1
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Concentration of Fe, Mn and Cu in Spring Wheat (Tritcum astvium L.) Genotypes
Nasser S. AL-Ghumaiz
Department of Plant Production and Protection-College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buridah, Qassim. 51452, Saudi Arabia
Abstract.Fe, Mn, and Cu are essential micronutrients for both plants and humans. Deficiency in these micronutrients in the human body can result in a range of severe adverse consequences.
Therefore, the concentrations of these elements in seven different wheat (Tritcum astvium L.) genotypes were studied under organic and inorganic (conventional) fertilization. Under organic fertilization, the concentration of micro elements was higher than that under conventional fertilization. The increase in grain content of micro elements was due to the high organic fertilizer content of micronutrients and the improved soil pH through organic fertilizer addition. Fe content in grains ranged from 39.0–92.3 mg kg−1 in Egyptian genotype ‘Sids12’ and local Saudi Arabian genotype ‘Sama,’ respectively. Cu content in different wheat genotypes ranged from 3.94–5.0 mg kg−1 in ‘Yocora Rojo’ and ‘IC17,’ respectively. Mn content in different wheat genotypes ranged from 29.8–46.4 mg kg−1 in Australian wheat genotype ‘P5’ and ‘Sama,’ respectively. There was only a small increase in Cu concentration in grains under organic fertilization compared with non- organic fertilization in some genotypes. Mn concentration in grains was higher under organic fertilization compared with non-organic fertilization in most of the genotypes. The local genotype exhibited the highest Mn concentration under both fertilizers. Therefore, the genotypes ‘Sama’
and ‘IC17’ can be considered to be good sources of nutrition.
Keywords: Conventional fertilization, Micronutrients, Grain content, Wheat genotypes.
1. Introduction
Fe, Cu, and Mn are vital for maintaining organism health and are considered to be essential trace elements for human health.
Insufficient intake of these elements can cause symptoms of nutritional deficiency, such as anemia, low immune functions, skin disease, children response slowness and intelligence- related developmental issues (Miao, 1997;
San, 2006; Wang, 1991).
Micronutrient deficiency is considered as one of the emerging challenges to food and nutrition security particularly in developing countries and there is a growing realization of
a food based approach for addressing this. The wide diversity of plant genetic resources provides opportunity for identifying micronutrient-rich genotypes for direct use or for genetic enhancement of staple crops using breeding strategies (Maganti et al., 2019). Fe deficiency is widespread in developing countries, where it is estimated that 40–45% of school-age children suffer from anemia and approximately 50% were a result of Fe deficiency (WHO, 1996). Grain mineral concentration in organic wheat was higher for Cu and Mn than that in conventional wheat (Murphy et al., 2008). Decreasing Cu content and Mn density has been reported in higher
yielding modern wheat cultivars (Fan et al., 2008). Therefore, increasing micronutrient content has been prioritized in wheat breeding (Moreira et al., 2016; Ortiz et al., 2007; Welch and Graham, 2004). Thus, among wheat breeders, the focus is to share an urgent need to increase some important genetic traits such as grain yield by developing new wheat varieties with desirable genetic (Erkul et al., 2010).
The use of organic manure as a nutrient source has been considered for insuring sustainable land use in agricultural development.
The positive influence of organic fertilizers on soil fertility, crop yield, and quality has been demonstrated previously (Hoffman, 2001; Sattar and Hossain, 2001; Stefanescu, 2002). Several studies reported that organic systems had significantly lower crop yields compared with conventional farming systems (Ryan et al., 2004; Stanhill, 1990). Other studies reported differences in response among wheat varieties in terms of crop performance and quality under organic farming systems, and demonstrated that traditional varieties responded better under organic systems (Carr et al., 2006; Mason et al., 2007; Murphy et al., 2007). Nelson et al. (2011) found that grain protein content tended to increase with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application under conventional systems. Mäder et al. (2007) found that wheat grains from conventional farming systems had a 6% higher protein content than grains from organic farming systems. However, there were no significant differences between organic and conventional wheat in terms of macronutrient and micronutrient content (P, K, Ca, Zn, Mo and Cu), flour milling properties, starch quality, and rheological properties of dough made from the grains.
