Effects of multi-observations uncertainty and models similarity on climate change projections

(1)

Effects of multi-observations uncertainty and models similarity on climate change projections

Item Type Article

Authors Pathak, Raju; Dasari, Hari Prasad; Ashok, Karumuri; Hoteit, Ibrahim

Citation Pathak, R., Dasari, H. P., Ashok, K., & Hoteit, I. (2023). Effects of multi-observations uncertainty and models similarity on climate change projections. Npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6(1).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00473-5 Eprint version Publisher's Version/PDF

DOI 10.1038/s41612-023-00473-5

Publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC Journal npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Rights Archived with thanks to npj Climate and Atmospheric Science under a Creative Commons license, details at: https://

creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Download date 23/09/2023 06:43:52

Item License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10754/690130

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Effects of Multi-Observations Uncertainty and Models Similarity on Climate Change Projections

Raju Pathak

¹

, Hari Prasad Dasari

¹

, Karumuri Ashok

^1,2

, and Ibrahim Hoteit

^1*

1

Climate Change Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia

2

Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India

*

Correspondence to: Ibrahim Hoteit ([email protected])

(3)

Supplementary Methods Correlation Averaging

To compute the average of correlations, we first compute the Fisher’s transformed correlation coefficient (i.e., z values), then compute the mean over the z values

¹

. The Fisher’s z transformation as a function of correlation coefficient, 𝑟, is defined as below -

𝑧(𝑟) =

¹

2

∗ log (

^1+𝑟

1−𝑟

) (1) The mean z values are further transformed into the average correlation coefficient using the functional inverse 𝑧 values. This is the conventional method for averaging the correlation coefficients. The following is the functional inverse of 𝑧 values:

𝑟𝑖 =

^{exp(2∗𝑧)−1}

exp(2∗𝑧)+1

(2)

Model Performance Computation and Ranking

A simple scheme combining the three-performance metrics, namely the spatial mean bias, pattern correlation, and the ratio of interannual variability (see Section 4.2: Methods of the main paper) was used to test how the relative performance of 37 CMIP6 models (as these models only have both temperature and precipitation for historical and future projections at the time of analysis) depends on the selected observation. To ensure that smaller values indicate better GCM performance, absolute values for spatial mean bias were used, while the pattern correlation and the ratio of interannual variability were transformed as follows:

𝑃

^′

= |1 − 𝑃| (3) where 𝑃 is the value of the corresponding performance metric. These values were further standardized to obtain the respective score (𝑆) between ′𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜’ and ′𝑜𝑛𝑒′ for a particular model 𝑗 and performance metric 𝑚 (indices for season 𝑘 and observational data set 𝑖 omitted):

𝑆

_𝑗,𝑚

= 1 −

^𝑃^𝑗,𝑚^−min(𝑃^𝑚⁾

max(𝑃_𝑚)−min(𝑃_𝑚)

(4)

with min(𝑃

_𝑚

) and max(𝑃

_𝑚

) indicating the minimum/maximum value of the 37 𝑃

_𝑗,𝑚

. In contrast to the performance metric 𝑃

_𝑗,𝑚

, the larger the value of the score 𝑆

_𝑗,𝑚

the better a particular CMIP6 model performs for a given performance metric. The final overall normalized scores for each observational dataset and variable were then calculated independently for each CMIP6 𝑗 by computing the average over four seasons (K) and three performance metrics (M):

𝑆

_𝑗

=

¹

𝑀∗𝐾

∑

^𝑀_𝑚=1

∑

^𝐾_𝑘=1

𝑆

_{𝑗,𝑚,𝑘}

(5)

As a result, each performance score is given equal weight. The CMIP6 models were then ranked

according to the obtained 𝑆

_𝑗

.

(5)

Supplementary Figures

Supplementary Figure 1 | Mean error pattern correlations for temperature and precipitation for CMIP6, CMIP5, and CMIP3 models at the global and regional areas. The top curve (Model vs. MME) shows the average correlation (i.e., the correlation averaged over all seasons and variables) between model error and multimodel errors (MME). The bottom two curves show the average correlation of errors among different models with and without MME.

The global and regional regions on the x-axis are ordered in terms of increasing correlations

(Model vs. MME) of CMIP6.

(6)

Supplementary Figure 2 | Sensitivity of effective number of climate models to the choice of

model combinations in a models set. Variation of effective number of climate models against

the number of bootstrapped realizations of CMIP6 models for any five (a), fifteen (b), twenty-

five (c), and forty models (d) at a time in each realization.

(7)

Supplementary Figure 3 | CMIP6 Model Performance Rank. The variation of CMIP6 model performance rank with respect to seven different observed datasets: a) for surface air temperature and b) total precipitation.

a)

b)

(8)

Supplementary Figure 4 | Inter-observation and inter-model uncertainty in total precipitation (mm/day). The annual and seasonal changes of (a-e) inter-observation uncertainty, (f-j) inter-model uncertainty in CMIP6 models, and (k-o) ratio of observed-to-model uncertainty for total precipitation.

Supplementary Figure 5 | Inter-observation and inter-model uncertainty in surface air

temperature (

^°

C). The annual and seasonal changes of (a-e) inter-observation uncertainty, (f-j)

inter-model uncertainty in CMIP6 models, and (k-o) ratio of observed-to-model uncertainty for

surface air temperature.

(9)

Supplementary Figure 6 | Climatological mean annual error (MAE) for precipitation. (a)

CMIP6 multimodel mean (MMM) MAE patterns; (b) CMIP6 MMM normalized MAE; (c), (d)

GFDL-ESM4 and MCM-UA-1-0 normalized MAE patterns; and (e), (f) GFDL-ESM4 and

MCM-UA-1-0 normalized MAE patterns but the CMIP6 MMM MAE associated common

patterns are removed. The CMIP6 MMM MAE are in units of mm/day (top left color bar), while

all the other plots are unitless (bottom left color bar). The correlation of GFDL-ESM4 and

MCM-UA-1-0 (with and without CMIP6 MMM MAE patterns) to CMIP6 MMM are presented

in brackets in bold black. Normalization of the mean error patterns was conducted using the

observed standard deviation of the interannual precipitation variability in the historical period

1980-1999. The stippling in a-d represents the grid box having significant error, while hatching

in a-b represent the robust common MAE. Significance is based on the two-tailed Student’s test

at the 99% confidence level, while the robustness is defined when 70% (i.e., 40 models) of all 57

CMIP6 models projects MAE pattern in the same direction.

