '

!"

I 0 HQO .

) PW ( 3 / 0

I I9 I 0

WK .

(18)

٥٠

4"

) bjoo Z bdjo 5 ( "

" : -A*! 3/ ! 3> 4-8 "

E" $ +- 7/

"

)

.(

% 8 !

3> D &1 - 3/! *

)

.(

W -5 X"

U;" # $Q", -X " 31 38 4; ! ">

"

31, 3 "

"

3 3/

"

8 ';" 32/ 41

1 = 3! *1

! #"

.

#

!"

"*?

#" !

S" ` 6

$ % '" "; *1 "

.

&5"

"

! 3X 4" >J 3+ *1 ) !

=> " $1 7" #"/ 3+ *1

3X I5 .

&2 "

` R5 1 -J

3P1

E>""

.

"2J &*"

– " I Z

3/"+J #" ,

&"*

31 5H

$ I )" $&" R" - #J

- :

•

E- #J #, 1

$ " $ I5 "

- 3+

3

P- E>

3>

)

.(

) PJ (

4 0

!" 7+ ' I 0

KW .

) RQ (

Smith, Recherches sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations, p. 380. Weber, Economie et société, p. 412.

) RH ( 5 0 #$% J ' C I

HKM .

Hodgson, L'Islam dans l'histoire mondiale, pp: 88-89.

(19)

٥١

•

4H #J E-

$

@/ &6* ^ 3- 3> 3*/ + .

•

#"

31";" 3*1 3* 3/ ^

- -(

W" E #/

#/

.

"

I 8

$ *!

6", >J

#"

/ $

9* &5" >J H5 U

85" $&*>

. Q"" 5"

! " "

" #8 C/ 8 3"+ 3P- 2J )

Popper

( Z ! ', "5"

31, &"* 3,- Z

R- &^

)

.(

X 2/ #, "

!

! 3P- 3

Z ,""

Z

</ 4 , 3* 4,"

5

( #;!(

"

9P/ 28J /( ! ' 3* 41

*1 - 3// 41 3- #(

"

)

.(

&^ 85"

4" / 5 ! 3"+ 4P- -

)W!

>" ( )3!

$ (

'"

52J 4/

.

"

'"

# 8 8-" I(

)

"8 %-5 (

)

Lacordaire

(

) bcvj Z bcgb

&

( &1 ! bcfe

&

"

>J I5 #8 1

"

"5" _ ; E-( # I5 "!

3 #, E-( ( 3^ 3! )8

"

)

.(

! Y- E; %

&*

#J + ", !; "5 >J

U/

! 3; R",

) RK (

Popper, Le réalisme et la science, p. 84.

) RM (

Boudon, Le juste et la vrai. Etude sur l'objectivité des valeurs de la conaissance, p. 123.

) RO (

Schützenberger, Les faillites du darwinisme. Les théories actuelles n'expliquent pas les miracles de l'évolution.

(RP)

Chauvin, Le darwinisme ou la fin d'un mythe.

) RR (

&<$&

: < 5 d A&X & G$& +6* 8# 5<&

(Guzman)

5$

HKHP

"

.

) RV (

Tribou, L'entrepreneur musulman, pp: 179-180.

(20)

٥٢

#J U/

I/ #, ," $ '! #J !

@"!

m/ ' => 3" 4- &?- *1

^ 4 W-, -

** 1 " P-* 3/ "X / 4X !- .

$%

3 Y?- m*>- --N! 3" R5 38 w :

&

: 8!

#"( !

3

5 3*> *1 68 :

*1 78 5 ! #"

8 3P" "5

$ ! m> "

$

% 2 ', 3 3!

$ 3 3!2"

.

"

%";

! P- & 5

?-2

"

E!

/

"

( #?

3 3*>

" $"

! 5/ 8 */

E

"

.

'(

: #"( "

/( I^ ! ` 5

3/

38 - #8 *1 68

% &P :

$'6"" $3/" $38* 5"

1, 3 &; E"

1, #!8 " $3 .

