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The College of Science at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University was the first College in the Eastern Province to offer a bachelor degree program in science for women, it was founded in 1399 AH/1979 CE and four years later, 112 students graduated from the College of Science. Since that time, the College has steadily grown with over 216 faculty members and over 13,800 graduates.
The College of Science awards a bachelor degree in four basic science programs and their applications: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
Whereas one of the most important strategic goals of the college is to develop its programs and create new programs according to the requirements of the labor market, the college worked to achieve this goal by developing and restructuring its programs in 2016 according to a scientific methodology and a deep vision to keep up with the rapid development in the region.
Today, we are proud to present the first graduation projects of the year 2019-2020 for these developed programs.
This booklet provides a brief introduction for these projects classified according to the four main academic programs.
Vice Dean for Academic Affairs College of Science
Dr. Rasha Abdulhameed Alessa
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The Mathematics department undergraduates at the College of Science in Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University have opportunities to explore mathematics beyond our undergraduate curriculum by enrolling in Mathematics Research Seminar course where they work on a project under the supervision of a faculty member.
Below are summaries of the projects that our faculty have proposed on the Academic year 2019- 2020, where we proudly present our students achievements in those proposed projects.
Head of Mathematics Department
Dr. Maryam Aldossary
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Project Title: Computational statistical techniques for the probabilistic multivariate distributions and applications
Supervisors
Abdelhafeez Ahmed Elshekhipy
Team Members
Name E-mail
Lamya Saeed M Alqahtani
(Leader) [email protected] Amal Nabeel A Aljanahi [email protected] Samayah Mohammad A Ragea [email protected] Asma Ahmed R Alzayer [email protected] Moudhi Falah Sulaiman Alfalah [email protected]
Brief Description
In this project, a theoretical mathematical simulation is introduced to create a bivariate probabilistic density function (BPDF) where the creation process is implemented due to defining any differentiable bivariate real valued function and tow dimensional closed region which will become a domain of a statistical population that is related to the created BPDF.
A computational simulation using Mathematica software is employed to execute the generalized practical side for creation of BPDF and generate some its statistical properties
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Project Title: On the probabilistic distributions for some stochastic models - Computational study and applications -
Supervisors
Abdelhafeez Ahmed Elshekhipy
Team Members
Name E-mail
Dalal Abdulrahman Ali Alghamdi
(Leader) [email protected] Bayan Ayman Taleb Koushem [email protected] Areej Hussain J Alshayeb [email protected] Fatimah Mohammed A Alghazwi [email protected] Wadiah Hassan A Albuhiri [email protected]
Brief Description
In this project, a probabilistic solution is introduced for a case study related to the 1-D random heat equation where that case accepts applying the exact analytical method which is relevant to the random variable transformation technique (RVT). Here a computational simulation using Mathematica software is employed to implement RVT application to compute the probabilistic cumulative function at a certain position for the stochastic solution process related to the temperature function.
Also, the behavior of statistical moments function with the time at a fixed position, is simulated computationally
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Project Title: Some kinds of continuity between topological spaces
Supervisors
Dr. Arwa Al-Shibani
Team Members
Name E-mail
Reem Al-Qahtani (LEADER) [email protected] Malak Al-Muheef [email protected] Nehad Al-Oufi [email protected]
Brief Description
The aim of this project is to study some generalized continuity between topological spaces such as contra- continuity, RC-continuity, contra-super continuity, and contra pre-continuity.
Also, to study the effect of some of these kinds of continuity on some topological spaces such as compact spaces, S-closed spaces, and strongly S-closed spaces.
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Stability Analysis of a Biological :
Project Title
Model
Supervisors
Dr. Dana Alsaleh E-mail
Team Members
Name E-mail
Tagreed Alharthi [email protected] Afnan Aldakhil [email protected] Asmaa Alharbi [email protected]
Brief Description
Stability analysis plays a dominant role in dynamical systems, control, and signal processing. It means mathematically that a small perturbation will not affect the system.
There are several approaches for analyzing stability such as Liapunove method, Routh-Hurwitz criteria and linear stability analysis.
In our project we focus on presenting briefly the three approaches mentioned above. Then we apply the linear stability analysis on the prey- predator model.
Pictures
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Project Title: Validation of models by statistical correlation analysis using statistical software
Supervisors
Dr. Ezzedine Mliki E-mail
Team Members
Leader
Name E-mail
Abeer Abdulrazaq Alelaiw (LEADER) [email protected] Raghad Khaled Alquwaie [email protected] Noor safaq Al-dhafeeri [email protected] Majd hamed Al-harthi [email protected] Atheer Fahad Alaqeel [email protected]
Brief Description
Estimation and knowledge of transport properties of fluids are essential for heat and mass flow. Viscosity is one of the important properties which are affected by temperature and pressure.
Many empirical and semi-empirical equations have been developed to describe the viscosity of pure liquids and binary or ternary liquid mixtures. This project aims to contribute to describing the viscosity of pure liquids, we will use statistical correlation analysis techniques for determining a relationship between the two parameters of viscosity Arrhenius-type equation.
In the present project, based on the use of statistical techniques for parametric and nonparametric regression analysis and statistical correlation tests, we propose a new equation modeling the relationship between the two parameters of viscosity Arrhenius-type equation, such as the Arrhenius energy (Ea) or the pre-exponential factor (As). In addition, the suggested practical equation is useful when one of the two Arrhenius parameters data are absent. Indeed, it can be used to estimate the non-available value of one parameter using the information provided by the other one.
Empirical validation using different data set of pure solvents from the literature and studied at different temperature ranges gives excellent statistical results which allow us to redefine the Arrhenius equation using a single parameter instead of two ones. In addition, those models are very useful for engineering data and permits to estimate one non-available parameter when the second one is available.
Also, we study based on the use of statistical comparison techniques such Sign and Wilcoxon tests a competition between two models correlating the Arrhenius energy (Ea) and the pre-exponential factor (As).
Our goals in this project is:
1. Statistical validation of Haj-Kacem model using 48 data set of pure solvents.
2. Statistical validation of Messaâdi model using 72 data set of pure solvents.
3. Statistical competition between the two models using 102 data set of pure solvents.
4. Propose a new equation modeling the relationship between the two parameters of viscosity Arrhenius-type equation and study it is statistical validation using 102 data set of pure solvents.