(10)

Supplementary Tables

Supplementary Table 1 | List of observed/reanalysed datasets. The resolution, data availability period, temporal resolution, data providing center, and reference details of the observed/analysed temperature and precipitation.

Sr. No. Center Resolution

(lon. X lat.)

Domain Year Availability Reference

Surface temperature 1. University of Delaware

(UoDel)

0.5 º X 0.5º Land Monthly (1901-2014) Willmott and Matsuura² 2. Climate Prediction Center

(CPC)

0.5 º X 0.5º Land Daily (1979-present) Chen et al.³ 3. Climate Research Unit (CRU) 5 º X 5º Global Monthly (1850-2021) Jones⁴ 4. National Centers for

Environmental Prediction (NCEP)

2.5 º X 2.5º Global Monthly (1948- present)

Kalnay et al.⁵

5. NCEP-CPC Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)

Fan and Dool⁶

6. NOAA-CIRES 2 º X 2º Global Monthly (1871-2012) Compo et al⁷. 7. Multi-Source Weather

(MSWX)

0.1 º X 0.1º Global Daily (1979-present) Beck et al.⁸ Precipitation

1. Global Precipitation

Climatology Center (GPCC)

0.5 º X 0.5º Land Monthly (1891- present)

Schneider et al.⁹ 2. Global Precipitation

Climatology Project (GPCP)

2.5 º X 2.5º Global Monthly (1979-2015) Adler et al.¹⁰ 3. UoDel 0.5 º X 0.5º Land Monthly (1901-2014) Willmott and

Matsuura² 4. CPC 0.5 º X 0.5º Land Daily (1979-present) Chen et al.³ 5. CPC Merged Analysis of

Precipitation (CMAP)

Xie and Arkin¹¹ 6. CRU 5 º X 5º Global Monthly (1850-2021) Jones⁴

7. MSWX 0.1 º X 0.1º Global Daily (1979-present) Beck et al.⁸

(11)

Supplementary Table 2 | Correlation value of various observations for surface temperature and precipitation against the average of all observations (ensObs), on the global scale.

Surface Temperature Precipitation

Observation Correlation (Observation, ensObs) Observation Correlation (Observation, ensObs)

MSWX 0.9989 MSWX 0.9860

CIRES 0.9987 GPCC 0.9858

CRU 0.9986 CRU 0.9850

CPC 0.9983 UoDel 0.9835

NCEP 0.9980 GPCP 0.9785

UoDel 0.9977 CMAP 0.9730

GHCN 0.9937 CPC 0.9590

(12)

Supplementary Table 3 | List of CMIP6, CMIP5, and CMIP3 Models. The model details in terms of their name, developing center/institute, model components (atmosphere, land, ocean, sea ice), and physics packages for aerosol and biogeochemistry treatment.

Sr.

No.

Model Aerosol Atmos (resolution;

vertical levels, top level)

Land (resolution)

Ocean (resolution;

vertical levels, top grid cell)

Sea Ice (resolution)

Atmchem/

Ocnbgcm

Center (Reference)

CMIP6 Models 1. HadGEM3

-GC3.1- MM

UKCA- GLOMAP

MetUM-HadGEM3- GA7.1 (100 km; 85;

85km)

JULES- HadGEM3- GL7.1 (100 km)

NEMO-HadGEM3- GO6 (25 km; 75 0- 1m)

CICE-HadGEM3- GSI8 (25 km)

MOHC (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 2. HadGEM3

-GC3.1-LL

UKCA- GLOMAP

85km)

NEMO-HadGEM3- GO6 (100 km; 75;

0-1m)

CICE-HadGEM3- GSI8 (100 km)

MOHC (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 3. UKESM1.

0-LL

UKCA- GLOMAP

85 km)

JULES-ES-1.0 (250 km)

NEMO-HadGEM3- GO6.0 (100 km; 75;

0-1m)

HadGEM3-GSI8 (100 km)

UKCA- StratTrop/ocnB gchem: 100 km

MOHC (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 4. KACE-1-

0-G

UKCA- GLOMAP

85km)

MOM4p1 (100 km;

50; 0-10m)

HadGEM3-GSI8 (100 km)

NIMS (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 5. ACCESS-

CM2

UKCA- GLOMAP

85km)

CABLE2.5 (250 km)

ACCESS-OM2 (GFDL-MOM5) (100 km; 50; 0-10m

CICE5.1.2 (100 km)

CSIRO/ARCCES S (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 6. ACCESS-

ESM1-5

CLASSIC- v1.0

HadGAM2 (250 km;

38; 39 km

CABLE2.4 (250 km)

ACCESS-OM2 (GFDL-MOM5) (100 km; 50; 0-10m

CICE4.1 (100 km)

ocnBgchem:

WOMBAT

CSIRO (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 7. CMCC-

CM2-HR4

MACv2- SP

CAM4 (100 km; 26;

~2 hPa)

CLM4.5 (SP mode; 100 km)

NEMO3.6 (ORCA0.25) (25 km; 50; 0-1 m)

CICE4.0 (25 km) CMCC (Gutiérrez

and Tréguier12) 8. CMCC-

CM2-SR5

MAM3 CAM5.3 (100 km;

30; ~2 hPa)

CLM4.5 (BGC mode; 100 km)

NEMO3.6

(ORCA1) (100 km;

50; 0-1 m)

CICE4.0 (100 km)

CMCC (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 9. CMCC-

ESM2

MAM3 CAM5.3 (100 km;

30; ~2 hPa)

CLM4.5 (BGC mode; 100 km)

NEMO3.6

(ORCA1) (100 km;

50; 0-1 m)

CICE4.0 (100 km)

BFM5.2 (ocean biogeochemistry )

CMCC (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 10. CESM2-

FV2

MAM4 CAM6 (250 km; 32;

2.25 mb),

CLM5 (250 km with landIce: 5 km)

POP2 (100 km; 60;

0-10 m)