- 5"

,-

Z #2 # *1 Z

` *1 68 % 3 !

$38*" $3/" $3"H

"

7-" 1 - 68

#"/ ? I+>

&P-

% &"G !- *1

? 3!-

"

1, &/

.

&((

: *? 3,- !

#"

5H 8! @*+- :

#J #8 7"P I/ 78

1 H5 U / $ #J 6", >J *1 N! " $

>J

"

&5"

9*

85" $&*>

. 5"

) 6 (

#"

3*8

R^ 1 % &P- 3,G 6T\

$ ) =" 35( &^

(21)

٥٣

&6*" " $3 3 % &P- +;- E> % $(

E-" E % &P- EX %" $5"-" 5"J $&

<8 #"( )* U"

<;;!

$ $U/ E," ^ *1 E*/

m"- *1 G! $E- W E! #>" $E "5 E- V>!

3//

IX ," 3"5" 3/*" $ #"(

.

"

*1 3" R5 468

V"- *J )

6 8 / ( #"

3 3// >J

$ 3-"

$ #"( 3*"

3*8 3//

.

O / 3""

Z 8 3- #5 -1 "5 Z

3"1 5

-" ( .

E "J* ' 3 3 ! E-1 -"

.

# #" @+ ? 86 @/*"

$ "

3; ( @*

) 868

3"" $C" $"-" $48" $+

( Q"+ " $ )

38

/ " $3" 3" $7"" $Q"+

( 31" I8 #?"" $

3+

) 8

$31- $,"

4>" $316"

($

"- )8"

3>

"-8" &"*1 " $,"

$ 3*8 #* @""

!- 66" $", /" $4>" 4,- .

</ - E-( 31" ^ I8 #?" ? @/*"

$

<"

9">J &/ # 8

) X )

$3" $"6" $kX8

IX"

( ">J " $ 9

) N )

$" $" $" $8/8

""

.(

"

E @/*

,""-8" &"* &>

$ " ! @"" $"

31" ^ ةر ر

" $ )8 ! 3/ 4,- &>

*/ ^ &+N8

3- 3-"/ 4-" "

" 4;!

3 4-"/

) P1" $5" $"/

( 4,- "

"

"-,

".

(22)

٥٤

"

>( !

$ 4- 3" R5 +- 3-8

#"

, 35"

#

86 #" " S;A ) 3,/ 4; *8 $ 3/8

" $3,"6 38*"

# #"" $@- !

$ E8 ) ! #>"

31" @+

,N E"

" 8 #"*/

&>

3-! #?"

"+

.

"

4" &5 32-

* 3" R5 1 :

&

:

; ", !

, 3,- #, 3*8

#J

$38 3*1 3*8" $3*"

.

'(

: $">J" " 5 #" ',

- U/ N "

I8 ' %

$ 3-"

#" $

&*

@!" " $ 3- 3,-

2/ U -1

#"+ I-

& !""

,

" $

#" $4"

.

3

6/

: 3

! !/ 3 / )

!/ ' L*

) ( HJVW

"

( ' I I9

I 8& 0< /$ a9& 5 0

: 8&* 8&T$

.

! $ )

8 PJV ) ( HOKQ ) ( - 8& 0

:

<

b .

! ! )

8 HWJ ) ) ( HOQQ ) ( 45 aT 0 :

$&9 !* 'A&& T$

.

% )/

( ) RJH D VPH ) / HKJK

"

) ( . 8 (.

=>?

3<9 8& 0 :

<

.

% )

+ ( ) HOHJ ) ( 3 8& 0

: b<

.

9"

) L*

!/ ' ) (

HOHV ) ( 7&' 4&5

0 4 ; 45 #5* 45"

b< E 0 4&5 ' 3

=9 0

8& 0<A % =6* a6*&

: I I 0<

: HMM D KOP .

! * )

HWWJ D HJOQ

"

) ( HJJV

"

( E=; / 3 * '/ 0

SA/ 0(

: 5SA/ 5<T .