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Project Title: Moreau-Yosida approximation for convex And weakly convex functions
Supervisors
Kamel Saoudi
Team Members
Name E-mail
Walaa Ali Al-Humaidi
(LEADER) [email protected] Lujain Alsweed [email protected] Roqayah Al-Eid [email protected]
Brief Description
This research is concerned by the following Chapters: In chapter 1, we recall the essential of the notations and definitions that will be used in the other three chapters. The second chapter is devoted to study the Legendre
transformation of the convex functions and demonstrate its main properties, and we give several examples to illustrate the essential properties of this transformation. Also, we summarize some proprieties of the sub-differential and we establish in the real case the famous relation between the sub-differential and the directional derivative and we characterize the monotony of the sub-differential.
Also, we state some examples to illustrate the essential properties of the sub-differential. In the next chapter, we summarize some basic proprieties of the Moreau-Yosida regularization of a convex function. Then, we demonstrate that the minimization of a convex function 𝑓 can be reduced to the minimization of a Moreau-Yosida regularization of a function 𝑓. Also, we study the second derivative of the Moreau-Yosida regularization of a function 𝑓.
Finally, we presented some examples to illustrate our result.
In the last chapter, we extend this type of approximation for a more general case, as the weakly convex functions and we give some application.
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Project Title: Prediction of the Offshore Wind Farm Production using Optimization Algorithm and Machine Learning
Supervisors
Dr.Malek Fehaid
Team Members
Name E-mail
Anwar Altamimi [email protected] Shaikha Alotaibi [email protected] Munira Alsubaie [email protected]
Brief Description
One of the key objectives of Saudi Vision 2030 is to “Grow contribution of renewables to national energy mix”. This objective has arisen due to Saudi Arabia has immense potential in wind energy production and the electricity can be generated by the power of the wind with less cost.
Using wind energy to produce electricity faces a problem of finding the optimal allocation of the wind turbines to increase electricity production.
This research, considers a real case at Yanbu in Saudi Arabia to design an offshore wind farm that maximizes the production of wind energy using an Optimization algorithm; The Offshore term refers to wind turbines that are built in water bodies. In addition, a number of scenarios have been generated, that feeds a machine learning model to predict future production of any offshore wind farm scenario.
Achievements Design of an offshore wind farm at Yanbu in Saudi Arabia, as a case study. In addition, a machine learning model that able to predict future production of any offshore wind farm.
Pictures
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Project Title: Solving Inventory control problem using linear programming
Supervisors
Maram Alwohaibi
Team Members
Name E-mail
Um albaneen Alawami 2160007318 @iau.edu.sa Sumyah Aljabali 2160007992 @iau.edu.sa
Ramlah Alhulew 2160005857 @iau.edu.sa
Razan Alnefaie 2160004367 @iau.edu.sa
Zahraa Alharbi 2160004610 @iau.edu.sa
Brief Description
Formulating a suitable inventory model is one of the major fields in OR. The main aim of inventory models is to determine the optimum level of inventories that should be maintained to achieve a desired tradeoff between the inventory costs and profit.
In this research, an inventory control problem of a small convenient store in Saudi Arabia is formulated and solved as a linear programming model.
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Project Title: Gompertz Fertility Model and Its Application on KSA Data From 2015-2019
Supervisors
Marwa Khalil
Team Members
Name E-mail
Maram Alzahrani (LEADER) [email protected] Abeer Mubaraki [email protected]
Lujain Algamdi [email protected]
Maram Alshiban [email protected] Maryam Alfuhaid [email protected]
Brief Description
The benefit of mathematical models in understanding
demographic processes is extremely known. In this paper we consider the study of the mathematical fertility model to understand the fertility behavior.
The basic objective of this study is identifying the mathematical fertility model. In this paper we applied the Gompertz fertility model on KSA data from (2015 - 2019). For the purpose of the current study, these data were taken from (United States Census Bureau, USCB). We used least squares method to estimate the Gompertz fertility model parameters. Finally, we conclude our study result.
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Project Title: Numerical Analysis of some Finite Difference Scheme for Heat Equation I 1D and 2D.
Implementation of Matlab Code
Supervisors
Nabil Gmati
Team Members
Name E-mail
Ghadeer Hassan Bin Haidar Al Hachem
(LEADER) [email protected]
Honouf Al Chamri [email protected]
Royouf Al Subai [email protected]
Brief Description
The Project consist to make a mathematical and numerical analysis of some finite difference shemes to solve 1D and 2D Heat Equation. In 1D, a complete analysis was developed. 3 model were developed: The implicit, the explicit scheme and the theta-scheme. For each method the students develop the analysis of the consistency and stability analysis.
They also achieve the order of every method.
A Matlab Code was developed and some numerical results are presented. In 2D, the students show the method to obtain the finite difference scheam, and how the discreat equations can be presented under a linear system. They preent some numerical results in 2D. The error analysis is also achieved in 1D and 2D.
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Project Title: Well-Posed Boundary Value Problems for Hyperbolic Equations
Supervisors
Dr. Noha Aljaber
Team Members
Name E-mail
Rawan AlHajri (LEADER) [email protected]
Mea'ad AlHammali [email protected]
Noor AlHamoud [email protected]
Brief Description
In this paper, we consider the following linear hyperbolic
differential equation with semi-periodic conditions (1.1), (1.2), in a bound domain, and show that it is uniquely solvable under some conditions on the coefficients.
Consider the problem:
𝑢𝑥𝑦=𝑝0(𝑥,𝑦)𝑢+𝑝1(𝑥,𝑦)𝑢𝑥+𝑝2(𝑥,𝑦)𝑢𝑦+𝑞(𝑥,𝑦) (1.1) 𝑢(𝑥,0)=𝜑(𝑥), 𝑢(0,𝑦)=𝛼𝑢(𝑎,𝑦)+𝜓(𝑦) (1.2)
In a bound domain D=[0,a]x[0,b], where 𝑝𝑖: D→ℝ(𝑖 =0,1,2) 𝑞: D→ℝ are given continuous functions, and 𝑢: D→ℝ unknown functions. For initial condition, problem (1.1) has been studied and authors proved the existence and uniqueness of the solution under some conditions on the coefficients.
