53
Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Blood Constituents and Welfare Status of Male Japanese Quail's allowed Different Housing Space Fortified with Vitamin
E and/or Chromium Chloride
Youssef A. Attia1,2*, Fulvia Bovera3, Abd El-Hamid E. Abd El-Hamid2, Mohamed A.
Mandour4, Mohammed A. Al-Harthi1 and Saber Sh. A. Hassan2
1Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, 2Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture,
Damanhour University, Egypt, 3Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino,1, 80137, Napoli, Italy, and 4Animal Husbandry
and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
Abstract. A total of 612 males Japanese Quail (JQ) were divided into three groups and offered three housing space at 100, 116, and 141 cm2/chick, respectively during 21-56 days of age. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups and fed diets without additives (control group) or supplemented with 20 mg of Cr as CrCl3, 250 mg Vit E, and 20 mg Cr+250 mg Vit E/kg diet, respectively. Low housing space increased (P<0.05) growth and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and meat protein.
Quails at low or intermediate housing space and fortified with Cr had higher growth than those at high housing space, and Crimproved FCR at low housing space. The low housing space negatively affects welfare, and meat quality. The Cr, and Vit E fortification to low housing space improved the meat quality, and welfare status of quails.
Keywords: Housing pressure, Chromium, Vit E, Japanese quail, Growth, Meat quality, Welfare.
1. Introduction
Japanese quail (JQ, Coturnix coturnix japonica) can represent an interesting alternative animal protein because it grows rapidly and has a smaller size and space requirements than other farmed birds, and early reaches sexual maturity production. Thus, production costs are not so high (Faitarone et al. 2005). However, there is a lack of information on the influence of housing space on the growth performance and welfare status of JQ. Housing space can affect growth performance, stress condition, and poultry behavior (Mesa et al., 2017; von Eugen et al., 2019; Arruda et al., 2021). Abdel-Azeem (2010) indicated that raising quails at 77
birds/m2 might yield better results when compared with quails stocked at 100 or 143 birds/m2. Askar and Assaf (2004) showed that low housing space (around 100 cm2/quail) is one of the most effective stressors, especially during the growing period. Housing space influences chicken welfare but lowering it without guaranteed optimal environmental conditions is of minor importance (Utni-Banaś et al. 2014; Gholami et al., 2020). Recenetly, Abo Ghanima et al. (2020) stated that decreasing housing space reduced growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and increased feed intake 14 days old. At 49 days old, decreasing housing space in wood shaving litter
and plastic slatted floor types significantly reduced the breast, thigh, and left fillet percentages. Besides, triglycerlides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC's) in the meat contents were decreased in birds reared on lower housing space but not affected by floor type.
It was reported that the adverse effects of environmental stress could be prevented using some minerals and vitamins such as vitamin E and chromium (Sahin et al. 2001, 2002a; Attia et al., 2020). Vitamin E is a crucial antioxidant that protects unsaturated fatty acids and its concentration in tissues is inversely correlated to lipid peroxidation (Machlin, 1991; Attia et al., 2018; 2019). Vitamin E (Vit E) has been reported to enhance chicken's immune competence (Erf et al. 1998; Attia et al., 2016,2017). Sigolo et al. (2019 a,b) stated that feeding vitamin E at supra-nutritional levels can be a good management practice in Japanese quail nutrition to promote growth performance and egg production traits under thermoneutral conditions.
Chromium is essential for activating certain enzymes and stabilizing proteins and nucleic acids (Haq et al., 2016). Its primary role in metabolism is to potentiate insulin action through its presence in an organometallic molecule called glucose tolerance factor (GTF) (Ibrahim, 2005).
Shain et al. (2003) found that the combination of 250 mg of Vit E and 400 µg of organic chromium increased performance, serum antioxidant levels, and serum levels of Vitamin C in cold-stressed quails. El-Hommosany (2008) showed that inorganic chromium administration as chromium chloride up to 25 mg/kg of diet improves body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and supports the immune function by enhancing the humoral immune responses of growing JQ. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different housing densities and supplementations of vitamin E and/or chromium chloride as anti-stress factors on growth performance, welfare status, carcass traits, meat chemical composition, and
biochemical analysis of blood plasma of growing JQ.
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Animals, Experimental Design, Diets and Management
The scientific committee of the Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, approved the experimental protocol. The committee recommended that care and handling of the animal keep rights, welfare, and minimal stress according to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture's official decrees regarding animal welfare (Decree No. 27, 1967) that enforce animals' humane treatment generally).