In central Saudi Arabia, soil texture is sandy, pH values tend to be more alkaline, and salinity is high. Growing pasture crops in such soil conditions was difficult (AL-Ghumaiz et
al., 2017). Another previous study was conducted to evaluate some wheat genotypes for organic agriculture in low fertility soils (Al-Ghumaiz et al., 2019). The sustainability in nutrient-poor soil was also examined in some wheat genotypes (AL-Ghumaiz, 2019).
However, there are no data available to make informed recommendations regarding how Fe, Mn and Cu behave under organic fertilization.
Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate Fe, Mn and Cu concentration in spring wheat genotype(s) under organic and conventional fertilization in central Saudi Arabia.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Site Description and Trials Establishment The data collection for the present study was part of an ongoing project on organic and conventional wheat production systems in Saudi Arabia. Organic and conventional fertilization trials were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons at two different sites. The conventional fertilization trial was established at the Qassim University Agricultural Research Station (26°18′28″ N, 43°46′ E). The organic fertilization trial was established at a certified organic farm belonging to the Research Center for Organic Agriculture at the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. Soil samples were collected before the cultivation. Five random cores were taken from a depth of 0 to 25 cm using a sampling auger. The samples were pooled to make composite sample. The physical and chemical properties of the soil (0–25 cm), namely, texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, available P, K, were analyzed according to Page., et al.
1982. Available Fe, Mn and Cu were determined according Soltanpour (1985). Also, total Fe, Mn and Cu content of organic fertilizer was determined according Jones (2001) (Table 1).
2.2 Plant Material and Experimental Design Seven spring wheat genotypes were used in conventional and organic fertilization trials (Table 2) under a randomized complete block design with four replicates in 3-m2 plots (1.5 m×2m). Each plot consisted of 10 rows spaced 25 cm apart. Seeds were planted at 45 kg ha−1. N was applied to conventional plots in the form of (DAP) diammonium phosphate (18- 46-0) at a rate of 180 kg ha−1 and urea at a rate of 200 kg ha−1. Organic trials included a 2-year crop rotation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Organic fertilizer in the form of cow manure was applied at a rate of 10 t ha−1, usually 1 month prior to the seeding date. All plots were irrigated equally using sprinkler irrigation system.
2.3 Nutritional Determination
For the determination of Fe, Mn and Cu in wheat grains, samples were rinsed with deionized water and dried at 100 °C for 25 min
and then at 70 °C for 48 h. All samples were sieved to <0.15 and <0.5 mm using a stainless- steel mill, respectively. One-gram of each plant sample was digested with a mixture containing concentrated HNO3, HCIO4, and H2SO4 (7:2:l) (Johnsson, 1991), and the Fe, Mn and Cu content were measured by ICP-OES (Model iCAP 7400 Duo, serial IC 74DC144208, China) according to Jones (2001).
2.4 Statistical Analyses
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using JMP ver. 11 (SAS Institute, 2013) to compare the means of results from organic and conventional fertilization, wheat genotypes, and years for all variables. A linear mixed model was used in which wheat genotypes and system factors were regarded as fixed factors, while year was regarded as a random factor. Significant differences among treatment means were calculated based on Duncan's multiple range tests at P < 0.05.
Table 1. Soil chemical and physical characteristics of the two experimental sites (according to Page et al., 1982).