(23)

٥٥

!/ % )

8 VKW ) ) ( HOHJ ) (

&$ 0 :

< 5< &

.

# !

) VMK D WQW ) ) ( HJVW

"

( 0 8&

:

"6 .

+ )

HOKK ) ( 9% 4 3 B B+

& :4& '/ 0 a6

09 \ &* a(

: 5 .

، ا ا )

ت ٤٦٣ ـه ) ( ١٤١٨ ـه ( و ا ن لا أ ،

ض!"#ا ،ي"ه%#ا :

يز'*#ا + راد .

! 12$ / )

HWJW D HJVO

"

) ( HJVM

"

( "& 'T '&& 5 5T e&

"

0 5 89 .9 B 89 0

HQ D KK 0&$&

6/

3 I I 0SA/ 05$ &1T A& 0 :

MJJ D OOO .

! ! 0 / )

8 OPW ) ) ( HOQM ) ( %9& #52 8& 0

:

56 b<

.

/ % ,"

) 8 JMR ) ) ( HOQJ ) ( #& 7 ' 7

7 C 3

&$ 0 :

&

.

/ ! )

HMOR D HOHR ) ) ( HOQO ) ( % % 3 ' 0

&$ 5$

: 5 5/ 8&T$

.

! $#

) 8 VWJ ) ) ( HJJJ

"

( 5 89 C"" D- ' 3

0 C" B+% . 3 #9 9 A 89 A 7 <

a9 0

0;* 9, (

K 0 8&

: b>

.

! !/ "#

) 8 MHH ) ) ( HOHP ) ( 7& %& 89 6

' #<9 7 I ' 75 3 75 89 5%"

I&K aT 0 :

5 8*&( 5<

.

!/ ; )

8 WMW ) ( . 8 (.

359 5 8& 0

: 56 b<

.

< / % )

!/ ; L*

) ( HJJJ

"

( 8&? &0

<' 3 L0> 3 8& 0

: .

! ! )

. 8 (.

C< 2 0

: T$6 6 .

. )

HJPP

"

( ) 0

: 5/& :46 5 .

*

!/

) &

HJMO

"

) ( HJJW

"

( &< & & !"

8& 0 : 5d 0

59& 0 51 .

(24)

٥٦

! = )

HOHH ) ( ,+- . )* ( !"

) . .(.

! )

HMQV D HMVR ) ) ( HOHJ ) ( 7M #9 8? 7 G

72 '

* 0 : .

!/

) HJJM

"

( ' !"

5 ) 0

: 05 5E$ 5<

T 5(

.

! )

HWJM D HJRM

"

) ( . 8 (.

) 0 : ( 0a&T HV

.

> ! %, )

HMKP D HMJM ) ) ( . 8 (.

75 3 # )

. .(.

2?

) HOKM ( !" #$%

0

:

b< "*

.

& ! )

HJMM D HJWQ

"

) ( HJVJ

"

( B ! 3 0

8&

: 8*&(6 : .

& ! )

HJWM

"

(

%!

; 0 :

86 b< 51

T$& 5/&

.

0 )

HJWP

"

( 5 5 -E&& " 5*/& 5

E 0"& 5 5 89 .9 B 89 C 0%

NO P NQ 0

6/

3 SA/ 0 :

5$ &1T A&

.

@ 1 )

HJWP

"

(

# F 0

( KR 0 8&

: 6 "6 .

! A

) HOHV ) ( . )* ( /* !"

) . (.

.

) HJWQ

"

(

# ' !" ( ) 0

: <

.

! - )

HMOV D HOKH ) ) ( . 8 (.

F0 5$< 0

:

.

!/

&

(

! ) HJJK

"

( &' )* + # ' !" #$%

0

) : 5)& 5<

.

! / $) )

8 PQP ) ) ( HOQJ ) ( 3 #9 @?

8& 0 :

<

.

5 ) .

HJWQ

"

( & #$% J ' C 8&< 0

:

8*&( 5<&

.

, !

&

) HJVW

"

. ( &!" &)* !" K

) 0 : 5 &6/$ 5<

.