Moreover, second-order hyperbolic partial differential equations with different conditions have been studied by many authors. In the present work, we proved the existence and uniqueness result to solution of (1.1),(1.2).
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Project Title: The solution of the fractional heat equation using Green’s Functions
Supervisors
Dr. Reem Alkhairy
Team Members
Name E-mail
Essraa Alghanam Maram Almuhalhal Reem Alhajri
Brief Description
The subject of fractional calculus deals with the investigation of integrals and derivatives of arbitrary real or complex order.
However, in this project, the solution of the heat equation with the definitions of fractional calculus is considered. This goes to derive the explicit formulas of the solutions and examples.
This project, consisting of three sections, explores the concepts of fractional differential equations with an emphasis on the Green's function.
Achievements (Local or International)
The students study the basic concepts of fractional calculus which was new approach for them. Then the analytical solutions of two examples of the fractional heat conduction equation were solved using laser heat source with time
dependent intensity and the third one was solved with general boundary conditions
Pictures Unfortunately, the present situations did not help us to finish this part and give several profiles of the heat distribution.
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Project Title: Statistical Applications using Machine Learning
Supervisors
Name
Dr. Eman Abdulazeem Ahmed
Team Members
Name E-mail
Lama Sami Alluwaimi (LEADER) [email protected] Alrahaf Abdulrahman Almuhaimeed [email protected] Mashael Omair Alqahtani [email protected] Rawabi Saleh Almansour [email protected] Sara Salim Alzabadani [email protected]
Brief Description
This project implements some statistical applications like regression and classification using Machine Learning software.
Simple linear regression applied to predict the salary based on the number of experience years for the person.
Logistic regression used for predicting whether the patient infected with heart disease or not. Another application, which was predicting the success/fail of the student using Support Vector Machine classification method, was applied. All applications executed using Python software.
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Project Title: Some stochastic models in finance
Supervisors Dr. Ezzedine Mliki E-mail
Team Members
Name E-mail
Asail Mansour Aljohani (LEADER) [email protected]
Fatimah Saud Alnajdi [email protected]
Raghad Fahad Al-Shammari [email protected]
Brief Description
Stochastic modeling presents data and predicts outcomes that account for certain levels of unpredictability or randomness. Companies in many industries can employ stochastic modeling to improve their business practices and increase profitability. In the financial services sector, planners, analysts, and portfolio managers use stochastic modeling to manage their assets and liabilities and optimize their portfolios. Financial modeling is the process of creating a summary of a company's expenses and earnings in the form of a spreadsheet that can be used to calculate the impact of a future event or decision.
During the twentieth century major financial crisis have been strong motives to lots of studies and research in financial modelling in order to minimize such risks for the future and this interest essential will be increase after the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Mathematicians and financial engineers developed many mathematical models and the geometric Brownian motion is now widely used in stock price modelling.
Our goal in this project is:
First part covers a glossary of important terms in finance and some stochastic integration concepts like Brownian motion, Ito’s process, expectation and statistics of geometric Brownian motion.
The second part is modeling of stochastic rates and containing two important models Langerin's equation and Vasicek model.
The Langerin's equation is the differential equation which models the amount of money M(t) at time t invested in a bank account that pays interest at a constant rate r which can be modeled by an unpredictable term, given by α dBt, with α constant. The equation
dM_t= rM_t dt+αdB_t, t≥0 is called Langerin's equation.
The Vasicek interest rate model (or simply the Vasicek model) is a mathematical method of modeling interest rate movements. The model describes the movement of an interest rate as a factor composed of market risk, time, and equilibrium value, where the rate tends to revert towards the mean of those factors over time. Essentially, it predicts where interest rates will end up at the end of a given period of time, given current market volatility, the long-run mean interest rate value, and a given market risk factor.
The Vasicek Model is the differential equation which models the interest rate r_t at time t is given by dr_t = a (b - r_t )dt + σ dW_t, t ≥0
where a, b, σ positive constants such that a is the speed of the reversion to the mean, b is the Long-term level of the mean, σ is the Volatility at time period t, W is the random market risk, (b − rt) is the expected change in the interest rate at time t (the drift factor).
The third part of this project is modeling stock prices.The price of a stock can be modeled by a continuous stochastic process which is the sum of a predictable and an unpredictable part. However, this type of model does not consider market crashes.
Let St denote the price of a stock at time t
(dS_t)/S_t =μdt+σdWt, t ≥0
the predictable part μdt , the noisy part σdWt and the parameters μ and σ are positive constants which represent the drift and volatility of the stock. The geometric Brownian motion seems to be a good way to model future stock.
Finally, we use real stock value for statistical competition between stocks using data given in 2019 and 2020. Stock value will be used to estimate model parameters, test assumptions, and study the accuracy of the model. Also calculate stock return, give the 95% confidence level, check normality test, and study some statistical properties of the stock.
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Project Title: Fractional Shehu transform with some applications in the sense of conformable fractional
Supervisors
Fatimah Alrawajeh E-mail
[email protected] Nouf Almutairi
Team Members
Name E-mail
Zainab Muhanna (LEADER) [email protected]
Laila Hubail [email protected]
Sukinah Alzouri [email protected]
Brief Description
In this work we establish the expressions of the Shehu transform for conformable fractional operators.
With the help of this new integral transform we solve some fractional differential equations in the conformable sense.
Three illustrative examples are discussed to show our approach.
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Project Title: Bifurcation Analysis of Some Mathematical Models
Supervisors
Zainab Hussain Alsoufi
Team Members
Name E-mail
Ebtesam Khalid Aljunaid [email protected] Dinah Dhaif Allah Alotaibi [email protected] Fatima Abdulla Almakhluq [email protected]
Brief Description
A continuous dynamical system that is represented by a mathematical model may contain parameters. It is possible that any small variation in a parameter may cause a
significant impact on the system’s behavior. Therefore, some questions can be addressed in order to predict qualitative changes in a system’s behavior when varying a parameter.
