The patient's problems in the preoperative phase and the complications after the operation are then discussed. Chapter five discusses the findings of the literature review and addresses six subthemes.
Introduction
And it will highlight the most significant learning style that reduced the patient's anxiety level from the literature review. In addition, research has shown that a high level of anxiety reduces the quality of life and health of the patient undergoing heart surgery (Malek et al., 2018).
Chapter summery
Another research also showed that patients with a high level of anxiety during their preoperative period will increase their chance of prolonged hospitalization and recovery time (Prado-Olivares & Chover-Sierra, 2019). This study examines the impact of nurse-led educational intervention in the preoperative preparation for a patient undergoing cardiac surgery.
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease
Furthermore, atherosclerosis occurs when the arteries that transport oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body become hardened (Bergheanu et al., 2017). Coronary heart disease is caused by the build-up of plaque, a waxy substance, inside the lining of larger coronary arteries, known as atherosclerosis (Sanchis-Gomar et al., 2016).
The worldwide incidents and prevalence of cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease is associated with damage to arteries in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys, and eyes (Jankowski et al., 2021). Atherosclerosis can build up until the arteries become narrow and cannot get enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart (Sanchis-Gomar et al., 2016).
The American incidents and prevalence of cardiovascular disease
The United Kingdom incidents and prevalence of cardiovascular disease
Also, the British Heart Foundation (BHF) stated that around 4 million men and 3.6 million women are diagnosed with the cardiovascular disorder in the United Kingdom (UK), resulting in more than 160,000 deaths each year. However, it was estimated that the healthcare cost of cardiovascular disease is £9 billion each year (BHF, 2021).
The United Arab Emirates incidents and prevalence of cardiovascular disease
Non-modifiable risk factor to develop cardiovascular disease
However, researchers have shown that patients of black, Hispanic, Latino, and Southeast Asian ethnicity are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Carnethon et al., 2017) (Rodriguez et al., 2014). As long as patients have a family history of cardiovascular disease and are under the age of 50, they have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (Bachmann et al., 2012).
Modifiable risk factor to develop cardiovascular disease
However, handling harmful substances such as smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco or exposure to secondhand smoke can cause cardiovascular diseases (Virani et al., 2021). Furthermore, tobacco is the primary cause of injury and constricts blood vessels (Virani et al., 2021).
Acute myocardial infarction
Finally, research in patients with poor diets has shown that trans fat increases the risk of cardiovascular disease through adverse effects on lipids, endothelial function, insulin resistance, and inflammation (Anand et al., 2015). A 2016 systemic review found that soft drinks and sweetened beverages were associated with a 22 percent increased risk of myocardial infarction (Narain et al., 2016).
Angina pectoris
Acute coronary syndrome
Heart failure
The lifestyle management of coronary heart disease
The medication management of coronary heart disease
Revascularization
Furthermore, it will allow the blood to bypass (get around) the narrowed parts of coronary arteries (Tala et al., 2015). In addition, Jennings et al. 2014) stated that since the percutaneous coronary intervention was first performed in 1977, it has rapidly evolved into one of the most.
Issues face the patient in pre-operative stage, and the complication after the surgery
Research conducted by Abate et al. 2020) states that globally approximately 48 percent of patients suffer from preoperative anxiety. However, a study conducted in Germany by Sachs et al. 2014) showed that 44 percent of patients would need psychological support per day.
Additionally, approximately 20 percent to 50 percent of patients experienced anxiety while awaiting bypass surgery (Heilmann et al., 2016). In addition, research conducted by Klaiber et al. 2018) emphasized that patient education in the preoperative period helps to reduce the recovery period and reduce postoperative complications.
Chapter summary
It will then highlight the patient's pre-operative problems and post-operative complications. And finally, he discusses preoperative preparation, nursing education, and its impact on surgery.
Introduction
Systematic review
The study Aim, objective as well as the review question
Research Strategy
The Data Base
Medline is authoritative because it can show exactly what research was done, who wrote the results, and even where the research was done. However, many Medline studies are peer-reviewed because peer reviewers try to ensure that the research design is thorough, that statistics are properly presented, and that the research is worth sharing (GWU Health Sciences Students, N.D.).
Search Strategy
The PRISMA Flowchart
Data extraction
Chapter summery
Introduction
Critical Appraisal Skills of Research Article
Did the studies address a clearly focused issue
Was patients’ treatments randomised
Were all of the patients who entered the trial properly accounted for at its conclusion
Blinding is an important methodological feature of randomized control trials to minimize bias and maximize the validity of results (Karanicolas et al., 2011).
Were the groups similar at the start of the trial
In addition, the sampling advantage of the power calculation allows us to know how many patients are needed to avoid a type I or type II error (Schmidt et al., 2018). On the other hand, recruitment problems can disrupt the timeline of a research project, preoccupy the researcher, reduce the ability of a therapeutic study to detect treatment differences, and ultimately lead to trial abandonment (Patel et al., 2018). . Unfortunately, the study (Erturk & Unlu, 2018) (Hoseini et al., 2012) (Heilmann et al., 2016) did not perform power calculations for their sampling, suggesting that the no.
The validity of the research is also understood because the participants in the control group were routinely informed as usual. Patients in the intervention group received a dialogue with individualized information and emotional support one day before surgery and standard care. The validity of the research is also evident from the fact that the intervention group received routine training.
All the outcomes of the studies were considered to improve the patient level of anxiety before surgery. However, one study caused the patient to experience psychological harm, causing the participant to have a high level of anxiety as a result of the nursing educational intervention (Erturk & Unlu, 2018).