A total of 612, twenty-one-day old male JQ were housed in cages (46 L× 43 W × 20 H cm) at three densities: 141 (high housing space, HHS), 116 (intermediate housing space, IHS), and 100 (low housing space, LHS) cm2 per bird.
The birds were distributed as follow: HHS group, 14 birds/cage, 12 cages, 168 birds, IHS group, 17 birds/cage, 12 cages 204 birds, LHS group, 20 birds/cage, 12 cages, 240 birds. Each group was homogeneously on a bodyweight basis divided in 4 subgroups (3 cages/subgroup and 42, 51, 60 birds respectively for HSS, IHS, and LHS groups). All the birds fed the same basal diet (Table 1), and the subgroups of each housing space level were submitted to the following dietary treatments: control subgroup, fed the diet without supplements, Vit E subgroup fed 250 mg Vit E/kg of diet, Cr subgroup fed 20 mg of Cr as Cr/kg diet, and Vit E+Cr group provided 250 mg Vit E+20 mg Cr.
The experiment was listed from 21 to 56 days (slaughter age). The JQ were offered mash diets, and water was provided ad libitum that formulated according to NRC (1994).
2.2 Cireteria of Responses
Birds were individually weighed weekly in the morning before having access to feed,
and body weight gain was calculated. Feed intake was measured weekly per cage by subtracting from the amount of offered diet the refusals and dividing by the number of birds in the group. The feed conversion ratio was expressed as feed consumed (controlled by a cage; g) divided by a mean individual body weight per cage (g).
Table 1. Ingredients and analysis of the diet used throughout the experiment.
Ingredients g/kg
Yellow corn 450
Soybean meal 472
Rice bran 14.0
Dicalcium phosphate 20.5
Limestone 4.50
Premix(1) 3.00
NaCl 3.00
Methionine 3.00
Vegetable oils 30.0
Calculated analysis
Crude protein, g/kg 249.8
Metabolisable energy, MJ/kg 12.1
Calcium, g/kg 10.6
Av. Phosphorus, g/kg 5.0
Methionine, g/kg 6.7
Lysine, g/kg 14.0
Total sulfur amino acids, g/kg 10.6
1Vit+Min mixture providers per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 40 mg retinol vitamin E, 10 mg d─alpha─tocopherol, menadione, 1.0 mg, Vit. D3, 80 mg cholecalciferon, riboflavin, 4.0 mg, Ca pantothenate, 10 mg, nicotinic acid, 20 mg, thamine 1 mg, choline chloride, 500 mg, vitamin B6, 1.5 mg, vitamin B12, 10 μg, thiamine, 3 mg, folic acid, 1.0 mg, d─biotin, 50 μg. Trace mineral (milligrams per kilogram of diet): Mn, 55, Zn, 55, Fe, 30, Cu, 10, Se, 0.01, Co, 0.01,I, 1.
According to the Islamic method, at the end of the growing period (8 wks of age), 5 male JQ from each treatment were randomly chosen, individually weighed, and slaughtered.
spleen, and carcass without viscera were weighed using digital balance 0.1 g sensitive.
The adrenal was weight using digital balance with sensitive of 0.001 g. A sample of 50% of breast + 50% of thigh meat was collected from each carcass, weighed, and kept in an electric oven (70°C) until constant weight reached. The dried flesh was finely ground to pass through a 1 mm² sieve and carefully mixed. The air-dried
samples were kept in a glass container for subsequent analysis. The dry matter, protein, lipids, and ash of meat were determined (AOAC, 1990).
Five blood samples from each subgroup were collected in heparinized tubes at 8 wks of age. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 1500 X g for 20 minutes and stored at –20° C until analysis. Blood analyses (glucose, total plasma protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), triiodothyronine, white blood cells (WBC's), differential leukocyte count, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (HLR) and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined as cited by Attia et al. (2014).
2.3 Statistical Analyses
Data were analyzed by the General Linear Model procedure (SAS, 1994), including the effects of housing space, feed supplements, and their interactions. The following model was used:
Yijk = μ + SDi + DTj + (D × DT)ij+ eijk Where Yijk = the dependent variables; μ = general mean; SDi = effect of housing space;
DTj = effect of different dietary treatments; (D
× DT)ij = effect of the interaction between housing space and different dietary treatments;
and eijk = random error. Student Newman Keuls test was used for the mean difference.
The mortality rate was analyzed by the Chi- square test (SAS, 1994).
3. Results 3.1 Growth Performance
Table 2 shows the effect of housing space and feed supplements on performance, carcass traits, and meat quality traits of JQ. The BWG was higher (P<0.05) at the LHS in comparison to the lowest. The interaction between the tested effects showed that Cr progressively increases
(P<0.05) BWG as decreasing housing space, but this effect was not recorded for Vit E that maximized BWG at the IHS, and for the control and Vit E+ Crsubgroup that, at the IHS, showed a lower BWG than at the HHS.