CISM2.1 (100km) MAM/MARBL NCAR (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

(13)

11. CESM2- WACCM- FV2

MAM4 WACCM6 (250 km;

70; 4.5e-06 mb),

POP2 (100 km; 60;

0-10 m)

CICE5.1 (100km) MAM/MARBL NCAR (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 12. CESM2-

WACCM

MAM4 WACCM6 (100 km;

70; 4.5e-06 mb),

POP2 (100 km; 60;

0-10 m)

CICE5.1 (100km) MAM/MARBL NCAR (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 13. CESM2 MAM4 CAM6 (100 km; 32;

2.25 mb)

CLM5 (100 km) with landIce:

CISM2.1 (5 km)

POP2 (100 km; 60;

0-10 m),

CICE5.1 (100 km)

MAM/MARBL NCAR (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 14. NorESM2-

LM

OsloAero CAM-OSLO (250 km; 32; 3 mb)

CLM/CISM (250 km)

MICOM (100 km;

70; 0-2.5)

CICE (100 km) OsloChemSimp/

HAMOCC

Norwegian Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 15. NorESM2-

MM

OsloAero CAM-OSLO (100 km; 32; 3 mb)

CLM/CISM (100 km)

MICOM (100 km;

70; 0-2.5)

CICE (100 km) OsloChemSimp/

HAMOCC

Norwegian Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 16. NorCPM1 OsloAero4

.1

CAM-OSLO4.1 (250 km; 26; 2 hPa)

CLM4 (250 km) MICOM1.1 (100 km; 53; 0-2.5 m)

CICE4 OsloChemSimp

4.1/HAMOCC5.

1

Norwegian Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 17. FIO-

ESM2.0

prescribed CAM4 (100 km; 26;

~2 hPa)

CLM4.0 (100 km)

POP2-W (100 km;

60; 0-10 m)

CICE4.0 (100 km)

FIO (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 18. TaiESM1 SNAP TaiAM1 (100 km;

30; ~2 hPa

CLM4.0 (100 km)

POP2 (100 km; 60;

0-10 m)

CICE4 (100 km) atmosChem:

SNAP

RCEC (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 19. SAM0-

UNICON

MAM3 CAM5.3-UNICON (100 km; 30; 2 hPa)

CLM4.0 (100 km)

POP2-W (100 km;

60; 0-10 m)

CICE4.0 (100 km)

SNU (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 20. MRI-

ESM2.0

MASING AR mk2r4)

MRI-AGCM3.5 (100 km; 80; 0.01 hPa)

HAL 1.0 (100 km)

MRI.COM4.4 (100 km; 61; 0-2 m)

MRI.COM4.4 (100km)

MRI-CCM2.1/

MRI.COM4.4

MRI (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 21. CanESM5 Interactive CanAM5 (500 km;

49; 1 hPa)

CLASS3.6/CTE M1.2 (500 km)

NEMO3.4.1 (ORCA1) (100 km;

45; 0-6.19 m),

LIM2 (100 km) SAO/CMOC- NPZD-OMIP

CCCMA (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 22. CanESM5-

CanOE

Interactive CanAM5 (500 km;

49; 1 hPa)

CLASS3.6/CTE M1.2 (500 km)

NEMO3.4.1 (ORCA1) (100 km;

45; 0-6.19 m),

LIM2 (100 km) SAO /CanOE- OMIP

CCCMA (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 23. FGOALS-

g3

GAMIL3 (250 km;

26; 2.19hPa)

CAS-LSM (250 km)

LICOM3.0 (100 km; 30; 0-10 m)

CICE4.0 (100 km)

CAS (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

(14)

24. BCC- CSM2-MR

BCC_AGCM3_MR (100 km; 46; 1.46 hPa)

BCC_AVIM2 (100 km)

MOM4 (50 km; 40;

0-10 m)

SIS2 (50 km). BCC (Gutiérrez

and Tréguier12) 25. BCC-

ESM1

BCC_AGCM3_LR (250 km; 26; 2.19 hPa)

BCC_AVIM2 (250 km)

MOM4 (50 km; 40;

0-10 m)

SIS2. (50 km) atmosChem:

BCC-AGCM3- Chem

BCC (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 26. MCM-UA-

1-0

Modifies surface albedoes

R30L14 (250 km; 14;

0.015 sigma)

SMBHS (250 km)

MOM1.0 (250 km;

18; 0-40 m)

Thermodynamic ice model.

Univ. of Arizona (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 27. E3SM-1.1-

ECA

MAM4 EAM (100km; 72;

0.1 hPa)

ELM- v1.1(BGC- ECA) (100 km)

MPAS-Ocean (50 km; 60; 0-10)

MPAS-Seaice (v6.0; 50 km)

LINOZ-2/BEC- NPZD

US Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 28. E3SN-1-1 MAM4 EAM (100 km; 72;

0.1 hPa)

ELM- v1.1(BGC- CTC) (100km)

MPAS-Ocean (50 km; 60; 0-10 m),

MPAS-Seaice (v6.0; 50 km)

LINOZ-2/BEC- NPZD

US Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 29. E3SM-1-0 MAM4 EAM (100 km; 72;

0.1 hPa),

ELM-v1.0 (100 km)

MPAS-Ocean (50 km; 60; 0-10 m),

MPAS-Seaice atmosChem:

LINOZ-2

US Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 30. FGOALS-

f3-L

FAMIL2.2 (100 km;

32; 2.16 hPa),

CLM4.0 (100 km),

LICOM3.0 (100 km; 30; 0-10 m),

CICE4.0. (100 km)

CAS (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 31. MIROC6 SPRINTA

RS6.0

CCSR AGCM (250 km; 81; 0.004 hPa),

MATSIRO6.0 (250 km)

COCO4.9 (100 km;

63; 0-2 m)

COCO4.9 (100 km)

Japan Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 32. INM-

CM4-8

INM- AER1

INM-AM4-8 (100 km; 21; 0.01)

INM-LND1 (100 km)

INM-OM5 (100 km; 40 sigma evels)

INM-ICE1 (100 km)

INM (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 33. INM-

CM5-0

INM- AER1

INM-AM5-0 (100 km; 73; 0.0002)

INM-LND1 (100 km)

INM-OM5 (50 km;

