In general, the occurrence of carcinoma of the gallbladder is rare, and its epidemiology varies greatly in different geographic areas, ethnicities, and cultures. Objective: This review aimed to summarize the latest updates on gallbladder carcinoma with special emphasis on the histopathological perspective. Histopathologically, gallbladder carcinoma has many types, but the most common type was found to be adenocarcinoma.
Although the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma is generally rare, the incidence and epidemiology of this neoplasm varies greatly across geographies, ethnicities, and cultural regions (2-8). For example, the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma is high in Eastern Europe (such as Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia), some Asian countries (such as northern India, south of Pakistan, Korea and Japan), some Latin American countries (such as Chile & . . Mexico) and areas where Mapuche. This enormous variability in the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma suggests that both genetics and environmental factors play a role in the development of this disease (as will be discussed later in this article) (2-8).
Therefore, multifactorial elements, including genetics and environmental factors, are involved in the development of this disease (5-6). As with all other diseases, the identification of risk factors for gallbladder carcinoma is a critical issue, as their knowledge will be useful in: a) understanding the pathogenesis, b) clarifying management strategies, and c) providing some insight into the prognosis of this disease (3,5-7). The exact mechanism by which cholelithiasis contributes to the development of gallbladder carcinoma is still not fully understood.
Genetics
7. Histopathology
Neuroendocrine tumors
The tumor invades the perimuscular connective tissue on the peritoneal side, without involvement of the serosa (visceral peritoneum). The recommended current treatment is based on the stage of the tumor summarized in Table 6. This may be partly facilitated by the focal absence of the serosal layer surrounding the gallbladder (3,5).
How should polypoid lesions of the gallbladder be treated in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Benefits of reoperation for T2 and more advanced incidental carcinoma of the gallbladder: German registry analysis. Invasive micropapillary variant of gallbladder adenocarcinoma and its aggressive potential for lymph node metastasis.
Carcinoid tumors and small cell carcinomas of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: a comparative study of 221 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Undifferentiated spindle cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study of 11 cases.
Original Article
Radiographers’ Conception and Perspectives Regarding Optimization of the Quality of the Image in Pediatric Digital
Radiography
Alkhobar, King Fahad Specialist Hospital
Digital radiography has a potential dilemma of dose creep, which increases the amount of radiation over time." Most respondents from different hospitals reported that exposure factors should be selected according to patient size, anatomical region, patient age, and examination/pathology indications. However, the majority of participants (63.1%) chose "DR changes the beam bending method, as image cropping can be done in DR" (Figure 3).
The majority of HA respondents (90.9%) stated that they relied on image cropping more than collimation to avoid image cropping. A significant proportion of participants from HB and HD (30.4% and 48.1%, respectively) also depended on image cropping.
Assessment of exposure indices in computed radiography for posterior-anterior thoracic and lateral lumbar spine. Digital chest radiography: an update on modern technology, dose containment and image quality control. Effects of radiographic techniques on low-contrast detail detectability of digital radiographic systems.
Awareness of pediatric imaging radiation dose and use of referral guidelines among radiology practitioners and radiographers. Guidelines on professional conduct for radiographers, radiation therapists and sonographers Victoria2007 [Available from: http://www.air.asn.au/airethics.php. Assessing radiographers' knowledge and attitudes about optimizing image quality in pediatric digital radiography in Saudi Arabia and Australia: a survey-based study.
Knowledge and Practices of Road Safety Measures among Jouf University Students: A Cross-Sectional study
Alkhaldi 3
1.35 million people lose their lives due to
Road deaths: Based on WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 (official report). Patterns of injury detected by pan-computed tomography after traffic accidents: retrospective study from a trauma center in Saudi Arabia. Attitudes and practice towards traffic rules among students of Health Sciences College in Aseer region.
Evaluation of Knowledge and Practice Measures for the Prevention of Road Traffic Accidents in University Medical Students. Knowledge and attitude towards road traffic regulations among students of College of Health Sciences in Taif Region, KAS. Assessment of knowledge and practical measures related to the prevention of road traffic accidents among university medical students.
Influenza Vaccination Hesitancy among Health Care Workers at the Tertiary Care Hospital, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi
Arabia
The most common reasons for VH were that the HCWs did not think they needed to be vaccinated because they were healthy and that the vaccine had no positive effects or benefits. The frequency of influenza VH in this study is lower or almost equal to frequencies reported by other studies from Saudi Arabia(12,14). Another study conducted in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, in 2009 reported low influenza vaccine coverage among HCWs; with the most common reason for not being vaccinated being the belief that vaccination was not effective in preventing the disease(14).
In this setting, person-to-person teaching is provided on-site in all consultations and rounds, and lectures and campaigns are organized regularly. In addition, the study hospital experienced the implications of previous outbreaks of MERS-CoV, which led to increased awareness about infection and prevention control measures for staff. Finally, the MOH has made efforts to encourage HCWs and the general population to be vaccinated, with the influenza vaccine offered free of charge in all health care facilities, and proactive campaigns focused on education.
Influenza vaccination acceptance, awareness and associated barriers among medical students of a university hospital in central Saudi Arabia.
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