Chapter Summary
Introduction
Theme 1
The very significant importance of having nursing intervention such as verbal education for the patient undergoing heart surgery to reduce their anxiety, the participant. The importance of having nursing intervention training such as booklets with information about the heart surgery and the preoperative process.
Theme 2
Also, the surgeon and the anesthesiologists gave some information about pre-operative preparation and the procedure. The mean score was measured at admission for the control and intervention groups and did not differ between the two study groups. One day before surgery, the mean score decreased dramatically for the intervention group to (34.0), and decreased slightly in the control group to (36.9), and the P value was.
Theme 3
According to Vahdat, et al., 2014, educating all patients in the same way allows them to feel more heard and respected, but providing care to each patient in relation to the need to help the patient feel less anxious and be less afraid. The mean preoperative anxiety score of the participants was (34.34), but after individual education, the mean postoperative anxiety score was (35.94) for the participant. The importance of having education about nursing intervention, such as leaflets, reduces patient anxiety in the preoperative period with a P value of (P < 0.001).
Theme 4
Theme 5
The essentials of having nursing intervention training such as received dialogue with individualized information, emotional support, and having a supportive. The significant reduction of anxiety level was found in the intervention group compared to the control group before coronary bypass grafting with the P value of (p < and five days after surgery with P value of (p < 0.001). nursing intervention training before and after 6 weeks of the procedure, such as audio tape , which reduces the patient's anxiety, with P value of (P <.
Theme 6
Chapter summary
Introduction
The impact of nursing education in the preoperative period for patient undergoing cardiac
The education that patients receive before the operation also has a significant positive effect on the results of the operation. The results of preoperative education in this study showed increased overall patient satisfaction with the education and improved quality of life (Yu, 2015). In addition, many of the articles selected for this research showed the importance of nursing education in the preoperative period to reduce patient anxiety (P <0.001).
The impact of preoperative education
It also showed that nursing education in the pre-operative period reduces patient anxiety and reduces postoperative complications. Because patient education programs will provide education that will include expectations of the surgical procedure, ant medication that should also be discontinued, dietary restrictions before the procedure, and providing instructions for follow-up care after the patient leaves home, and during during this period, will allow the patient to ask a question and highlight his concerns.
Teaching the patient
In this phase, as a nurse, we should ask the patient about his or her learning style, by watching a video or reading, whether he or she likes face-to-face interaction with giving instructions and asking questions, and that will enable the patient to get the best out of themselves. information about that procedure and understanding. As mentioned earlier, according to the patient, the educational program for patients should be a special learning style, such as watching a video of the procedure, a booklet in which the patient is explained. The study highlighted the need for nurse-led educational programs in the preoperative period for cardiac surgery in the United Arab Emirate (UAE) to reduce patient anxiety and provide the patient with realistic expectations of the surgery and the length of stay in the hospital. hospital and shorten the patient's length of stay. control over their pain (Chandarbabu et al., 2017).
The impact of having nursing verbal education
The impact of using nursing booklet education
The impact of having individualised education according to the patient source of anxiety
The impact of having information leaflets
In addition, leaflet information in the preoperative period has been shown to reduce patient anxiety and improve the patient's healing process (Guo, 2012).
The impact of having dialog with individualized information according to the patient
The impact of having audiotape program
Chapter summery
The chapter discussed the impact of individualized education based on the patient's source of anxiety, which will ensure more effective use of educational resources in reducing the patient's level of anxiety. The chapter also discussed the effect of dialogue with individualized information and emotional support, as it will enable the nurse to understand the source of the patient's anxiety and provide evidence-based health education and emotional support according to the patient's needs. . On the other hand, the study did not show a statistically significant difference in the anxiety level of the patients after receiving the audio recording program.
Strength
Limitation
Recommendation
Conclusion
2016) 'Food consumption and its impact on cardiovascular disease: The importance of focused solutions in the globalized food system', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 66(14), p. 2015) 'The past, present and future of minimally invasive abdominal surgery'. 'Risk factors for coronary artery disease: historical perspective.', Heart Views: official journal of the Gulf Heart Association, 18(3), p. 2017) 'Risk factors for coronary artery disease: Historical perspective', The Official Journal of the Gulf Heart Association, 18(3), p. 2021) 'Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease', American Heart Accusation Journal, (143), p. 2015) 'Secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers hospitalized with coronary heart disease', JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(1), p.
United Arab Emirates: 'big 4' public health issues, Glob Health Action Journal, (6), p. 2020) 'Optimizing the value of the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool for quality assessment in qualitative evidence synthesis'. Hiwot Referral Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia', BMC Anaesthesiology Journal, 18(155), p. 2011) 'Preoperative smoking cessation and postoperative complications', International Journal of Medicine p. 2016) 'Soda and sugar-sweetened beverages and the risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: a systematic review and meta‐.
Cinahl Database
PubMed Database
Medline Database
Data extraction table
This form of preoperative education is effective in reducing anxiety and depression in Chinese cardiac surgery patients. 70 patients are investigating the use of an educational audiotape program on anxiety and depression in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Nothing was mentioned. The audiotape education program used by patients undergoing CABG reduces the level of their anxiety and depression after heart surgery.
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Tool
No, the intervention group received preoperative education by specially trained nurses, but the control group received the standard. Patients in the intervention group received a dialogue with individualized information and emotional support one day before surgery in addition to standard treatment. The study showed that beneficial effects own reduction of pre- and post-operative anxiety, i.e.