40 sigma evels)

INM-ICE1 (50 km)

INM (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 34. GISS-E2-

1-H

Varies (none, OMA, TOMAS, MATRIX)

GISS-E2.1 (250 km;

40; 0.1 hPa)

GISS LSM (250 km)

HYCOM (100 km;

32; 0-10 m),

GISS SI (100 km) atmosChem:

GPUCCINI

GISS (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

35. GISS-E2- 1-G

GISS-E2.1 (250 km;

40; 0.1 hPa)

GISS LSM (250 km)

GISS-Ocean (100 km; 40; 0-10 m)

GISS SI (100 km) atmosChem:

GPUCCINI)

(15)

36. GISS-E2- 1-G-CC

GISS-E2.1 (250 km;

40; 0.1 hPa)

GISS LSM (250 km)

GISS-Ocean (100 km; 40; 0-10 m)

GISS SI (100 km) GPUCCINI/

NOBM

37. CAS-ESM 2.0

IAP AACM

AGCM 5.0 (100 km;

35; 2.2 hPa)

CoLM (100 km) LICOM2.0 (100 km; 30; 0-10 m)

CICE4 (100 km) AACM/

OBGCM

CAS (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 38. IPSL-

CM6A- LR-INCA

INCAv6- AER

LMDZ (250 km;

with 79 levels)

ORCHIDEE- v2.0-WCE (250 km)

NEMO-OPA (eORCA1.3) (100 km; 75 levels; 0-2 m),

NEMO-LIM3 (100 km)

ocnBgchem:

NEMO-PISCES

IPSL (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

39. CNRM- CM6-1

prescribed by TACTICv 2

Arpege 6.3 (250 km;

91; 78.4 km)

Surfex 8.0c (250 km)

Nemo 3.6 (eORCA1) (100 km; 75; 0-1 m)

Gelato 6.1 (100 km)

atmosChem:

OZL_v2

CNRM (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

40. CNRM- ESM2-1

TACTICv 2

Arpege 6.3 (250 km;

91 78.4 km)

Nemo 3.6 (eORCA1) (100 km; 75; 0-1 m)

Gelato 6.1 (100 km)

REPROBUS- C_v2/Pisces 2.s

CNRM (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 41. CNRM-

CM6-1- HR

prescribed by TACTICv 2

Arpege 6.3 (100 km;

91; 78.4 km)

Nemo 3.6

(eORCA1) (25 km;

75; 0-1 m)

Gelato 6.1 (25 km)

atmosChem:

OZL_v2

CNRM (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

42. EC Earth3 IFS cy36r4 (100 km;

91; 0.01 hPa),

HTESSEL-IFS (100 km)

NEMO3.6

(ORCA1) (100 km;

75; 0-1 m)

LIM3 (100 km) EC Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 43. EC Earth3-

cc

IFS cy36r4 (100 km;

91; 0.01 hPa),

HTESSEL-IFS (LPJ-GUESS4) (100 km)

NEMO3.6

(ORCA1) (100 km;

75; 0-1 m)

LIM3 (100 km) TM5/ PISCES v2

EC Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 44. EC-

Earth3- Veg

IFS cy36r4 (100 km;

91; 0.01 hPa),

HTESSEL-IFS (LPJ-GUESS4) (100 km)

NEMO3.6

(ORCA1) (100 km;

75; 0-1 m)

LIM3 (100 km) EC Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 45. EC-

Earth3- AerChem

Interactive TM5

IFS cy36r4 (100 km;

91; 0.01 hPa),

HTESSEL-IFS (100 km)

NEMO3.6

(ORCA1) (100 km;

75; 0-1 m)

LIM3 (100 km) TM5 EC Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 46. IITM-ESM prescribed

MACv2

ITM-GFSv1 (250 km; 64; 0.2 mb)

NOAH LSMv2.7.1 (250)

MOM4p1 (100 km;

50; 0-10 m)

SISv1.0 (100km) ocnBgchem:

TOPAZv2.0

IITM (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

(16)

47. CAMS- CSM 1.0

ECHAM5_CAMS (100 km; 31; 10 mb),

CoLM 1.0 (100 km)

MOM4 (100 km;

50; 0-10 m)

seaIce: SIS 1.0 (100 km)

CAMS (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

48. NESM3 ECHAM v6.3 (250

km; 47; 1 Pa)

JSBACH v3.1 (250 km)

NEMO-3.4 (100 km; 46; 0-6 m),

CICE4.1 (100 km)

NUIST (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 49. MPI-

ESM1.2- HAM

HAM2.3 ECHAM6.3 (250 km; 47; 0.01 hPa

JSBACH 3.20 (250 km)

MPIOM1.63 (250;

40; 0-12 m)

dynamic sea ice model (250 km)

sulfur chemistry / HAMOCC6

HAMMOZ-Cons.

(Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 50. AWI-

ESM-1-1- LR

ECHAM6.3.04p1 (250; 47; 0.01 hPa)

JSBACH 3.20- dynamic veg.

(250 km)

FESOM 1.4 (50 km; 46; 0-5 m)

FESOM-1.4 (50 km)

AWI (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 51. MPI-

ESM1.2- LR

prescribed MACv2- SP

ECHAM6.3 (250 km; 47; 0.01 hPa

JSBACH3.20 (250 km)

MPIOM1.63 (250 km; 40; 0-12 m)

ocnBgchem:

HAMOCC6

MPIM (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 52. AWI-CM

1.1 MR

ECHAM6.3.04p1 (100; 95; 0.01 hPa),

JSBACH3.20 (100 km)

FESOM 1.4 (25 km; 46; 0-5 m)

FESOM-1.4 (25km)

AWI (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 53. MPI-

ESM1.2- HR

prescribed MACv2- SP

ECHAM6.3 (100 km; 95; 0.01 hPa)

JSBACH3.20 (100 km)

MPIOM1.63 (50 km; 40; 0-12 m

ocnBgchem:

HAMOCC6 (50 km)

MPIM (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 54. GFDL-

CM4

Interactive GFDL-AM4.0.1 (100 km; 33; 1 hPa)

GFDL-LM4.0.1 (100)

GFDL-OM4p25 (GFDL-MOM6) (25 km; 75; 0-2 m)

GFDL-SIM4p25 (GFDL-SIS2.0) (25)

fast chemistry, aerosol only/

GFDL- BLINGv2

GFDL (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

55. GFDL- ESM4

Interactive GFDL-AM4.0.1 (100 km; 49; 1 hPa)

GFDL-LM4.1 (100 km)

GFDL-OM4p50 (GFDL-MOM6) (50 km; 75; 0-2 m),

GFDL-SIM4p50 (GFDL-SIS2.0) (50)

GFDL-

ATMCHEM4.1/

GFDL- COBALTv2

GFDL (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12)

56. IPSL- CM6A- LR-INCA

INCAv6 AER

LMDZ (250 km; 79;

80 km),

ORCHIDEEv2.