For example, how to follow the equilibrium points and limit cycles and compute their stability in the parameter space?
One way to address this question is through Bifurcation Analysis.
This project gives an overview of the basic concepts of Bifurcation Analysis and classifies some of its types. Also, implementation of Matlab codes is covered in this project.
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I am honored and proud to present to you the first graduation research submitted by the students of physics department as the first batch of the development programs in the college of science.
The subjects of the graduation research bellow are for students joining different tracks under the Physical department which has four tracks, Physics track, Applied Physics (Biophysics track), Applied Physics (Computational Physics track), and Applied Physics (Condensed Mater track).
Brief introduction for these projects
supervised by the great faculty members in our department are reviewed down for the
Academic year 2019-2020.
Head of Physics Department
Dr. Mona Alqahtani
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Project Title: Adsorption of HCN gas on g-C3N4 a DFT Investigation
Supervisors Dr. Ahmed Maarouf E-mail
[email protected] Dr. Hind Althib [email protected]
Team Members Name E-mail
Aroob Mohammed [email protected]
Brief Description
g-C3N4 is a layered porous semiconductor material.
Here, we study the use of a nanosheet of g-C3N4 for the adsorption of the toxic gas HCN. We use density functional theory to calculate the adsorption properties of the systems
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Project Title: Computational modelling and optimization of transmission coefficient in GaN and GaAs based resonant
tunneling diodes using the transfer matrix method
Supervisors Amani Rached E-mail
[email protected] Shaffa Al Mansour salmehbad @iau.edu.sa
Team Members
Name E-mail
Azhar Al Jaber [email protected] Amal Alshehri [email protected] Maha Alotaibi [email protected] Wasan Alrubaian [email protected]
Brief Description
In this work, we propose a numerical model of GaN/AlGaN and GaAs/AlGaAs resonant tunneling diode (RTD). Based on transfer matrix method, we have developed a Matlab code to compute the transmission coefficient which is an important key for determining the performance of a resonant tunneling diode. Optimization of
performance characteristics of these two devices are discussed for different barrier and well thicknesses.
Pictures
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Project Title: Recovery process of molybdenum by electrode position for water purification application
Supervisors
Dr. Imen Massoudi E-mail
Team Members
Name E-mail
Dr. Ridha Hamdi (Leader) [email protected] Dr. Nourah Alonizan [email protected] Dr. Tahani Flemban [email protected] Dr. Amani Rached [email protected] Dr. Amal Alotabi [email protected] Rawan Al-Ghamdi [email protected] Anood Alsomali [email protected]
Brief Description
In this project, we successfully deposit thin films of MoO3 on FTO
substrates in aqueous solution via the EDT. We showed that it is possible to proceed several recoveries run of molybdenum from the same aqueous solution by optimizing the electrodeposition parameters such as the electrolyte concentration and the pH. The obtained voltammograms I-V influence the mass transport impedance prolonged time on electrodeposition.
This work falls within the field of water purification from metals of high toxicity, and we hope, after treating the rest of the measurements and data (all the data are restored in the LAB computer memory, due to the Corona virus pandemic it was difficult to go to the center and collect them) continue the rest part of the research.
Pictures
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Project Title: Electrodeposition study of silver -Nucleation process & theoretical analysis-
Supervisors Ridha Hamdi E-mail
[email protected] Imen Masoudi [email protected]
Team Members
Name E-mail
Amani Rached [email protected] Ruba Al-Zuraie Leader [email protected] Kawther Al-Hamadah [email protected] Amal Al-Otaibi [email protected] Tahani Flemban [email protected] Norah Alonizan [email protected]
Brief Description
A noble-metal Silver (Ag) is deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass using electrochemical deposition technique. The nucleation process and the growth rate of Ag are studied under variation of the external potential and/or the concentration of Ag. The kinetic parameters: the density of active sites, the nucleation rate constant, and the diffusion coefficient, are determined from the analysis of chronoamperometry data and the morphologies of Ag. A good agreement between chronoamperometry analysis and the surface morphology is observed. Morphology is observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The theoretical investigation confirms that our results have a progressive process.
Pictures
SEM images of Ag synthesized on FTO substrate surface in solutions of different Ag concentrations a: 0.40 M, b: 0.32 M, c: 0.12M, d: 0.04M.
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Project Title: Antimicrobial properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Size reduced by Milling
Supervisors Imen Massoudi Leader E-mail
Ridha Hamdi [email protected]
Team Members
Name E-mail
Ibtisam Ababutain [email protected] Ethar Alhussain [email protected]
Aya Kharma [email protected]
Brief Description
In the present study, Zinc oxide “ZnO” Nano-Powders (ZNPs) in different sizes were prepared via high speed ball milling (HSBM) technique. The structural and optical modifications induced in the ZNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. TEM images showed a gradual decrease in particle size with an increase of milling time. FT-IR and Raman measurements confirm microstructural analysis. They showed different spectroscopic comportments attributed primarily to nanoparticle size effect such as peak broadening, shifting and intensity. Zinc oxide Nanofluids (ZNFs) were prepared by mixing ZNPs with distilled water. Small amount of surfactant was added to ensure the suspensions of ZNPs. Their dispersity and stability were characterized by Zeta sizer. The activities, and capabilities of ZnO nanofluids (ZNFs) to inhibit microbe’s activity have been evaluated. The results showed that the antimicrobial effectiveness of ZNFs is strongly depend on type of the microbe and on the size of ZNPs.
Pictures
microorganism and ZNP size
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Project Title: Fabrication a New Ionizing Radiation Shielding Material Based on Borate Glass
Supervisors
Dr. Mohammad Abu Mhareb
[email protected] Dr. Mona Alqahtani [email protected] Team
Members
AlBandari Al-Sagry E-mail
[email protected] Mariam Al-Yatimi [email protected] M.Z.Al-Turaikia [email protected]
Brief Description
In this work, we fabricated a new type of glass based on borate for applied in ionizing radiation shielding field. The shielding properties for photons and neutrons were investigated for the prepared glass samples. Several physical properties were calculated to explore the stability of glass samples. In addition, we checked the structure of the glass samples by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) .