Physical analysis (%) Chemical analysis
Trial Type EC Clay Silt Sand
(ds/m) pH
OM N
(ppm) P (ppm)
K (ppm)
94.9 4.2
0.4 5.3
8.1 0.4
15.7 33.1
34 Conventional site
94.5 4.5
0.9 1.9
7.9 1.4
52.5 22.1
36.5 Organic site
K%
P%
Cu, N%
ppm Mn,
ppm Fe,
Organic fertilizer ppm
0.5 0.2
0.5 22.8
17.2 591
0.24 0.47
1.23 Conventional site
0.32 0.65
1.36 Organic site
EC, electrical conductivity; OM, organic matter.
Table 2. The seven wheat genotypes investigated in this study assessing Fe, Mn and Cu concentrations under organic and inorganic fertilization trials in Saudi Arabia.
Genotype name Source
YR† USA
Local‡ SA
P3 (AUS-030851) Australia
P5 (AUS-030852) Australia
IC8 (Line-2-ICARDA-1st RDRN0607) ICARDA§
IC17 (Line-56 ICARDA-1st RDRN0607) ICARDA
Sids 12 Egypt
†Yocora Rojo (YR) is the commercial genotype commonly grown in Saudi Arabia.
‡The Local genotype is named Sama.
§ICARDA: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.
3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Concentrations of Fe, Mn and Cu
The results in Table 3 showed the effect of fertilizer applications, genotypes, and years on nutritional concentration and grain yield.
Under organic fertilization, nutritional concentrations of micro elements were higher than those under conventional fertilization.
The increase in grain content of micro elements was due to the high organic fertilizer content of micronutrients and the low soil pH values due to the addition of organic fertilizer.
Li et al. (2010) indicated that the long-term application of organic fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil total and available micronutrients and added that lower pH may have resulted from the presence of organic acids with addition of organic fertilizers to the soil. Teng and Timmer (1990) and Marschner (1995) reported that plant availability of micronutrients was strongly affected by soil pH, e.g., high soil pH decreased Cu and Fe availability due to precipitation. Li et al.
(2009) found that the application of organic fertilizer to alkaline soils increased the concentration of available Mn. Moreover, long-term mineral and organic fertilization can significantly modify soil properties such as pH, organic matter content, or the available forms of macronutrients, which determines the availability of micronutrients to plants (Li et al., 2007). Organic sources offer more balanced nutrition to the plants, especially in terms of micronutrients, which positively affect the number of tillers in plants (Miller, 2007). Recently, Wang et al. (2016) found that the application of manure compost increased Fe concentration in wheat grains. However, Cu and Mn concentration tended to decrease in the compost treatments compared with the corresponding control in each year.
Regarding wheat genotypes, Fe content in grains ranged from 39.0–92.3 mg kg−1 in the
Egyptian genotype ‘Sids12’ and the local genotype ‘Sama’ (Table 3). In winter wheat, Zhang et al. (2010) found that grain Fe concentration significantly increased from 29.5 mg kg−1 in the control to 37.8, 35.9, or 34.9 mg kg−1 by application of FeSO4, ferric citrate plus ZnSO4, or only ferric citrate, respectively. Cu content in different wheat genotypes ranged from 3.94–5.0 mg kg−1 in
‘Yocora Rojo’ and ‘IC17.’ However, the differences in Cu content were not significant among wheat genotypes ‘P5,’ ‘P3,’ ‘Sids12,’
and ‘IC8.’ Similar responses were found with Mn, where Mn content ranged from 29.8–46.4 mg kg−1 in the Australian wheat genotype 'P5' and 'Sama.' However, the differences in Mn content were not significant among wheat genotypes ‘P5,’ ‘P3,’ ‘Sids12’ and ‘IC17’.
Hussain et al. (2010) reported that organic conditions with suitable genotypes may enhance mineral concentration in wheat grains.
The Cu concentration in grains increased only slightly under organic fertilization compared with non-organic fertilization in some genotypes (Fig. 1). Wang et al. (2016) found that compost application decreased Cu available. Furthermore, they demonstrated that compost application generally decreased Cu concentration compared with the control.