0-WCE

NEMO-OPA (eORCA1.3) (100 km; 75; 0-2 m)

NEMO-LIM3 (100 km)

ocnBgchem:

NEMO-PISCES

IPSL (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) 57. IPSL-

CM6A-LR

LMDZ (250 km;

79;80 km),

ORCHIDEE- v2.0-WCE (250 km)

NEMO-OPA (eORCA1.3) (100 km; 75; 0-2 m)

NEMO-LIM3 (100 km)

ocnBgchem:

NEMO-

IPSL (Gutiérrez and Tréguier12) CMIP5 Models

(17)

58. BCC- CSM1-1

Prescribed BCC_AGCM2.1 (T42; 26; 2.9 hpa)

BCC-AVIM1.0 (T42)

MOM4 (100 km;

40; 25 m)

GFDL Sea Ice Simulator (SIS)

ocnBgchem:

OCMIP2

BCC (Flato et al.13) 59. BCC-

CSM1-1- M

Prescribed BCC_AGCM2.1 (T106; 26; 2.9 hpa)

BCC-AVIM1.0 (T106)

MOM4 (100 km;

40; 25 m)

GFDL Sea Ice Simulator (SIS)

ocnBgchem:

OCMIP2

BCC (Flato et al.13) 60. BNU-ESM Semi-

interactive

CAM3.5; T42; 26;

2.194 hpa

CoLM+B- NUDGVM(C/N )

MOM4.1 (360 X 200; 50)

CICE4.1 ocnBgchem:

IBGC

BNU (Flato et al.13)

61. FIO-ESM v1.0

Prescribed CAM3.0; T42;

26;3.545 hPa

CLM3.5 (T42) Modified POP2.0 (1.125° X 0.27–

0.64°; 40; 5 m

CICE4.0 ocnBgchem:

Improved OCMIP-2

FIO (Flato et al.13) 62. FGOALS-

g2

Semi- interactive

GAMIL2; 2.8125° × 2.8125°; 26; 2.194 hPa

CLM3 (2.8125°

× 2.8125°)

LICOM2 (1 X 1°;

30; 10 m)

CICE4-LASG Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

IAP (Flato et al.13)

63. MIROC- ESM- CHEM

SPRINTA RS

MIROC-AGCM;

2.8125 × 2.8125°

T42; 80; 0.003 hPa

MATSIRO COCO3.4 (1.4°×

0.5–1.4°; 44; 1.25 m)

Included CHASER/

NPZD-type

JAMESTEC (Flato et al.13) 64. MIROC-

ESM

SPRINTA RS

MIROC-AGCM;

2.8125 × 2.8125°

T42; 80; 0.003 hPa

MATSIRO COCO3.4 (1.4°×

0.5–1.4°; 44; 1.25 m)

Included ocnBgchem:

NPZD-type

JAMESTEC (Flato et al.13) 65. NorESM1-

ME

CAM4- Oslo

CAM4-Oslo;

1.9°*2.5°;26;

2.194067 hPa

CLM4 NorESM-Ocean

(1.125°; 53;1 m)

CICE4 CAM4-Oslo/

HAMOCC5

NCC (Flato et al.13)

66. NorESM1- M

CAM4- Oslo

CAM4-Oslo;

1.9°*2.5°;26;

2.194067 hPa

CLM4 NorESM-Ocean

(1.125°; 53;1 m)

CICE4 CAM4-Oslo/

implemented

NCC (Flato et al.13)

67. CESM1(W ACCM)

Semi- interactive

WACCM4; 1.9o × 2.5o; 66; 5.1 × 10–6 hPa

CLM4 Modified POP2

(1.125° X 0.27–

0.64°;60; 5 m

Modified CICE4 Included/

implemented

NCAR (Flato et al.13)

68. CCSM4 Interactive CAM4; 0.9º ×1.25º;

27; 2.194067 hPa

CLM4 Same as CESM1

(WACCM)

Modified CICE4 Not

implemented/

implemented

69. CESM1(F ASTCHE M)

Interactive CAM4CHEM ;0.9º × 1.25º; 27; 2.194067 hPa

CLM4 Same as CESM1

(WACCM)

Modified CICE4 CAM-CHEM/

implemented

(18)

70. CESM1(B GC)

Semi- interactive

CAM4; 0.9º ×1.25º;

27

2.194067 hPa

CLM4 Same as CESM1

(WACCM)

Modified CICE4 Not

implemented/

BEC

71. CESM1(C AM5)

Semi- interactive

CAM5; 0.9º × 1.25º;

27; 2.194067 hPa

CLM4 Same as CESM1

(WACCM)

Modified CICE4 Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

72. HadGEM2 -AO

Interactive HadGAM2; 1.875° x 1.25°; 60; 84km

Included Included;1.875° x 1.25°; N96;

Included Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

MOHC (Flato et al.13)

73. HadGEM2 -ES

Included Included (1° X 1°;

40;5.0 m)

Same as HadGEM2-AO

ACM/ Included MOHC (Flato et al.13)

74. HadGEM2 -CC

Included Included (1.875° X 1.25°:

Same as HadGEM2-AO

Included/

implemented

75. ACCESS1.

0

CLASSIC HadGAM2; 1.875° x 1.25°; 38; 39km

MOSES2.2 ACCESS-OM (MOM4p1) (1°X1;

50; 0–10 m)

CICE4.1 Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

CSIRO (Flato et al.13)

76. ACCESS1.

3

CLASSIC MOHC-GAM 1.0;192 × 145;38;