Achievements
Local and international. We will collaborate with two-person form USA and KSA to expand this work. Then we will publish two papers classified within ISI journal (Q1).
Pictures
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Project Title: Modeling of the Photothermal technique Solutions For (Cu, Fe, Al, Zn) Metal Samples
with MATLAB Software
Supervisors Dr. Taher Ghrib E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members
Amal Ayed Almalki Leader E-mail
[email protected] Eman Hashem Alhashem [email protected]
Brief Description
This work proposes a computing code which allow to determine the thermal conductivity
and the thermal diffusivity of different kinds of metals such copper, Zinc, iron and aluminum by
using the Photothermal Deflection (PTD) technique. The method consists to create an algorithm
to calculate at the same time the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of any material
by using the analytical and experimental published results obtained from the PTD technique. The
analytical solution was coded with MATLAB software. The computing code allow with iterations
based on the minimization of the error between the experimental and theoretical results which
gives that the good fitting results can be obtained for an error coefficient smaller than 5%.
لىع ملاسلاو ةلاصلاو ، ن يملاعلا بر لله دمحلا ءايبنلاا ف رشا
. ن يعمجأ هبحصو هلآ لىعو دمحم انديس ، ن يلسرملاو
The department of Chemistry seeks to achieve its goals by raising the level and efficiency of its graduates in order to meet the changing needs of the labor market. Such goals are achieved by helping students to apply the knowledge acquired during their studies in the form of graduation projects.
We put in your hands a summary of the research projects, which represent graduation projects in which the student seek a solution to a specific problem. This will benefit them so that they are able to do such scientific research and achieve the goals required in practical life. There is no doubt that such effort will enrich their experience to help them in their future work. It will enable them in finding solutions to unconventional problems that they will face in the labor market.
Congratulations for the graduates of 2019-2020 Head of Chemistry Department
Dr, Suhailah Aljameel
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Project Title: Chitosan as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel
Supervisors Dr. Asma Mohammad Elsharif E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members E-mail
Leader Yaqeen Shawqi Alhabib 2160005747 iau.edu.sa @ Saja Sadiq Alhammaly 2160006074 iau.edu.sa @
Brief Description
In this era, the steel has become an essential part of many industries including but not limited to chemistry, oil, and gas industries due to its availability, affordability, and suitability. However, such type of material is very corrosive, and it requires considerable efforts and budget to maintain it, thus, to minimize the cost of the steel treatment, we have discovered an effective type of inhibitor to fight the corrosion and contain the rising cost of steel maintenance. In this research we are going to demonstrate a set of literature review conducted between 2005 till 2020 to improve the efficiency of the steel by chitosan with chemical compounds as polyaniline, silver nanoparticles, zinc molybdate, carbon dioxide as greenhouse and other examples. Our research is based on the pervious findings that are mentioned above. We were able to conduct an experiment synthesis of Chitosan nanopaticals (NPs) at 45 ͦC. The next step was to measure Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), UV absorbance, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure thermal properties.
Achievements
In the above experiment, it has been proven that chitosan can be used as an effective anticorrosion material that can protect the steel from getting rusted. Also, in our research, we explained the development of non-toxic and environment friendly corrosion inhibitors that are desirable and demanded due to the world energy producers' initiative to prevent the environment by adopting the "green chemistry".
Chitosan NPs was synthesis and evaluated for it enhance inhibitory performance.
Higher chitosan levels resulted in higher pH values due to the protonation of chitosan.
Additionally, it was discovered from the experiment that the various concentration of chitosan appeared during dissolution and when the proportion of HCl to chitosan reached 3.75 mmol / g or 4.5 mmol / g Due to the affectivity of acidic medium on chitosan. Moreover, to measure the sample, we used different kind of equipment such as FTIR due to its capability to accept a wide range of samples with different type of material condition as solid, liquid and gases.
On the other hand, UV-visible absorption shows a broad absorption for CNPs Compared with CS. In addition, DSC analysis was used to show thermal properties Moreover, three stages of degradation were exhibited in chitosan. First stages affected by humidity, second stage discuss the loss weight and last stage shows decomposition of polysaccharide at high temperature.
Pictures
Figure 1. SEM images of chitosan NPs.
Figure 2.
FTIR spectrum of chitosan NPs.
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Project Title: Highly Efficient Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors of Metals and Alloys: Synthesis & Mechanism
Supervisors Dr. Asma Mohammad Elsharif E-mail
[email protected] Team Members
Hanan Abdullatif Alrajeh E-mail
Leader [email protected]
Fatimah Ali Al Ady [email protected]
Brief Description
Many important industrial systems are subject to corrosion effects, such as transportation equipment, storage tanks, heat exchangers, reactors, so that corrosion can lead to the degradation of structures and many facilities, as well as accidents. Moreover, all studies reached corrosion costs equal to about 3%-4% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of each country. It is estimated that savings range from 15% to 35% using the available corrosion protection practices [3].
The effectiveness of Organic corrosion inhibitors under wide range of conditions, inexpensive and low toxicity, good solubility in water and oil drive it typically employed in industrial systems. These compounds represent as anodic, cathodic or mix inhibitors. Cathodic inhibitors shift the potential for corrosion towards lower values and prevent or postpone the cathodic reactions (hydrogen evolution and reduction of oxygen). Conversely, anodic inhibitors shift the corrosion potential in the direction of positive values, react with the metal cation to produce an insoluble hydroxide and block the active sites on the metal surface, preventing anodic reactions (Metal disintegration). The technique of organic corrosion inhibitors is predicated on the protective film is displaces water from the metal surface by the adsorption on the surface to shield it from corrosion [1].
Achievements
To conclude, eco-friendly methods of chemical synthesis are ecological and renewable.
Ultrasound irradiation, microwave irradiation, biomass waste and natural sources, are more selective, related to high yield and atomic development. Contrast to conventional heating approaches for hot plates, corrosion inhibitors are extracted more effectively using eco-friendly techniques. since the application of ultrasound irradiation, microwave irradiation, biomass waste and natural sources, the production of green and sustainable corrosion inhibitors has been well developed. the use of these non- sources of energy can also be explored further for the fast, green and economic synthesis of many other
heterocyclic compounds that can effectively inhibit metallic corrosion.