In the control subgroup, the lowest (P <
0.05) feed intake was observed at the IHS, while at the same housing space, Vit E subgroup had the highest feed intake. The Cr and Vit E+Cr subgroups had similar feed intake at the HHS and LHS, but at the HHS, the combination of Vit E and inorganic Cr increased feed intake. Feed to gain ratio and mortality rate (Data not presented) were unaffected by the primary factors and their interaction and ranged from 6.41 (Cr at LHS) to 6.90 (control at LHD) and from 0 (Cr at LHS and Vit E at LHS and HHS) to 3.50 (Control at HHS). The adrenal percentage was lower (P<0.05) at the HHS than at IHS. Vitamin E and Cr administered alone minimized the spleen percentage at the IHS, an opposite trend was in the control and VitE+Cr subgroups.
Regarding the adrenal percentage, control, Cr, and Vit E+ Cr subgroups showed a similar trend, with a higher value at the IHS, while when Vit E was alone, similar values of adrenal percentage were observed at the HHS, and IHS, but at the LHS the adrenal was almost doubled. Among carcass traits, dressing, liver, gizzard, tests, and Fabrici bursa percentages were unaffected by housing space, supplements, or interaction (data not shown).
The protein content of meat increased (P<0.01) as increasing housing space. Cr reduced (P<0.05) ash content of meat in comparison to Vit E subgroup and increased (P<0.05) protein
% than the other supplemented and control subgroups. The interaction effect was significant for ash (P<0.05) and protein (P<0.01) percentages. The control subgroup showed the lowest ash content at the IHS, while the other three subgroups had similar ash % at all the tested densities. The meat protein in the
control subgroup increased with decreasing housing space, while the opposite happened for Vit E+Cr subgroup. The Cr subgroup showed a higher meat protein at the IHS than the LHS.
Vit E subgroup maximized the protein at the HHS
3.2 Blood Biochemistry
The blood profiles are reported in Table 3. The decrease of housing space induced a gradual increase (P<0.05) in cholesterol and T3, while triglyceride’s'content was higher in the HHS than in the other space groups. The blood glucose level showed a not clear trend, as was the highest (P< 0.01) at the HHS followed by LHS and IHS groups.
The total protein content was higher (P<0.05) at the IHS than HHS, while the albumin level was reduced (P<0.01) in the LHS group in respect of the other two housing space groups. The level of ALT was increased as decreasing housing space. Finally, at the intermediate housing space, AST showed the highest value.
In respect of the control group, all the supplements were able to reduce the glucose level (P<0.01), and the most effective was Cr followed by Vit E+Cr and Vit E. The administration of Vit E alone reduced (P<0.05) the triglyceride level in respect of the group supplemented with Vit E+Cr.
The level of cholesterol decreased (P<0.01) due the administration of Vit E+Cr, while all the supplemented subgroups showed a higher level (P<0.01) of globulin than the control. The albumin was the highest (P<0.01) due to Vit E+Cr. The total protein was maximized (P<0.01) due to Cr without or with Vit E. However, Vit E administered independently was able to increase (P<0.01) the total protein level compared to the control group. Cr in combination with Vit E minimized (P<0.01) the ALT content in respect of all the other subgroups and reduced (P<0.01) the
blood AST in respect of Vit E and Cr subgroups. Fortification with Cr reduced (P<0.01) T3 level than the control group. Cr alone or in combination with Vit E, minimized the plasma glucose at the IHS. Simultaneously, the control and Vit E subgroups had a higher value at the HHS, followed by IHS and LHS.
The lower content of triglycerides was recorded at the IHS in the Vit E+Cr, at the LHS for Vit E and Cr, and HHS for the control subgroups. The lowest value of plasma cholesterol was from Vit E+Cr and control subgroups at the IHS, and the opposite happened in the Vit E subgroup, the use of Cr alone progressively increased cholesterol levels according to decreasing housing space.
The concentration of T3 was unaffected by dietary treatments in the control subgroup.
At the same time, Vit E combined with Cr gave the highest values of T3 at the lowest housing space, Vit E maximized T3 content at the IHS and Cr at the LHS.
Blood globulin content was the highest in Vit E + Cr subgroup at the IHS, the opposite was from Cr subgroup, while globulin was similar at the IHS and LHS for Vit E subgroup and was reduced (P<0.01) at the HHS. The albumin was similar at the three tested densities in all the fortified groups, while in control one at the LHS, the albumin level was reduced in respect of the IHS.