39km

CABLE ACCESS-OM

(MOM4p1) (1°X1;

50; 0–10 m)

CICE4 Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

77. CSIRO- Mk3.6.0

Interactive Included; ~1.875º × 1.875º; 18; ~4.5 hPa

Included Modified MOM2.2 (0.9 X 1.875; 31; 5 m)

Included Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

78. CanCM4 Interactive Included; T63; 35;0.5 hPa

CLASS 2.7 Included (256 X 192; 40; 0 m)

Included Included/ Not implemented

CCCMA (Flato et al.13)

79. CanESM2 Interactive Included; T63; 35;0.5 hPa

CLASS 2.7;

CTEM

Included (256 X 192; 40; 0 m)

Included Included / CMOC

CCCMA (Flato et al.13)

80. HadCM3 Interactive HadAM3; 3.75 × 2.5°; 19; 0.005 hPa

Included HadOM (1.25 X 1.25; 20; 5.0 m)

Included Not

implemented /Not

implemented

81. CMCC- CESM

Semi- interactive

ECHAM5; 3.75° × 3.75°; 39; 0.01 hPa

SILVA Same as CMCC-

CM

LIM2 Not

implemented/

PELAGOS

CMCC (Flato et al.13)

(19)

82. MPI-ESM- LR

Prescribed ECHAM6; 1.8° T63

; 47;0.01 hPa

JSBACH MPIOM (1.5°; 40;6 m)

Included Not

implemented/

HAMOCC

MPIM (Flato et al.13)

83. MPI-ESM- MR

Prescribed ECHAM6; 1.8° T63;

95; 0.01 hPa

JSBACH MPIOM (0.4°; 40;

6 m)

Included Not

implemented/

HAMOCC

84. MPI-ESM- P

Prescribed ECHAM6; 1.8° T63;

47; 0.01 hPa

JSBACH MPIOM (0.4°; 40;

6 m)

Included Not

implemented/

HAMOCC

85. CMCC- CM

Semi- interactive

ECHAM5; 0.75° × 0.75°; 31;10 hPa

Not

implemented

OPA8.2 (ORCA2) (2°; 31; 5 m)

LIM2 Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

CMCC (Flato et al.13)

86. GISS-E2- H

Interactive for p2, p3, semi for p1

Included; 2.5° × 2.;40

0.1 hPa

Included HYCOM (1° X 0.2- 1°; 26; 0 m)

Included G-PUCCINI/

Not

implemented

GISS (Flato et al.13)

87. GISS-E2- H-CC

Interactive for p1

Included; Nominally 1°; 40; 0.1 hPa

Included HYCOM (1° X 0.2- 1°; 26; 0 m)

Included G-PUCCINI/

Included

88. GISS-E2- R

Interactive for p2, p3, semi for p1

Included;2.5° × 2.;40 0.1 hPa

Included Russell

Ocean;(1.25° X 1;

32; 0 m)

Included G-PUCCINI/

Not

implemented

89. GISS-E2- R-CC

Interactive for p1

Included; Nominally 1°; 40; 0.1 hPa

Included Russell

Ocean;(1.25° X 1;

32; 0 m)

Included G-PUCCINI/

Included

90. MRI- CGCM3

MASING AR-mk-2

MRI-AGCM3.3; 320

× 160; 48; hPa

HAL MRI.COM3 (1 ×

0.5; 50; 0 m)

MRI. COM3 Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

MRI (Flato et al.13)

91. MRI- ESM1

MASING A- mk-2

MRI-AGCM3.3; 320

× 160; 48; 0.01 hPa

HAL MRI.COM3 (1 ×

0.5; 50; 0 m)

MRI. COM3 MRI-CCM2/

MRI.COM3

MRI (Flato et al.13) 92. IPSL-

CM5A-LR

Semi- interactive

LMDZ5; 1.9° × 3.75°;39; 0.04 hPa

Included ORCA2 (2 × 2- 0.5°; 31; 0m)

LIM2 Not

implemented/

PISCES

IPSL (Flato et al.13)

93. IPSL- CM5A- MR

Semi- interactive

LMDZ5; 1,25° × 2.5°;39; 0.04 hPa

Included ORCA2 (2 × 2- 0.5°; 31; 0m)

Included Not

implemented/

PISCES

94. IPSL- CM5B-LR

Semi- interactive

Modified LMDZ5;

1.9° × 3.75°; 39; 0.04 hPa

Included ORCA2 (2 × 2- 0.5°; 31; 0m)

Same as IPSL- CM5A-LR

Not

implemented/

PISCES

(20)

95. MIROC4h SPRINTA RS

FRCGC-AGCM5.7;

0.56 X 0.56°;56;0.9 hPa

MATSIRO COCO3.4 (1/4° X 1/6°; 48;1.25 m)

Included Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

JAMESTEC (Flato et al.13)

96. MIROC5 SPRINTA RS

FRCGC-AGCM6;

1.4 X 1.4°; 40; 2.9 hPa

MATSIRO COCO4.5 (1.4° × 0.5–1.4°; 50;

1.25m)

Included;

(Komuro et al., 2012)

Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

JAMESTEC (Flato et al.13)

97. INM-CM4 Prescribed Included; 2 ×1.5; 21;

sigma = 0.01

Included Included (1 × 0.5;

40; 0.0010426 sigma)

Included) Not

implemented/

Included

INM (Flato et al.13) 98. CNRM-

CM5

Prescribed ARPEGE-Climat;

TL127; 31;10 hPa

SURFEX NEMO (0.7°; 42; 5 m)

Gelato5 LOCM/ PISCES CNRM (Flato et al.13)

99. CNRM- CM5 -2

Prescribed ARPEGE-Climat;

TL127; 31;10 hPa

SURFEX NEMO (0.7°; 42; 5 m)

Gelato5 Volcano + LOCM/ PISCES

CNRM (Flato et al.13)

100. EC- EARTH

Prescribed IFS c31r1; 1.125º lon x T159L62; 62;1 hPa

HTESSE NEMO-ecmwf (1°;

31; 1 m)

LIM2 Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

Europe Cons.