Pictures
O
R H
+ +H2N
N NH
CH3 P-TSA, US H2O
O NH N
NH
N
R CH3 O
N O
CH3
Figure 1. Ultrasound irradiation synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‑b] pyridine derivatives.
N H2
NH
S NH2
+ Microwave-H
2O
N
S N N
H2
R1
HOOC R1
R1= -C2H5, -C5H11, -C7H15, -C11H23, -C13H27
Figure 2. Microwave irradiation synthesis thiadiazols derivatives.
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Project Title: Electrochemical Method for Measuring the Efficiency of New Corrosion Inhibitors
Supervisors Dr. Asma Mohammad Elsharif E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members E-mail
Leader Rodina Fahad Alqahtani [email protected] Noor Ali Almatrook [email protected] Zahra Baqer Altowelieb [email protected]
Brief Description
Through our reading of some experiments of people who measured the efficiency of some solutions through the use of the potentiostat, we found that the best inhibitors of corrosion are NiFe2, where the efficiency reaches 82% which is considered as a high efficiency, And also the efficiency of graphene/epoxy layer for copper corrosion reached about 62%, which is a medium efficiency. Also, high conversion efficiencies have been published in the literature for thiophene, coumarin, phenothiazine,
polyene, squaraine and other dyes. Tafel plot method will be used to measure the corrosion rate in some newly synthesized solutions. Here, the study of mild steel corrosion of newly synthesized amines derivatives was carried out using potential dynamic polarization methods. At 60°C, the inhibitors exhibited excellent inhibition efficiencies (%IE) of ~99% (at 200 ppm) in 1 M HCl. The inhibitors containing the diallyl moiety demonstrated the higher inhibition efficiencies in HCl. Some of the quaternary salts were effective in arresting corrosion in 3.5% NaCl (%IE ~63-85% at 200 ppm). The coordinate type of bond involving interactions of the electrons with the iron d-orbitals allows the inhibitors to impede anodic oxidation of iron. The mechanisms emphasizing the role of the synthetized organo-nitrogen moieties in corrosion suppression process have been also discussed.
Achievements
Some dodecylamine derivatives were found to exhibit excellent inhibition of mild steel corrosion in acidic media HCl. The Goads values indicate the adsorption process as a combination of both physisorption and chemisorption of the inhibitors in HCl medium.
The diallyl moiety in some amine derivatives gives the inhibitors additional ability to protect mild steel corrosion in 1.00 M HCl where the electrons form coordinate bonds with the iron d-orbitals.
Pictures
Scheme1.Corrosion suspension effect of compound (4) on Mild steel sample in presence of 1M HCl solutions.
Scheme 2. Corrosion suspension effect of compound (9) on Mild steel sample in presence of 1M HCl solutions.
Scheme 3. Corrosion suspension effect of compound (11) on Mild steel sample in presence of 1M HCl solutions.
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Project Title: Conversion of Carbone Dioxide gas into hydrocarbons fuel using Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles
Supervisors Dr.Eman Alabbad E-mail
Ealabbad@ iau.edu.sa Team
Members E-mail
Leader Anwar Yousef Al-muhini [email protected] Shahad Ali Al-raddadi [email protected] Rola Faisal Aziz-
Alrahman
Brief Description
It is an effective Method for reducing the level of carbon dioxide and producing renewable hydrocarbon fuels Using TiO2 photocatalyst and stimulated UV light. This review aims to identify recent developments in exploring the
reaction of CO2 photoreduction mechanism with H2O in the presence of TiO2 Photocatalytic light particles.
Achievements
Apply this method on real life may decrease carbon dioxide level in atmosphere and also can be used as an alternative renewable source for petroleum. It is an important process to find a solution to save mankind from the increased carbon dioxide damage due to the increasing and development of industrial field, it is a solution to many problems including air pollution, climate change
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Nano catalysts and their applications
Project Name Nano-catalysts and their applications
Supervisors Dr.Eman Alabbad
Ealabbad@ iau.edu.sa
Team Members Name E-mail
Leader Arwa mushabab alahmari [email protected]
Brief Description
Nanoparticles have a large surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk materials, so they are attractive to use as a catalyst. As a result, we found a unique application for nano-catalysts such as carbon nanotubes, biodiesel production, discoloration of dye from wastewater, and water purification.
Also, an example of nano-catalysts such as Titanium dioxide (TiO2) which is the most common nano-catalyst, and Iridium metal (Ir+3).
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Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminum Using Natural Corrosion Inhibitors
Supervisors Dr.Eman Alabbad
Ealabbad@ iau.edu.sa
Team Members Name E-mail
Leader Alanoud Mohammed Alhajri [email protected]
Brief Description
In this project, I dealt with the topic of inhibiting aluminum corrosion by natural corrosion. Beginning with an overview of the basics of corrosion and its damages, information about aluminum and its properties and its corrosion in more than one medium such as base and acid. The research also includes some of the methods of measurements of corrosion rate such as the weight loss method, Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) method and potentiodynamic polarization method. Finally the basis of this review which is green aluminum corrosion
inhibitors by Green inhibitors and by using acanthus montanus leaves in 2M HCL.
Pictures
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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Supervisors Jwaher M. ALGhamdi E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members Name E-mail
Leader Mariah Abdulkareem Alhaboudal
2160004996 @iau.edu.sa Manal Abdullah Alsharafi [email protected]
Brief Description
In this graduate research report, we highlighted the concepts of alternative energy and the most important types of renewable sources such as wind, hydraulic and solar energies. Focusing on solar energy and its generations of solar cells especially DSSC. This report provides a brief clarification for each type of solar cells in each generation. Also, it is discussing in detail, the construction of DSSC components including working electrode, counter electrode and electrolyte.
Moreover, the materials that can be used to improve DSSCs are stated. For example, the most used dye in working electrode Ru-complex dye, and the most efficiency semiconductor that used to fabricate the working electrode in DSSCs is TiO2. Moreover, we covered the methods that helps in investigating the efficiency and characterization of DSSC such as I-V characteristic curve to measure the efficiency, UV/VIS spectroscopy, EIS measurement, IPCE Measurement and Cyclic voltammeter.
