The reviewed cases are categorized according to the type/nature of the solutions and the terminologies of the specified solutions. The author has also granted permission to the University to retain or make a digital copy for similar use and for the purpose of digitally preserving the work.
Chapter 1: Introduction
- An overview of the current situation
- Problem Statement
- Aims and Objectives
- The Motivation of The Research
- The importance of the research topic
This allows organizations to respond to the diverse needs of the population in order to transform adaptively, rather than waiting until a sustainable solution is achieved. This is an indication of the failure in the approach of providing adequate shelters to the displaced population regardless of how long they stay in the country.
Chapter 2: Literature review
- Overview
- The importance of shelter assistance after crises
- Adequate Shelter as a Human Right
- Adequacy Means
- The approach to adequate shelters
- Affected population types
- Forcibly displaced population (FDP) scenarios
- The stages of the humanitarian sheltering process
- The approaches of the humanitarian sheltering response (HSR)
- Types of Shelter solutions and their terminologies
- Multi phased vs. incremental approaches
11 Thus, the phase of the humanitarian shelter response is related to the lifespan of displacement. According to the Shelter Center (2012) this is one of the obvious threats to the transitional shelter approach.
Chapter 3: Applied Methodologies
- Pros and cons of the applied methods
- Literature review methodology
- Surveys and interviews method
- Field measurements method
- Experimental research method
- Research aims and objectives
- Research methodology selection and justification
- Research stages, methodologies and data analysis methods
The first round focused on validating the list of topics, but the second and third rounds assessed the importance of each research area. However, the accuracy depends on the accuracy of the measuring tool and the exact measurement conditions.
Chapter 4: The case studies of the different sheltering solutions
Tents
- UNHCR family tent
- UNHCR framed tent
- Self-standing family tent
- Tunnel structure Tents
Also, tents can be suitable for a growing process, as tent covers can be reused in various ways, such as temporary shelter cover or external shades and/or privacy barriers. However, a shade net can be added to the canopy which is especially necessary for hot climates, as well. 25 this tent can be upgraded with a winterization kit of a liner to improve insulation against the cold, in addition to the insulating mat, chimney sleeve, partition and floor protection under the stove.
But still, it is an emergency solution that can be built and fabricated on site if the required materials are already available.
Materials distribution approach
- Distribution of plastic sheeting, poles, and ropes
- Corrugated galvanised iron (CGI/iron/zinc)
This flexible use and reuse of the plastic sheets allows the FDP to build their own emergency shelter adapted to their needs and the potential contribution of the tarpaulins in the incremental process of transition to adequate shelters. Galvanized iron sheets are made of thin sheets, which are corrugated into various shapes like waves to increase the strength and rigidity of the thin lightweight sheets formed from soft. In addition, the stability and durability of the CGI sheets will vary due to different specifications such as sheet thickness, dimensions and type, corrugation size, also coating type and thickness.
The image above shows an example of a CGI roof implementation for a temporary bamboo shelter in Nepal.
Locally-built shelters
- Framed shelters using LAM (Locally Available Materials)
- Bamboo framed shelter
- Thatching, weaving panels, and clay plastering techniques
- Wooden framed shelters
- Durable Locally built shelters solutions
- Earth shelters
- Yasmeen Lari integrated (Earth-Bamboo framed) shelters
- Mozambique 2021
- Core houses with lightweight extension in the Philippines 2015
- Two storey transitional shelter, Haiti, 2010
In addition, the shelters' structural frame must withstand the potential additional weight of the upgraded LAM, which may vary due to the type of added material. Furthermore, bamboo thatch panels and doors were installed on the outside of the shelters to increase the privacy and durability of the shelters. Due to the escalated conflict in the Kasai region of Congo, a temporary shelter has been designed in consultation with the FDP.
50 It allows expansion in a gradual process of the community, but according to a pre-planned growth scenario.
Shelters and reclaimed materials
- Plastic bottles filled with sand
- Earth ship using tyres
- Scaffolding structure
The provision is intended to provide adequate covered living space as adequate shelter for the displaced population. This provision enables a more efficient use of space and increases the privacy of the residents, but requires a stronger structure to withstand the load of two levels and the additional necessary stairs, which add more cost and effort to the provision (IOM, 2020). Bottles and cans are also used to fill and cover non-load-bearing walls, and in addition, earthen shipyards implement some passive design strategies, especially the effect of stabilizing the temperature of the earth mass and obtaining passive solar heating.
The sides (double wall, double grid or double panels) of the envelope must be able to support the weight of the proposed filling material.
Prefabricated shelters
- Life shelter
- Azraq T - shelter
- The Refugee Housing Unit (RHU) (flat-packed)
The linear extension of the shelter is possible with further distribution of the panels to shelters, but cannot be easily attached to the long side of the shelter. 55 The change and adaptation of the shelter is possible because of its modular design, Figure 4.5-6 shows an example of the shelter design change in a market in Al Azraq camp. This solution is designed for a life of 1.5 years which can be extended to 3 years through the implementation of proper maintenance (UNHCR, 2016) as an opportunity to solve the issue of the need for transitional housing.
The modular frame of the RHU (The Refugee Housing Unit) allows the upgrade from the emergency shelter covered with standard tarpaulins to a more adequate shelter by covering the frame with locally available materials.
Chapter 5: Results and discussions
Linking humanitarian relief to sustainable development
- LRRD model
- The presented IRRD model
Therefore, there is an international call for an effective humanitarian response with a holistic approach that embraces the concept of early recovery to facilitate FDP's transition to building community resilience and self-sustainable development. Population recovery should also trigger further community transitions to sustainable livelihoods. It also reflects the transitional situation of the displaced population in the direction of strengthening resilience and reducing dependency.