(Flato et al.13)

101. GFDL- CM2.1

Semi- interactive

Included;2.5° x2° ; 24; 3.65 hPa

Included; Included (1; 50;0 m)

SIS Not

implemented/

Not

implemented

GFDL (Flato et al.13)

102. GFDL- CM3

Interactive Included; ~200 km;

48; 0.01 hPa

Included MOM4.1 (1; 50; 0 m)

SIS included

/Not

implemented

103. GFDL- ESM2G

Semi- interactive

Included; 2.5° x2°;

24; 3.65 hPa

Included GOLD (1°; 63; 0 m)

SIS Not

implemented/

TOPAZ

104. GFDL- ESM2M

Semi- interactive

Included; 2.5° x2°;

24; 3.65hPa

Included MOM4.1 (1; 50; 0 m)

SIS Not

implemented/

TOPAZ

CMIP3 Models 105. CGCM3.1(

T47)

CAM3 (T47; 31; 1 hPa)

Included-layers, canopy, routing

Included CCCMA

(Solomon et al.14)

(21)

106. CGCM3.1(

T63)

CAM3 (T63; 31; 1 hPa)

(0.9° X 1.4°; 29); Included- rheology, leads

CCCMA (Solomon et al.14) 107. NCAR-

PCM1

T42; 26; 2.2 hPa Included-layers, canopy, no routing

(0.5°–0.7° X 1.1°;

40)

Included- rheology, leads

NCAR (Solomon et al.14)

108. BCCR- BCM2.0

T63; 31; 10 hPa Included-layers, canopy, routing

(0.5°–1.5° x 1.5°;

35)

BCCR (Solomon et al.14)

109. CNRM- CM3

T63; 45; 0.05 hPa Included-layers, canopy, routing

(0.5°–2° X 2°; 31) Included- rheology, leads

CNRM (Solomon et al.14)

110. INM- CM3.0

4° X 5°; 21; 10 hPa Included-layers, canopy, no routing

(2° X 2.5°; 33) Included- no rheology, no leads

INM (Solomon et al.14)

111. MIROC3.2 (medres)

T42; 20; 30 km Included-layers, canopy, routing

(0.5°–1.4° X 1.4°;

43)

JAMSTEC (Solomon et al.14) 112. MIROC3.2

(hires)

T106; 56; 40 km Included-layers, canopy, routing

(0.2° X 0.3°; 47) Included- rheology, leads

JAMSTEC (Solomon et al.14) 113. GFDL-

CM2.0

GAMDT; 2.0°

X2.5°; 24; 3 hPa

GAMDT- Included- bucket, canopy, routing

(0.3°–1.0° X 1.0°) Included- rheology, leads

GFDL (Solomon et al.14)

114. GFDL- CM2.1

GAMDT; 2.0°X2.5;

24; 3 hPa

GFDL GAMDT- Included- bucket, canopy, routing

(0.3°–1.0° X 1.0°) Included- rheology, leads

GFDL (Solomon et al.14)

115. CSIRO- MK3.0

top = 4.5 hPa T63; 18; 4.5 hPa

Included-layers, canopy

MOM2.2 (0.8° X 1.9°; 31)

CSIRO (Solomon et al.14)

116. CSIRO- MK3.5

top = 4.5 hPa T63; 18; 4.5 hPa

updated layers, canopy rep.

updated MOM2.2 (0.8° X 1.9°; 31)

Included- rheology, leads rep.

CSIRO

(YoosefDoost et al.15)

117. UKMO- HadCM3

2.5° X 3.75°; 19; 5 hPa

(1.25° X 1.25°; 20) Included- free drift, leads

MOHC (Solomon et al.14)

118. UKMO- HadGEM1

1.3° X 1.9°; 38; 39.2 km

(0.3°–1.0° X 1.0°;

40)

MOHC (Solomon et al.14)

(22)

119. CCSM3 T85; 26; 2.2 hPa Included-layers, canopy, routing

(0.3°–1° X 1°; 40) Included- rheology, leads

NCAR (Solomon et al.14)

120. IPSL-CM4 2.5° X3.75°; 19; 4 hPa

(2° X 2°; 31) Included- rheology, leads

IPSL (Solomon et al.14)

121. MIUB- ECHO-G

T30; 19; 10 hPa Included- bucket, canopy, routing

(0.5°–2.8° X 2.8°;

20)

MIUB-MRI (Solomon et al.14) 122. MRI-

CGCM2.3.

2

(0.5°–2.0° X 2.5°;

23)

Included- free drift, leads

MRI (Solomon et al.14)

123. FGOALS- g1.0

IAP/GFDL (Solomon et al.14) 124. GISS-

AOM

3° X 4°; 12; 10 hPa Included-layers, canopy, routing

(3° X 4°; 16) Included- rheology, leads

GISS (Solomon et al.14)

125. GISS-EH 4° X 5°; 20; 0.1 hPa layers, canopy, routing

HYCOM (2° X 2°;

16)

126. GISS-ER 4° X 5°; 20; 0.1 hPa layers, canopy, routing

RUSSEL (4° X 5°;

13)

127. ECHAM5/

MPI-OM

T63 (~1.9° x 1.9°);

31; 10 hPa

Included- bucket, canopy, routing

MPIM (Solomon et al.14)

128. INGV- ECHAM4

ECHAM4 (1.1 X 1.1;

19 sigma level)

included OPA8.2 (ORCA2) (2 X 2; 31)

included INGV

(Scoccimarro et al.16)

(23)

Supplementary Table 4 | List of 37 CMIP6 used in climate change projections, along with 21 CMIP6 similar models set, 23 dissimilar models set. Similar models set were created by having models from three source groups:

MOHC, NCAR, and EC-Cons. Dissimilar models set were created by having dissimilar models, with only one parent model from a pair/ or group of similar models.