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Food Additives: Sweeteners
Supervisors Dr. Hessah Almuzafar E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members Name E-mail
Leader Jumana Al-Khatem [email protected] Areej Alhakeem [email protected]
Brief Description
Sweeteners are considered as food additives to give sweet taste. Sweeteners are used in drinks, food,
nutritional supplements and pharmaceutical preparations.
Sweeteners can be classified into different types
according to their nutritional value; nutritive sweeteners (sugars and modified sugars) and non-nutritive
sweeteners (natural sweeteners and synthetic sweeteners). Nutritive Sweeteners (NS) Sweeteners which provide energy in form of calories which can be hydrolyzed into individual monosaccharides in the small intestine, then absorbed and metabolized to provide dietary energy, can be divided into sugar (sweet-tasting mono- and di-saccharides) and sugar replacements (polyols/sugar alcohols) are saccharide derivatives, nutritive sweeteners, low calorie, digestible
carbohydrates. Too much sugar can cause health problems like obesity and diabetes. To avoid these problems, sugar alternatives were developed, such as non-food sweeteners, which are considered healthy alternatives that provide sweet taste and without calories or affect blood sugar. Sweetness is detection by binding of a sweet taste to the sweet taste receptors, which is a heterogeneous of class C, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that consists of two subunits T1R2 and T1R3 (type 1 taste receptors). The effect of sweeteners is discussed.
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Food Additives: Antioxidants
Supervisors Dr. Hessah Almuzafar E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members Name E-mail
Leader Aisha Muneer Basit [email protected] Nouf Faihan Alotaibi [email protected]
Brief Description
This review aims to identify food additives that act as preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents and texturizing agents. In particular antioxidants that prevent spontaneous oxidation of foods and keep them from rotting. It is not possible to identify safe or toxic types on human health, but an international numbering of antioxidants has been adopted with a specific dose per day that should not be exceeded so as not to cause any harm to health. The antigens are generally
classified into natural and synthetic enzymes. Natural antibiotics are manufactured in some cases inside the human body and some are taken through nutrients, which in turn work to delay the development of some chronic diseases and have benefits to human health and prevent the oxidation of fats in foods without causing any damage to them, types of the natural Phenolic antioxidant, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and Carotenoids (vitamin A).
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Food Additives: Preservatives, Food Coloring and Flavors
Supervisors Dr. Hessah Almuzafar E-mail
Team Members Name E-mail
Leader Rahaf Al otaibi [email protected]
Nada Alasmari [email protected]
Lama AlQahtani [email protected]
Brief Description
Food consists of a mixture of different sources and
proportions, according to the purpose required to be eaten.
Therefore, nutritionists began to search for alternatives to these sources or use some additives or supplements, which are among their goals to improve productivity and work to
increase the efficiency of food conversion .
This research sheds light on some of these additions or supplements used in foods, which have proven to be efficient in the loan added for it, including flavorings, coloring and preservatives. Food additives or supplements are defined as:
substances that are added to foods in small quantities during final mixing or during manufacturing stages or when they are presented, and these additives are composed of either natural or industrial sources or medical preparations, and in most cases the additives are of a nutritional nature. The urgent need to use food additives emerged as the result of scientific and research efforts in chemistry sciences with the aim of raising production efficiency and making the most of available foods.
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Preparation method of supported metal nanoparticles catalysis
Supervisors Dr. Reem AlBilali E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members Name E-mail
Leader Maryam Sami Alduhailan [email protected] Rawan Jassem Alhfas [email protected] Fatimah Ahmed almohammed
Brief Description
The utilization of nanotechnology in different fields have been widely spread in many uses, particularly in nano- catalysis. Catalysts are extremely important due to their ability to accelerate chemical reactions. Many studies and experiments have been conducted to improve catalysis performance and characteristics due to their importance in many different applications. One of the most effective parameters to enhance the efficiency of catalysts is the surface area. The large surface area of nanoparticle will lead to an increase in active sites, which are responsible for better catalytic action. For this reason, nanoparticles have attracted much attention as a catalyst. This review is focused on describing the meaning of nanoparticle size and preparation methods of supported metal nanoparticle catalysts in particular, the sol-immobilization,
impregnation, precipitation, and ion exchange methods. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each
method. Moreover, the effect of using precious metals in catalytic performance will be investigated. Finally, some of the important applications, advantages and futere aspects of nanocatalysis will be discussed.
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An Overview of Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Applications
Supervisors Dr. Reem AlBilali E-mail
Team Members Name E-mail
Leader Latifa Abdullah AlAbdulhadi [email protected] Zainab Luai AlSaleh [email protected] Maha Abdulaziz AlJahan [email protected] Shahad Eid AlRuwaili [email protected]
Brief Description
Hydrogen has highly efficient properties to reduce the rate of pollutants resulted from chemical processes. In fact,
hydrogen is known to be an eco-friendly energy source which makes an important factor to reduce the harmful emissions of carbon dioxides. In addition, it is an essential energy carrier due to its most abound in the universe for different fields in many countries.There are different techniques and methods of hydrogen production. For this reason, this research gives an overview of hydrogen
production by different variety of technologies and sources from both fossil fuel sources, which includes reforming of hydrocarbons (steam, partial oxidation, and auto-thermal), and renewable sources such as biomass and water
electrolysis sources. Also, this research focus on the main techniques to safely store of hydrogen under different conditions. Hydrogen storage consists of two primary ways which are physically and materially storage. Furthermore, the hydrogen has many different applications and uses that can show the importance of hydrogen and its ability to solve problems in various fields including the industrial, economic and the environmental. This research contributes to outline ideas for future researchers that are seeking to understand the hydrogen production processes.