Therefore, the aim of the research will be to address potential existing and new solutions that could facilitate the FDP's transition to recovery and sustainable development.
Adaptable Design strategies (ADS)
- ADS Characteristics
- The principles panel of Adaptable design strategies (ADS)
ADS measures have the potential to facilitate the transition of shelters to more climate-responsive shelters. However, this integration can be done gradually with the improvement of shelters and settlements. However, Sphere (2018) endorses self-sufficiency and self-management of FDP through the implementation of localized strategies.
This again emphasizes the importance of the identified ADS and its principles that have the potential to maximize the available solutions for FDP.
The categorisation of the sheltering solutions
Pros & Cons of the each category of the reviewed case studies/solutions
- The Tents
- Materials distribution (Tarps and/or CGI sheets)
- Prefabricated shelters
- Locally built shelters
- Framed locally built shelters
- Durable shelters
- Earth shelters
- Hybrid (Framed-Earth) shelters
- Integrated (Framed-Earth) shelters
- Reclaimed materials
70 comparison table below shows the extracted advantages and disadvantages of distributing the material as a sheltering solution. Many case studies (Life Shelter, Azraq T Shelter and the Refugee Housing Unit (RHU)) have been reviewed and discussed in the case study chapter and the table below shows the extracted advantages and disadvantages. Earth shelters are considered a localized solution that uses locally available materials, so in addition to the main advantages and disadvantages of locally built shelters, the table below highlights the advantages and disadvantages associated with the earth shelters in specific in addition to the general ones.
The following table represents the possible advantages and disadvantages extracted from the reviewed case studies of recycled material.
The Evaluation of different sheltering solutions based on the specified creteria
- The evaluation criteria
- The evaluation table
- The comparison and discussion
- Final remarks of the evaluation
Even a good performance global shelter that tends to be prefabricated still does not properly address a socio-cultural appropriate solution due to the rigid approach in the global solutions and the absence of the community role. To conclude, there is no single sheltering solution that can be considered suitable for the entire life of the displacement globally and/or locally. Each solution has strengths in some aspects of the evaluation criteria and weaknesses in other aspects.
However, there is a clear difference in the strength and weakness of the response between global and local solutions, as global solutions tend to show strength in terms of response scale, standardization and quality assurance, easy to build even with less labor, help to avoiding possible overuse of local materials, and most importantly providing a transportable shelter as a temporary solution for temporary land, giving the residents and organizations some time to resolve land tenure issues.
The transition enablers identification
- Liable structure & LAMs
- Liable structures as a key for extended shelter life span
- Technical ease & materials availability
- FDP capability of self/supported (build, Upgrade, Repair, & repeat)
- Expandable designs
- Ease of dismantling and transportation
- Reversible, recyclable, and the Upcyclable materials
- Sellable shelters & (RRR) Reusable, Relocatable, &Recyclable
- The integration of passive strategies
- The integration of renewables
- Types of transition
- Summary
This will allow the potential reuse of the shelter providing the FDP with further options for the future changes. This helps with the goal of adopting the previously specified IRRD model for linking relief, recovery and sustainable development. ADS characteristics -Table 10- can maximize the adaptive capacity of the proposed sheltering solutions to the status of transition (hybrid and/or integrated).
And the adoption of the IRRD model in HSR with a continuous assessment for future corrections is recommended.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusion
The absence of durable solutions (reconstruction, resettlement and reintegration) for FDP should not disable the purpose of HSR to address adequacy, build community resilience and FDP self-reliance. For an effective humanitarian response and to support the transition from emergency preparedness to recovery and long-term sustainable development, the HSR should adopt an integrated goal of (relief, recovery and sustainable development in the early phases of the response, as presented in the proposed IRRD model The adoption of an integrated target (IRRD) requires a holistic transition approach (hybrid and/or integrated) -Figure 5.6-14 and Figure 5.6-15 - with adaptable overlay solutions.
However, confirmation of the effectiveness of the hybrid/integrated transition approach required additional field adoption and evaluation.
Recommendations for Future Studies
Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/770749/escuelas-modulares-de- andamios-y-arena-permiten-educar-a-los-ninos-refugiados-en-jordania?ad_medium=gallery (Accessed: 17 October 2021). Available at: https://www.thisispaper.com/mag/baubotanik-footbridge-ferdinand-ludwig-daniel-schonle (Accessed: 7 October Platanenkubus Nagold / Ludwig.Schoenle | ArchDaily. Available at: https://www. archdaily .com/800294/platanenkubus-nagold-ludwichoenle (Accessed: November 2 Liina Transitional Modular Shelter requires no tools for assembly.
Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2021/3/604b9fd44/decade-death-destruction-displacement-must-sap-solidarity-syrians.html (Accessed: 16 June 2021).
Novel solutions
- Liina shelter
- Just add water
- Weaving a Home
- Grow your home
102 The time it takes to build a Botani building is strongly related to the species type, growth rate, growing conditions and design height. Also, an experimental building designed by German architect Ferdinand Ludwig at Munich University of Technology with PHD intention called "the Baubotanische Toren" was awarded the prize of. It is a potential method of upgrading structure frames that required patience, skill learning and beneficiary contribution.
Nevertheless, it is a strategy that can be used to expand the living space, such as adding part of the external space to be transformed into a semi-internal space that supports daily activities with privacy, a healthy and more controlled environment then outside.