According to Bloom and McBride (1979) and Bloomfield (1981) peat and humic acids strongly immobilize Cu ions in direct coordination with the functional oxygen of the organic substances. Moreover, Ponizovsky et al. (1999) found that the retention of Cu by organic-rich soils differs from the mechanisms of exchange of alkali and alkali earth metal cations and should be regarded as triple Cu, Ca and H cation exchange.
Figure 2 shows that the concentration of Mn in grains was higher under organic fertilization compared with non-organic fertilization in most genotypes. The local genotype exhibited the highest Mn
concentration in both fertilizers. Wang et al.
(2016) found that compost application increased soil total N and available K, Fe, Zn and Mn, whereas available P was not affected and available Cu decreased. Hussein et al.
(2012) further reported that the uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Zn and Mn significantly increased as a result of supplying different sources of organic fertilizers. The pronounced difference in effect of the different organic fertilizers may be due to their ability to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. With organic fertilizer application, soil pH decreased, and that leads to solubilization of nutrients and increased nutrient availability.
The results in Table 3 showed that the conventional system exhibited higher grain yield compared to organic system. Several studies have stated that organic systems had significantly lower crop yields compared to conventional farming systems (Ryan et al.,
2004; Stanhill, 1990). Mäder et al. (2007) found that wheat grain from conventional farming systems had a 6% higher protein content than organic farming systems. Also, Nelson et al. (2011) found that grain protein content tended to increase with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application in conventional systems. On the anther hand, the data in Table 3 showed that there were differences in yield among wheat varieties. Similar results were obtained by Carr et al., 2006; Mason et al., 2007; Murphy et al., 2007). These differences may be attributed to varieties of wheat varieties in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Ondoua and Walsh (2017) reported that Differences between species or varieties for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) can be attributed to differences in their capacities to acquire and/or utilize nitrogen to produce carbohydrates and proteins through their respective carbon and nitrogen metabolisms.
Table 3. The effect of agriculture systems, genotypes, and years on nutritional concentration and grain yield (GY).
Treatment
Fe (mg.kg−1)
Cu
(mg.kg−1)
Mn (mg.kg−1)
GY (tons.ha−1)
Fertilizer applications (F)
Conventional 62.05 b 4.40 b 32.4 b 6.9a
Organic 66.32 a 4.68 a 37.9 a 4.9b
Sig n.s. ** **
Genotype (G)
YR 87.58 a 3.94 d 38.0 b 6.1 ab
Local 92.29 a 4.19 cd 46.4 a 4.1 c
P3 51.43 b 4.58 bc 33.0cd 5.2 b
P5 42.15 cd 4.60 b 29.8 d 5.2 b
IC8 89.98 a 4.62 ab 30.7 d 5.6 ab
IC17 46.85 bc 5.00 a 33.3cd 5.8 ab
Sids 12 39.00 d 4.84 ab 34.8bc 6.0 ab
Sig ** ** ** **
F×G n.s ** ** n.s
2011 2012
59.55 b 68.82 b
Years
3.49 b 5.59 a
27.3 b 43.1 a
3.9 b 7.8 a
** Significant at the 0.01 probability level.
n.s. Not significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels.
Fig. 1. The concentrations of Cu in wheat grains of different genotypes under conventional and organic fertilization.
Fig. 2. The concentrations of Mn in wheat grains of different genotypes under conventional and organic fertilization.
4. Conclusions
Generally, my results demonstrated that there were differences in the response of different wheat genotypes in terms of nutritional status and quality under organic fertilization.
Acknowledgment
I gratefully thank Prof. Essam Mohamed Abd-Elmoniem for his valuable contribution in
the analyzing plant and soil samples. My thanks also go to Prof. Mohamed Motawei, for reviewing this paper and his assistance with the statistical analyses. I would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
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ساحنلاو زينجنملاو ديدحلا رصانع زيكرت ىمع ةيوضعلا ريغو ةيوضعلا ةدمسلأا ريثأت يعيبرلا حمقلا نم ةيثارولا زرطلا ضعب يف
Tritcum astvium L.
