Introduction to Chronic non-communicable
disease
1
Lecture
1
Objectives
▪ Define NCD’s.
▪ Explain the different types of NCD’s.
▪ Identify the risk Factors For NCD’s.
▪ Distinguish between modifiable and non
modifiable risk Factors.
Definitions…
•
Communicable disease: a disease that can be spread to a person from another person, an animal or object.Example: common cold, influenza, tuberculosis, etc.
•
Non-communicable disease: a disease that can NOT be spread from person to person.Example : cancer, heart disease, diabetes, etc.
Characteristics of NCDs
▪
Complex etiology (causes)▪
Multiple risk factors▪
Long latency period▪
Non-contagious origin (noncommunicable)▪
Prolonged course of illness▪
Functional impairment or disabilityتاببسملا etiology
نومك latency
زجع disability
Types of NCDs
▪
Cardiovascular disease (e.g., Coronary heart disease, Stroke)▪
Cancer▪
Chronic respiratory disease▪
Diabetes▪
Chronic neurologic disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s, dementias)▪
Arthritis/Musculoskeletal diseases▪
Unintentional injuries (e.g., from traffic crashes)NCDs and mortality
•
NCDs are the leading cause of death globally.•
In 2012, they caused 68% of all deaths (38 million).All of the following are NCDs except:
A. Alzheimer’ s, B. Diabetes
C. Arthritis
D. Influenza
Risk Factors
Risk Factor: Definition
“ An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or a hereditary characteristic that is associated with an
increase in the occurrence of a particular
disease, injury, or other health condition.”
Non-Modifiable Risk Factor
• A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention; for example:
•
Age,•
Gender,•
Race, and•
Family history (genetics).Modifiable Risk Factor
A behavioral risk factor that can be reduced or
controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the
probability of disease
Modifiable Risk Factor
• WHO has prioritized the following four Modifiable Risk factors:
•
Physical inactivity,•
Tobacco use,•
Alcohol use, and•
Unhealthy diets (increased fat and sodium, with low fruit and vegetable intake) .Common Risk Factors
All of the following are modifiable risk factors EXCEPT:
A. Tobacco use
B. Alcohol use
C. Unhealthy diets
D. Age
All of the following are Non- modifiable risk factors EXCEPT:
A. Age
B. Gender
C. Unhealthy diets
D. Race
Short Notes
A. Define Non-Modifiable Risk Factor and give 4 examples.
B. Define Modifiable Risk Factor and give 4
examples.
Tobacco Use: Health Effects
Among smokers:
• Cancer
• Coronary heart disease
• Diseases of the lungs
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Stroke
• Fetal complications and stillbirth
Second-hand smoke causes
• Heart disease, including heart attack
• Lung cancer
Unhealthy Diet: Health Effects
•
Coronary heart disease•
Stroke•
Cancer•
Type 2 diabetes•
Hypertension•
Diseases of the liver and gallbladder•
ObesityPhysical Activity: Health Effects
Reduces:
•
High blood pressure•
Adverse lipid profile•
Arthritis pain•
Psychiatric issuesReduces risk of:
•
Type 2 diabetes•
Certain cancers•
Heart attacks•
Stroke•
Falls•
Early deathHarmful Use of Alcohol: Effects
Immediate effects:
•
Diminished brain function•
Loss of body heat•
Fetal damage•
Risk for unintentional injuries•
Risk for violence•
Coma and deathLong-term effects:
•
Liver diseases•
Cancers•
Hypertension•
Gastrointestinal disorders•
Neurological issues•
Psychiatric issuesMetabolic Risk Factors
•
What are the four metabolic risk factors?1.
Raised Blood Pressure (Hypertension)2.
Raised Cholesterol3.
Raised Blood Glucose4.
Overweight and ObesityRaised Blood Pressure
•
Blood pressure•
(Systolic)/(Diastolic) in mm of Hg (mercury)•
Systolic = amount of force in arteries when the heart pumps•
Diastolic = amount of force in arteries when the heart relaxesHypertensive Pre-
hypertensive Normal
140+
120-139
<120 Systolic
90+
80-89
<80 Diastolic
Raised Blood Pressure: Health Effects
•
Leading risk factor for stroke•
Major risk factor for coronary heart disease•
Other complications of raised blood pressure:•
Heart failure•
Peripheral vascular disease•
Renal impairment•
Retinal hemorrhage•
Visual impairmentSystolic Blood pressure of 150 mmHg is considered
A. Normal
B. Pre-Hypertensive
C. Hypertensive
D. None of the above
Overweight and Obesity
Overweight and obesity are defined as ''abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health.”
Overweight and Obesity
•
BMI - the Body Mass Index•
BMI = (weight in kg)/(height in meters, squared)•
Between 25 and 29.9 indicates overweight•
30 or higher indicates obesityRaised Total Cholesterol
•
Raised cholesterol increases the risks of heart disease and stroke.•
Lifestyle changes such asexercising and eating a healthy diet are the first line of defense against high cholesterol.
•
Sometimes medications are needed to lower bloodcholesterol.
Raised Total Cholesterol
Results Total cholesterol
Desirable Below 200 mg/dL
Borderline 200-239 mg/dL
240 mg/dL and High above
BMI of 27 is considered _____
A. Obese
B. Overweight C. Normal
D. Underweight
Short Notes
• Enumerate 4 metabolic risk factors for NCDs
All of the following are metabolic risk factors EXCEPT:
A. Raised Blood Pressure
B. Raised Cholesterol
C. Raised Blood Glucose
D. Raised Blood Heamoglobin
Prevention and control of NCDs
•
Most NCDs are considered preventable because they arecaused by modifiable risk factors.
•
An important way to control NCDs is to focus on reducing the riskfactors associated with these diseases.
Prevention and control of NCDs
•
It has been estimated that if the primary risk factors were eliminated•
→ 80% of the cases of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes•
→ and 40% of cancers could be prevented.