Sr. No. 37 CMIP6 Models Set

21 CMIP6 Similar Models Set 23 CMIP6

Dissimilar Models Set 1. HadGEM3-GC31-

LL

HadGEM3-GC31- LL

Commonalities of aerosol, cloud, radiation, and convection schemes in atmospheric model, sea ice model, and land and ocean model (except in ACCESS-ESM1-5)

HadGEM3-GC31- LL

2. HadGEM3-GC31- MM

HadGEM3-GC31- MM

ACCESS-ESM1-5

3. UKESM1-0-LL UKESM1-0-LL CESM2

4. ACCESS-CM2 ACCESS-CM2 CMCC-ESM2

5. ACCESS-ESM1-5 ACCESS-ESM1-5 EC-Earth3

6. KACE-1-0-G KACE-1-0-G CNRM-CM6-1

7. CESM2 CESM2 Commonalities in atmospheric and land model schemes; although the atmospheric and land model for CMCC, NorESM, FIO, and TaiESM, are from the predecessor versions of CESM2 model

CAMS-CSM1-0

8. CESM2-WACCM CESM2-WACCM BCC-CSM2-MR

9. NorESM2-LM NorESM2-LM CanESM5

10. NorESM2-MM NorESM2-MM CAS-ESM2-0

11. TaiESM1 TaiESM1 FGOALS-f3-L

12. FIO-ESM-2-0 FIO-ESM-2-0 FGOALS-g3

13. CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMCC-CM2-SR5 GFDL-ESM4

14. CMCC-ESM2 CMCC-ESM2 GISS-E2-1-G

15. EC-Earth3 EC-Earth3 CNRM and EC-EARTH are both

based on the

ARPEGE/IFS/ECMWF atmosphere

INM-CM5-0

16. EC-Earth3-Veg EC-Earth3-Veg IPSL-CM6A-LR

17. CNRM-CM6-1 CNRM-CM6-1 MCM-UA-1-0

18. CNRM-CM6-1-HR CNRM-CM6-1-HR MIROC6

19. CNRM-ESM2-1 CNRM-ESM2-1 MPI-ESM1-2-HR

20. CAMS-CSM1-0 CAMS-CSM1-0 Despite using independent model components, this model has its atmospheric model ECAM5 linkage with ECMWF and both are run in spectral mode

MPI-ESM1-2-LR

21. IITM-ESM IITM-ESM Commonality in ocean and sea ice model with CAMS-CSM1-0

MRI-ESM2-0

22. BCC-CSM2-MR NESM3

23. CanESM5-CanOE IITM-ESM

24. CanESM5 25. CAS-ESM2-0

a.

FGOALS-f3-L 26. FGOALS-g3 27. GFDL-ESM4 28. GISS-E2-1-G 29. HadGEM3-GC31-

MM

30. INM-CM5-0 31. IPSL-CM6A-LR 32. MCM-UA-1-0 33. MIROC6

34. MPI-ESM1-2-HR 35. MPI-ESM1-2-LR 36. MRI-ESM2-0 37. NESM3

(24)

Supplementary Table 5 | Distinct pairs of models from three CMIP vintages (CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6).

In the distinct model pairings, the paired model has modification/addition of a particular component and keeps all other component same with their counterpart model.

Sr. No. Modified/Additional Component in the Second Pairings Model Dissimilarity contribution (𝐷_𝑖,𝑗^𝑚𝑜𝑑; 𝑖𝑛 %) 1. Without and with Atmospheric Chemistry

i. MIROC-ESM/MIROCH-ESM-CHEM 0.29

ii. CCSM4/CESM1(FASTCHEM) 1.21

iii. CESM1(BGC)/CESM1(FASTCHEM) 1.08

2. Without and with Ocean Biogeochemistry

i. CMCC-CM2-SR5/ CMCC-ESM 1.71

ii. E3SM-1-0/E3SM-1-1 2.95

iii. GISS-E2-1-G/GISS-E2-1-G-CC 0.98

iv. CanCM4/CanESM2 2.8

3. Without and with Atmospheric Chemistry/Ocean Biogeochemistry together

i. HadGEM3-GC3.1-LL/ UKESM1.0-LL 4.75

ii. EC-Earth3/EC-Earth3-cc 3.25

iii. HadGEM2-AO/ HadGEM2-CC 6.45

iv. MRI-CGCM3/ MRI-ESM1 2.49

4. Prescribed/Interactive Aerosol

i. FIO-ESM/ TaiESM1 4.32

ii. CCSM4/CESM1(BGC) 1.43

iii. CNRM-CM6-1/CNRM-ESM2-1 2.93

iv. EC-Earth3/ EC-Earth3-AerChem 4.69

5. Without and with Dynamic Vegetation

i. EC Earth3/ EC-Earth3-Veg 3.77

6. Without and with modified or different Atmospheric Component

i. NorESM1-ME/ CESM1(WACCM) 10.35

ii. FIO-ESM2.0/SAM0-UNICON 10.27

iii. CESM2-FV2/CESM2-WACCM-FV2 2.54

iv. CESM2/ CESM2-WACCM 7.25

v. CESM2-FV2/ CESM1(CAM5) 22.4

vi. ACCESS-CM2/ ACCESS-ESM1-5 17.54

vii. IPSL-CM5A-LR/ IPSL-CM5B-LR 13.49

viii. CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMCC-CM2-HR4 28.06

ix. NorESM2-LM/NorCPM1 20.88

x. INM-CM4-8/INM-CM5 4.26

xi. CESM1(BGC) / CESM1(CAM5) 18.68

xii. ACCESS1.0/ ACCESS1.3 11.65

xiii. GFDL-CM2.0/ GFDL-CM2.1 13.85

7. Coarser/Higher Atmospheric Resolution

i. NorESM2-LM/ NorESM2-MM 7.54

ii. BCC-ESM1/BCC-CSM2-MR 11.22

iii. IPSL-CM5A-LR/ IPSL-CM5A-MR 17.02

8. Without and with modified or different Ocean Component

i. KACE-1-0-G/ACCESS-CM2 6.85

ii. GISS-E2-1-H/ GISS-E2-1-G 6.05

iii. BNU-ESM/FIO-ESM1 6.23

iv. GISS-E2-H/GISS-E2-R 8.49

v. GFDL-ESM2G/GFDL-ESM2M 3.83

(25)

vi. GISS-E-H/GISS-E-R 7.48 9. Coarser/Higher Oceanic Resolution

i. GFDL-CM4/ GFDL-ESM4 5.01

ii. HadGEM2-ES/ HadGEM2-CC 4.47

iii. MPI-ESM-LR / MPI-ESM-MR 2.52

iv. MPI-ESM-P/ MPI-ESM-MR 2.53

(26)

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