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Alvarez, F., Villena, A., Zapata, A. and Razquin, B. (1995) Histopathology of the thymus in Saprolegnia infected wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 18:
181-193.
Anderson, V., Ssecombes, C. J. and Van West, P. (2006) Developing a vaccine against the fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica in salmonids. http://pmgn.vbi.vt.edu.
Andrew, J. and Phillips, A. J. (2006) Molecular studies of the Saprolegnia-fish interaction, http://pmgn.vbi.vt.edu.
Anonymous (2000b) Fish fungus–Saprolegnia. http://www.Fishdoc.co.uk.
Braun, R., Amesen, J. A. and Hjelmeland, K. (1990), Immunohistological localization of trypsin in mucus–secreting cell layers of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., J. Fish Dis., 13:
233-238.
Bullis, R. A., Noga, E. J and Levy, M. G. (1990) Immunological relationship of the fish pathogenic oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica to other oomycetes and unrelated fish. J.
Aquat. Anim. Health., 2: 223-227.
Canales, M. L. G., Ortiz, J. B., Valle, M. G. and Sarasquete, C. (2001) Saprolegniasis in wild fish populations. Cienc. Mar., 27: 125-137.
Durborow, R. M., Wise, D. J. and Terhune, J. S. (2003) Saprolegniasis (winter fungus) and branchiomycosis of commercially cultured channel catfish.
http://www.msstate.edu/dept/srac.
Eakaphun, B., Paivi, P. V., Henry, K. and Lage, C. (2003) Prevalence of a single fish- pathogenic Saprolegnia sp. clone in Finland and Sweden, Dis. Aquat. Org., 53: 47-53.
Fregeneda Grandes, J. M., Fernandez Diez, M. and Aller Gancedo, J. M. (2000) Ultrastructural analysis of Saprolegnia secondary zoospore cyst ornamentation from infected wild trout, Salmo trutta L., and river water indicated two distinct morphotypes amongst long-spined isolates, J. Fish Dis., 23: 147-160.
Fregeneda Grandes, J. M., Fernandez Diez, M. and Aller Gancedo, J. M. (2001) Experimental pathogenicity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), of two distinct morphotypes of long-spined Saprolegnia isolates obtained from wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and river water, J. Fish Dis., 24: 351-359.
Howe, G. E. and Stehly, G. R. (1998) Experimental infection of rainbow trout with Saprolegnia parasitica. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 10: 397-404.
Humason, G. L. (1972), Animal Tissue Techniques, 3rd ed.,W. H. Freeman Co., an Francesco:
661 pp.
Hussein, M. M. A. and Hatai, K. (2001) In vitro inhibition of Saprolegnia by bacteria isolated from lesions of salmonids with saprolegniasis, Fish Pathol., 36: 73-78.
Hussein, M. M. A. and Hatai, K., (2002) Pathogenicity of Saprolegnia species associated with outbreaks of salmonid saprolegniasis in Japan, Fish. Sci., 68: 1067-1072.
Hussein, M. M. A., Hatai, K. and Nomura, T. (2002) Saprolegniasis in salmonids and their eggs in Japan, J. Wildl. Dis., 37: 204-207.
Johnson, J. R., Seymour, R. L. and Padgett, D. E. (2002) Biology and systematics of the Saprolegniaceae. http://www.ilumina-dlib.org.
Kent Mayer, R. (2000) Saprolegnia: There,s fungus among us. http://www.hmse.oregonstate.
edu.
Kent Mayer, R. (2006) Saprolegnia: There’s fungus among us. http://www.tnfish.org/diseases/saprolegnia.
Lategan, M. J. and Gibson, L. F. (2003) Antagonistic activity of Aeromonas media strain A199 against Saprolegnia sp., an opportunistic pathogen of the Eel, Anguilla australis Richardson, J. Fish Dis., 26: 147-153.
١٨
McGinnis, M. R. (1980) Laboratory Hand Book of Medical Mycology, New York Acad. Press, 66 pp.
Paxton, C. G. and Willoughby, L. G. (2000) Resistance of perch eggs to attack by aquatic fungi, J. Fish Biol., 57: 562-570.
Tierney, K. B. and Farrell, A. P. (2004) The relationships between fish health, metabolic rate, swimming performance and recovery in return run sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, J.
Fish Dis., 27: 663-671.
Torto-Alalibo, T., Tian, M., Gajendran, K., Mark, E. W, West, P. V. and Kamoun, S. (2005) Expressed sequence tags from the oomycete fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica reveal putative virulence factors, http://www. biomedcentral.com.
Wilson, J. M., Laurent, P., Tufts, B. L., Benos, D. J., Donwitz, M., Wayne Vogl, A. and Randall, D. J. (2000) NaCl uptake by the branchial epithelium in freshwater teleost fish: An immunological approach to ion-transport in protein localization, J. Exp. Biol., 203(5): 2279- 2296.
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Histopathological Effects in the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Experimentaliy Infected with Saprolegnia sp.
Nadirah K. Al-Salim, Najim R. Khamees and Khalidah S. Al-Niaeem Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture,
University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq [email protected]
Abstract. Histopathological effects in gills and liver of the common carp Cyprinus carpio were studied after a period of 18 and 25 days of artificial exposure to the fungus Saprolegnia sp. A total of 200 female fish samples were involved in the laboratory experiments during the period from November 2005 till February 2006. Fish samples were obtained from fish ponds of Basrah University. Cutaneous ulcers were observed on fish skin with hemorrhage. The infected fishes suffered from loss appetite, abnormal swimming, loss of balance and an increased opercula breathing rate with the mouth wide opened after 25 days of infection. Histopathological changes in the infected gills were hyperplasia of respiratory epithelium and chloride cell and vascular congestion with damage in the secondary gill lamella (18 days of infection). After 25 days of infection sever histopathological effects were noticed, i.e. hyperplasia, hypertrophy, fusion of gill lamella, total degeneration of other lamellae, sever hemorrhage and vascular congestion, this lead to loss of the normal shape of gill lamellae.
Pathogenic changes in the liver of infected fishes were dissociation of hepatic cards, damage of sinusoids and cellular and vascular congestion (after 18 days of infection). The pathological changes in fish liver after 25 days of infection were focal necroses of many liver cells resulting in complete loss of normal cell shape, and disruption of hepatic architect.
