Sustainability It is the focus of the people who need today, but with no effect on the needs of the future generation. Fly ash It is important to improve the performance of workability, durability and strength of the concrete.
INTRODUCTION
Preliminary Consideration
To answer this question, we need to understand the concept and definition of 3D printing technology. The main idea of 3D printing is the concrete mix which should be studied in terms of compression, bending, tensile and shear, and this is to identify the durability, extrudability and workability.
Objective
To gain a good knowledge about the performance of the 3D printing technology, what are the types of printers, and what is the mechanism, how does it work and what are the types of materials used in this technology, especially in the engineering and construction sector. The research requires the identification of the main problems of the 3D printing technology with solutions and a summary of the key factors.
The Global Market Knowledge and Sustainability
In addition, the government also encourages innovation through development in public infrastructures, which can also contribute to the use of 3D printing technology. However, the high investment associated with 3D printing technology in construction is expected to restrain the market growth as the materials used in 3D printing technology are more expensive compared to the materials used in the traditional construction process.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Preliminary Consideration
Because cement is made by burning slag in a kiln, it is a hugely energy-intensive process. As a result, concrete production contributes a large part of the world's CO2 emissions, the use of cement substitutes such as fly ash (a by-product of the blast furnace) has lowered the average concrete-related emission of CO2, but it is still significant (Bos et al., 2016) .
Automation
- Rapid Prototyping
- Types of Rapid Prototyping
Electron beam melting: is a process in which layers of metal powder are fused with a beam of electrons, creating a fully dense piece (Kloft et al., 2020). Limited object production: is a process where a section of solid material sheets are laser cut and joined to create the final shape.
Concrete
- Evolution of High-Resistance Concrete
- GRC Concrete
Premix: In this method, the mortar and AR fiber are mixed at a low dosage of about 4% before being placed in the mold (Krause et al., 2018). Typologies: This type of product is mainly used in making facades and fences.
Printed Concrete
- Basic Properties
- Setting of Concrete
One of the most critical properties of concrete is concrete setting, a process during which chemical reactions occur between cement and water. Water-binder ratio: In order for hydration and hardening of concrete to occur, an amount of water is required to interact with the binder.
Concrete 3D Printing Technologies
- But what is the 3D concrete printing mechanism?
- Parameters that effect 3-D Concrete Printing
As shown in the diagram, the usual workflow of concrete 3D printing starts with CAD modeling of the object to be made (Fig. 8). The appropriate control of these factors has a strong correlation with the quality of the end product generated by the concrete pressing process.
Contour Crafting
- Machinery
- Process
- Applications
One of the current limitations is the creation of hanging horizontal elements, which makes it difficult to build flat floors and roofs. During the compression of concrete, it can contain a greater amount of fibers that enable the union of the different layers (Yu, Du and Sanjayan, 2020).
D-Shape
- Machinery
- Process
- Applications
- Problematic
First, the mixture is put into the funnel. The dry mixture is introduced into the hopper so that it is then sent to the injectors. Eight is the possible treatment; this process can be done to enhance or waterproof the piece.
Concrete 3D Printing Technology Applications
- Residential
- Ephemeral Architecture and Emergency Housing
- Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
- Bridges
Fragility is the composition of the dry mix; the end product is similar to a stone that can break brittle without too much effort. Adhesion of the layers is also related to the resulting product; with high speed curing, the layers may not bond completely, which could lead to delamination of the element. The assembly is necessary to carry out a preliminary study on the type of anchoring and the treatment process of the pieces, as improper handling can cause the pieces to break due to fragility and possible delamination caused by improper handling.
Another line of research is making bridges through the high speed of current 3D printers (Rehman and Kim, 2021).
Evolution
Today, housing modules can be built without a foundation, which can help provide humanitarian aid in the event of a disaster in short periods of time (Lao, Li and Tjahjowidodo, 2021). This line of research has provided us with projects such as the cycling bridge in the Netherlands and the bridge in the Castilla-La Mancha park in Alcobendas conceived by the IAAC. This is why the software of the future must be easy for these people to use.
The 3D printing process brings automation that should be increased, having robots that can install windows and doors in the future.
Metals (MX3D)
- Shotcrete or Shotcrete
The origins of the projection technique, also known as gunite in the beginning, date back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This method was called the dry route and was the method used until the development of the wet route (approximately mid 20th century). As described in the historical development of projection technology, concrete can be projected in two ways: the dry way and the wet way.
The lack of standardization in the international instructions, the deficient quality control and the structural responsibility that some of the applications imply, posed a problem for the development of the projection.
Special Concretes
- Very High-Performance Concrete with Fibers
- printed interior design and structures
- Drivers and barriers in construction for 3D printing
Construction is one of the most dangerous jobs under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). (Hanna et al., n.d.) identified a number of challenges that are slowing the expansion of construction automation activities. Khoshnevis, 2004) and (Buswell et al., 2007) identified a number of challenges that hindered the expansion of construction automation activities.
