PDF Smart Grid Communications Networks Protocols And Issues

Lecture-5

Smart Grid

Communications Networks Protocols And Issues

Dr. Omar Abdulaziz Hafez

Contents

— Introduction to Smart Grid applications

— Smart Grid Communications Network (SGCN)

— Wireless Communications Technologies for SGCN

— SMART GRID SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES

— References

SMART GRID APPLICATIONS

• Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): Establish two-way communications between advanced meters and utility business systems.

• Cyber security: Ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the electronic information.

• Demand response and consumer energy efficiency: Provide

mechanisms and incentives for customers to cut energy use during times of peak demand.

• Distribution grid management: Maximize the performance of

feeders, transformers, and other components of distribution

systems.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 4

•Electric transportation: Enable large-scale integration of plug-in electric vehicles.

•Energy storage: Provide the means to store energy.

•Network communications: Identify performance metrics and core operational requirements of various Smart Grid applications.

•Wide-area situational awareness: Monitoring and display of power-system components over large geographic areas in near real time to optimize

management of grid components and performance and respond to problems before disruptions arise.

SMART GRID APPLICATIONS

— a new digital meter on your breaker panel?

— a wireless network that reads those meters remotely or the data management system that processes the information?

— some solar panels on the roof?

— a load-controller on the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system?

— Smart Grid is the inclusion of all of these things

SMART GRID APPLICATIONS

Smart Grid Can

— Identify and resolve faults on electricity grid

— Automatically self-heal the grid

— Monitor power quality and manage voltage

— Identify devices or subsystems that require maintenance

— Help consumers optimize their individual electricity consumption (minimize their bills)

— Enable the use of smart appliances that can be

programmed to run on off-peak power

Smart GRID Comm. Network (SGCN)

— The key to achieving these potential benefits of SG is to successful build up Smart Grid

Communications Network (SGCN) that can support all identified SG functionalities

— Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI),

— Demand Response (DR),

— Electric Vehicles (EVs),

— Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA),

— distributed energy resources and storage,

— distribution grid management, etc.

(SGCN)

Neighbor Area Network (NAN) Home Area Network (HAN) Power Generation Power Transmission Grid Power Distribution Grid Power Consumption

Smart Meter Substation

Substation Customer

Microgrid

Microgrid

(a) Power System Layer

(b) Communications Layer

Wireless Backhaul

StationBase

Control Center

Wired Backhaul Network

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Smart Meter Data Aggregation

Point (DAP)

Electric Vehicle

Solar Enegy Wind Enegy

Non-renewable Enegy

Concentrator Smart

Home Device

The overall layered architecture of SG

1/1/20 ⁹

(SGCN)

1/1/20 ¹⁰ Home Area Network (HAN):

Which is an information and communication network formed by appliances and devices within a home to support different distributed applications (e.g. smart metering and energy management in the consumer premises).

Neighborhood Area Network (NAN):

Which collects data from multiple HANs and deliver the data to a data concentrator.

Wide Area Network (WAN):

Which is the data transport network that carries metering data to central control centers; and Gateway which is the device that collects or measures energy usage information from the HAN members (and of the home as a whole) and transmits this data to interested parties.

(SGCN)

Smart Grid Needs Secure Communications

1/1/20 ¹²

SMART GRID SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES

Cyber-physical security:

• Power stations and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems have always been targeted by hackers.

• Once an entry point is found, it becomes easier for the attacker to cascade an attack down the smart grid.

• For example, compromising the real-time pricing channel may result in energy theft or remote control of appliances.

• Also the attacker he might be able to send smart meters a demand response command interrupting supply.

• The interruption can be made permanent by also commanding all the meters to change their keys to some new value only known to the attacker.

The impact can be enormous: millions of homes could be left without power until they are locally replaced or rehashed with authentic keys, people, health and safety suffer, and businesses could lose millions.

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SMART GRID SECURITY

Cyber-physical security:

Smart grid cyber-security needs to

- prevent such attacks from happening

- have a recovery/survivability mechanism in case of (successful) attacks.

For more information on different smart grid cyber security attacks and threat impact, interested readers are referred to the NIST guidelines [A].

[A] A. Lee and T. Brewer, “Guidelines for smart grid cyber security: Vol. 1, smart grid cyber security strategy, architecture, and high- level requirements,” NISTIR 7628, 2010.

1/1/20 ¹⁴

SMART GRID SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES

Privacy:

• Frequent smart metering data collection and analysis can help improve energy efficiency.

• Smart meters are expected to provide accurate readings

automatically at requested time intervals to the utility company, the electricity distribution network or the wider smart grid.

• However, this comes at the cost of user privacy.

• That is, the information may be used for purposes beyond energy efficiency, which gives rise to the smart grid privacy problem.

In particular, frequent data collection from smart meters reveals a wealth of information about residential appliance usage which infer information related to, the life of individuals.

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SMART GRID SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES

Privacy:

Currently, the smart grid privacy problem is highlighted by Non-intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring (NALM) technologies that use energy measurements to extract detailed information regarding domestic appliance.

An example of appliance detection

References

For more information please read the following Paper:

— Z. Fan, P. Kulkarni, S. Gormus, C. Efthymiou, G. Kalogridis, M. Sooriyabandara, Z. Zhu, S.

Lambotharan, and W. Hau Chin, “Smart Grid Communications: Overview of Research Challenges, Solutions, and Standardization Activities” IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION.

And

— HANDBOOK ON GREEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS “Chapter 5:

Smart Grid Communications Networks: Wireless Technologies, Protocols, Issues and Standards”.