زيمغلا حلاص نب رصان
وتياقوو تابنلا جاتنإ مسق
، بلا بطلاو ةعارزلا ةيمك ي
يرط ، ميصقلا ةعماج ،
ميصقلا
، ةديرب 15415 ةكممملا ، ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا
صمختسملا ي.
نم لكل ةمايلا ىرغصلا ةيذغملا رصانعلا نم ساحنلاو زينجنملاو ديدحلا ربتع
لإاو تاتابنلا راثلاا نم ةعومجم ىلإ ناسنلإا مسج يف رصانعلا هذى صقن يدؤي نأ نكمي .ناسن
لإا ةحص ىمع ةيبمسلا رصانعلا هذى ةيمىلأو .ناسن
، عبس يف رصانعلا هذى زيكارت ةسارد تمت
زرط ةفمتخم ةيثارو ( يعيبرلا حمقلا نم
Tritcum astvium L.
لأا ةطحم يف ) و ثاحب
براجتلا
ةيعارزلا ميصقلا ةعماجب يرطيبلا بطلاو ةعارزلا ةيمك يف
ةساردلا . أ
ديمستلا ماظن تحت تيرج
)يديمقتلا( يوضعلا ريغو يوضعلا
، ظحول ثيح نعلا زيكرت نأ
ىمعأ بوبحلا يف ىرغصلا رصا
رصانعلا نم ةيوضعلا ةدمسلأا ةبسن عافترا ىلإ ةدايزلا هذى ىزعتو .يديمقتلا ديمستلا نم لأا هذى للاخ نم ةبرتلا ةيومقو ةضومح ةجرد نيسحتو ىرغصلا .ةدمس
بسن جئاتن للاخ نم
ةساردلا تحت حمقلا زرط نيب رصانعلا
، دجو أ ديدحلا رصنع ةبسن ن بوبحلا يف
حوارتت
نيب 93,0 – 35,9
mg kg−1
فنصلا يف
" يرصملا
Sids12
" يمحملا يدوعسلا فنصلاو "
"Sama
تناك اميف .يلاوتلا ىمع لأا يف ساحنلا رصنع ةبسن
نيب ةفمتخملا فانص 9,34
– 1,0
mg kg−1
لأا فنصلا نم لك يف فورعملا يكيرم
"
Yocora Rojo
و "
ادراكيا فنص "
.يلاوتلا ىمع "IC17
رصنع زيكرت امأ زينجنملا
، نيب تحوارتف 53,8
– 44,4
mg kg−1
يلارتسلأا فنصلا نم لك يف
"
" يمحملا يدوعسلا فنصلاو "P5
"Sama
ظحلاملا نمو .يلاوتلا ىمع أ
ىوس كانى نكي مل ون
يف يوضعلا ريغب ةنراقم يوضعلا ديمستلا تحت بوبحلا يف ساحنلا زيكرت يف ةفيفط ةدايز لأا ضعب امنيب .ةساردلا تحت فانص
ديمستلا تحت ىمعأ بوبحلا يف زينجنملا زيكرت ناك
يغب ةنراقم يوضعلا لأا مظعم يف يوضعلا ر
كلذك .فانص
" يمحملا فنصلا ريظأ ًزيكرت "Sama
ا
أ كلذل .نيماظنلا لاك تحت زينجنملا رصنع يف ىمع يمحملا فنصلا رابتعا نكمي ،
"
"Sama
" ادراكيا فنصلاو ةيذغتمل ةديج رداصم "IC17
.
فم تاممك ةيحات
: حمقمل ةينيجلا طامنلأا ،بوبحلا ىوتحم ،ىرغصلا رصانعلا ،يديمقتلا ديمستلا .