Extensive customization options are one of the factors supporting the use of 3D printing in the construction industry.
Durability Performance of Printed Concrete
- The 3-D printing materials
- The workflow design
- The 3-D concrete printing product
The interdependence of design, material, process and final qualities is an important feature of 3D printing concrete. They need to gain strength quickly to support the weight of successive layers used during printing. Due to the multi-layer printing process, 3D printing has a slower build time than cast-based production.
Other constraints are imposed by the formal and functional design of the item to be printed, such as its geometry (thickness, height and maximum dimensions), equipment and process parameters (extruder diameter and maximum aggregate size) and component material properties (fluidity), thixotropy, temperature, density, curing times and so on).
METHODOLOGY
- Preliminary Consideration
- Research Philosophy
- Research Strategy
- The Survey Method
- Research Design
- Non-Experimental Research (Quantitative Survey)
- Sample Size and Population
- Collection of The Data
- Questionnaire Research Ethics
- The Protocol Design of the Questionnaire Survey
- Data Analysis of the Methodology
The main disadvantages of interpretivism are related to the subjective character of this technique and the great scope for biases on the part of the researcher. The survey was administered to participants throughout most of the trial and was an important data collection instrument. The construction industry is one of the most important industries in the world, due to the large number of employees, which is considered to be around 180 million people worldwide.
The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the use of 3D concrete printing technology on the performance of the construction industry.
DATA ANALYSIS
Preliminary Consideration
The Demographic Questions
- The Participant knowledge and experience
The first question is the job, then job title discussed in the methodology chapter. On the other hand, other questions were about the participant's knowledge about the 3-D concrete printing technology. 70% of the response had a good knowledge of this technology, while only 10% did not have any information about this technology, and 20% of them choose (maybe) which means that they are not sure if they of the technology or none.
Another question was whether the respondents have any idea or are aware of 3D concrete printing technology projects in the construction industry in their region. The result shows that 50% of the participants have seen projects related to this technology, and 50% have never seen a project before.
The Potential Impact of 3-D Concrete Printing Technology on the Engineering
- The recommended sectors and areas to use the 3-D concrete printing
- Likert Scale Questions
In the short answer option there were 4 different opinions, one of the participant's answers was "The most important. Likert scales (named after their originator, the American social scientist Rensis Likert) are widely used because they are one of the most reliable methods to measure attitudes, perceptions and actions.On the other hand, a question was about whether the 3-D concrete printing technology can increase the innovation of the engineers, here again no one chooses the option strongly disagree, 3.3% agree with disagree, also 16.7% choose neutral and the highest percentage of response 60% choose agree, 20% of them choose strongly agree.
Nobody strongly disagrees with this question, but 3.3% disagree, 13.3% choose neutral, almost half of the respondents 46.7% agree with this statement, also 36.7% agree totally agree.
The Substantial Advantages and Disadvantages of 3-D Concrete Printing in the
- The Ranking Questions
- Unipolar Rating Scales Questions
The result of the second factor shows that three participants select the 1st scale, four participants select the 2nd scale, the largest number of the participant seven select the 3rd scale, four select the 4th scale, three participants select the 5th scale, five select the Select scale 6 and finally four of the participants decide to choose scale 7. The result of the fourth factor shows that four participants select the scale 1st, five participants select the 2nd scale, four participants select the 3rd scale, the largest number of participants six select the 4th scale, five participants select the 5th scale, only one participant selects the 6th scale, and finally five of the participants decide to choose scale 7. The result of the fifth factor shows that four participants select the 1st scale, three participants select the 2nd scale, five participants select the 3rd scale, five select the 4th scale, four participants select the 5th scale, the largest number of participants seven select the 6th scale, and finally two. of the participants opt for scale 7.
The seventh factor result shows that, six participants choose the scale 1st, only one participant chooses scale 2nd, four participants choose the 3rd scale, three choose 4th scale, five participants choose 5th scale, six participants choose 6th scale, and finally five of the participants decide to choose scale 7th. The first factor result shows that, five participants choose the scale 1st, two participants choose scale 2nd, three participants choose the 3rd scale, three choose 4th scale, and the largest number of participants eight choose 5th scale, three participants choose 6th scale, and finally six of the participants decide to choose scale 7th. The second factor result shows that five participants choose the 1st scale, four participants choose the 2nd scale, six participants choose the 3rd scale, five choose the 4th scale, only one participant chose the 5th scale, five participants choose the 6th scale, and again five of the participants decided to choose scale 7th.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Large-scale 3D printing of ultra-high-performance concrete – a new processing route for architects and builders. The application of 3D printing techniques in the manufacture of cement-based building products and experiences based on the assessment of such products. Retrieved January 6, 2022 from https://www.sculpteo.com/en/3d-learning-hub/3d-printing-business/3d-printing-benefits-for-small-businesses/.
Additive manufacturing of reinforced concrete - development of 3D printing technology of cement composites with metal reinforcement.