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Silicon & Polymer Solar Cell Performance
Supervisors Dr. Zainab Alsunaidi E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members Name E-mail
Leader Noor Essa Alghazal [email protected] Lujain Saud Alzahar [email protected]
Brief Description
In the past years, gobble worming is one of the most essential problems over the world. Using fossil fuels and CO2 emissions are the most common reasons for
harming the gobble environment which leads to extreme weather events, such as sea level rising, ocean
acidification, increase in average temperatures, and temperature extremes. So, many researchers have been working on finding alternative energy sources which are eco-friendly. One promising solution is to use the clean energy that is available in huge amount in earth which is the sunlight. Solar cells have long been attracting the attention as a technology that turns the sunlight into electricity. Nowadays, many types of solar cells have been developed with different efficiency and
performance. In this research, silicon and polymer solar cells are discussed including their mechanisms,
performance, applications, and challenges.
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Silicon & Polymer Solar Cell Performance
Supervisors Dr. Zainab Alsunaidi E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members Name E-mail
Leader Zahra Husain Al-
Saihati [email protected]
Jinan Husain Al-
Janabi [email protected]
Brief Description
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are one of the best materials used in gas storage for natural gas. The aim of this research is to present two examples of MOFs (HKUST-1 and MOF-5) in their properties in gas storage of hydrogen and methane, and to determine the one that has better adsorption to those gases. The adsorption of the two gases by the two MOFs is studied under multiple conditions of pressure (up to 100 bar) and temperature (from 77 k to room temperature).
Studies showed that HKUST-1 adsorbs methane better than any other MOFs, while MOF-5 adsorbs hydrogen better than other MOFs. This indicates that gases behave differently in storage and an MOF should have some specific properties to store more of the gas.
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Hydrogen Production from Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Supervisors Dr. Zainab Alsunaidi E-mail
[email protected] Team
Members Name E-mail
Leader Saja Shaker Alolaywat [email protected] Zahra Kadhim Alradhi [email protected] Fatimah Reda Almahasna [email protected]
Brief Description
Photocatalysis is the acceleration of chemical reactions in the presence of materials called photocatalyst that absorbs the light wavelengths, depending on the band structure. This technology has the potential to reduce air and water pollution, but it must be further developed and modified. Moreover, the world would benefit from this technology as it enables the production of cleaner fuel and recyclable H2. This can be achieved via the wide scale of splitting of water and utilizing
photocatalysts. The main reason that hydrogen is of a topic of current interest within the scientific community because it has the potential to meet both the future energy and environmental demands. Hence, the renewable energy sources and technologies for hydrogen production will be indispensable during the advent decades. Semiconductor utilizing ion doping is one of the most known methods to improve the
photocatalysis activity. TiO2 has been widely used as a photocatalyst for environmental applications such as photocatalytic hydrogen production. In this research, our aim is to summarize and review the research efforts made so far. We focused on hydrogen released from water splitting using photocatalysis under UV and Visible irradiation, with the combination of the newest ideas to tackle this significant challenge. Several different experiments are discussed for water splitting and hydrogen production by photocatalysis utilizing TiO2 under UV-Vis irradiation to produce a chemical fuel with desirable qualities (Hydrogen) and mitigate the harmful environmental impact.
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Review: Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Molecules
Supervisors Dr. Sarah Aldulaijan E-mail
Team Members Name E-mail
Leader Rahmah Habeeb Safwan [email protected]
Brief Description
This review refers to the calculations of Density Functional Theory (DFT) for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules a five-member ring to investigate the formation photoinduced charge transfer complexes between 1-
hydroxypyrene (PyOH), pyrene (Py) with aromatic amino acids (Phenylalanine: Phe, Tyrosine: Tyr, Tryptophan: Trp), which have been carried out in gas phase and water. Optimizations were performed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) at xB97XD/6-311++G (d, p) level. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) was used to calculate the electronic transitions of molecules at B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) level using the above ground-state geometries.
Pictures
Kaya T, Selçuki C, Acar N. A DFT and TDDFT investigation of interactions between 1-hydroxypyrene and aromatic amino acids. 2015;1073:9–19. doi:10.1016/j.comptc.2015.09.009
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Review: Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Molecules
Supervisors Dr. Sarah Aldulaijan E-mail
Team Members Name E-mail
Leader Hawraa Ahmed AL Qatari [email protected]
Brief Description
The objective of these studies is to use the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation to measure the adsorption energy of some molecules to Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) surfaces. These molecules are involved with a drug along with Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) in medical way to treat cancer. Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) is better rather than carbon nanotubes (CNTs) due to biocompatible and nontoxicity. Studies have shown that these drugs can be monitored by the stabilizing of boron nitride (BNNTs) surface with non-covalent reactions. Drugs can then be delivered directly to cells to treat cancer. So, by used density functional theory (DFT) these studies were proved the relationship between the stability and the diameter of (BNNTs). If the diameter increased, the stability increased. Also, these studies show if the drugs can stay stable with boron nitride nanotubes surface’s by non-covalent interaction, these drugs can then delivered directly to cancer cells to treat them.
Pictures
S. Ghahremani, M. Samadizadeh, M. Khaleghian, and N. Zabarjad Shiraz, “Theoretical study of encapsulation of Floxuridine
anticancer drug into BN (9,9-7) nanotube for medical application,”
Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem., vol. 195, no. 4, pp. 293–
306, 2020, doi: 10.1080/10426507.2019.1687479.
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Review: Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Molecules
Supervisors Name E-mail
Dr. Sarah Aldulaijan [email protected]
Team Members Name E-mail
Leader Batol Saeed Almarhoon [email protected]
Brief Description
Computational studies were confirmed the ability of using of (AA-NGO) in drug delivery (DD) systems. (AA) is an effective amino acid with (NGO) nitrogen-deboned graphene oxide. The drug in these studies is Taxol (TXL), which is well known as an anticancer drug. These studies have been done using docking studies, molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamic (MD) calculations. The calculations were done at selected temperature (37C and 42C) to investigate the ability to use these molecules in calorific induced [DD]
systems
Pictures
Rahim Ghadari & Ashkan Kashefi (2017) A computational study on the usability of amino acid-functionalised nitrogen- doped graphene oxides as temperature-responsive drug
![Figure 1. Ultrasound irradiation synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‑b] pyridine derivatives.](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/azpdfco/11037686.0/33.892.102.848.165.1127/figure-1-ultrasound-irradiation-synthesis-pyrazolo-pyridine-derivatives.webp)