The ALT levels increased as decreasing housing space in Cr and Vit E subgroups. In the control group, the lowest ALT value was observed at the HHS, when Vit E and Cr were associated. The ALT levels were the highest at the LHS, followed by HHS and IHS. The control subgroup showed an increase of blood AST due to increasing crowdedness, the opposite trend was shown in Cr subgroup, Vit E subgroup had the highest value of AST at the IHS, but the opposite direction was observed when the two additives were combined.
3.3 Blood Hematological Components
The profile of white blood cells was reported in Table 4. Lymphocytes were higher (P<0.01) at the HHS in respect to the LHS, while PCV showed the lowest value (P<0.01) at 141 cm2/bird in respect of the other two housing space groups. The LHS maximized (P<0.05) the heterophil to lymphocytes ratio.
The administration of Cr increased (P<0.01) the basophils count in respect of the other two fortified groups. The combination of Vit E and Cr significantly reduced PCV value in comparison to the other groups. Heterophil percentage and heterophil to lymphocytes ratio were decreased (P<0.01) due to the administration of Vit E (alone or in combination with Cr) in respect of the Cr subgroup. Basophils count in the control group was maximized at the IHS, in the Cr group at the LHS, while no differences among densities were observed for the other subgroups.
The heterophils % was minimized at the HHS in the control group, while the opposite happened in the Cr subgroup, the combination of Vit E and Cr induced a higher percentage of heterophils at the LHS than at HHS. The control subgroup had the highest rate of lymphocytes at the HHS and the lowest at the IHS, Cr maximized lymphocytes count at the IHS, while Vit E+Cr decreased the percentage of lymphocytes at the LHS. Control, Cr, and Vit E+Cr subgroups showed a similar trend of PCV
% with the highest value at the IHS, Vit E subgroup had a higher value at the LHS.
The interaction effect showed that in the control group, the heterophils percentage was increased at the IHS and LHS while the opposite happened for Cr and ViT E subgroups.
The HLR was raised at the IHS and LHS in respect of the lowest one, while an opposite trend was showed by Cr subgroup; the combination of Vit E and Cr progressively increased HLR as decreasing housing space.
Table 2. Effect of dietary treatments (DT) and housing space (HS) on Japanese quail growth performance, organs and meat quality.
DT HS, cm2/bird BWG, g/bird FI, g/bird Spleen Adrenal Ash, % Protein, % Lipids, % Moisture, % Control 100 125.6ab 709.6ab 0.048abcd 0.023 abcd 4.78 abc 70.2de 17.27 70.9
116 118.6cde 674.7c 0.052abc 0.036 a 3.88 f 69.1efg 16.32 69.5 141 121.1bcde 701.1ab 0.031def 0.015 ed 4.85 ab 68.1g 15.72 68.1 Cr 100 129.1a 694.9abc 0.040 bcd 0.013 d 4.51b cdef 68.9efg 15.44 68.6 116 121.3bcde 688.8bc 0.020ef 0.025 abcd 3.97 ef 71.7bc 16.81 68.9 141 117.0e 675.5c 0.040 bcd 0.019 bcd 4.00 def 70.7cd 18.14 69.1
Vit E 100 121.9bcde 673.0c 0.053ab 0.031ab 5.31a 68.6fg 18.45 68.6
116 125.4ab 705.9ab 0.033cde 0.017cd 4.63abcdef 68.0g 9.76 67.8
141 117.9de 671.7c 0.050abcd 0.016 cd 4.82ab 72.0b 15.63 68.3
Vit E+Cr 100 123.7abcd 693.8abc 0.012f 0.017 cd 4.03 cdef 65.1h 22.82 68.9 116 118.6cde 691.4bc 0.042abcd 0.027 abc 4.68 abcde 69.8def 18.15 66.5 141 125.1abc 715.7a 0.031def 0.015 cd 4.75 abcd 73.4a 15.47 69.4
SEM 39.69 141.5 0.0001 0.0004 0.164 0.426 10.32 1.72
P values
SD 0.019 0.905 0.178 0.016 0.129 0.0001 0.103 0.221
DT 0.269 0.073 0.122 0.482 0.014 0.003 0.138 0.253
SD*DT 0.019 0.002 0.0001 0.024 0.048 0.0001 0.119 0.194
a-g Means with different letters within densities are significantly (P<0,05) different between feed supplements.
SEM: standard error of means.
Table 3. Effect of dietary treatments (DT) and housing space (HS) on biochemical blood profiles of Japanese quail.
DT HS, cm2/bird Glucose mg/100ml
Triglyceride mg/100ml
Cholesterol mg/100ml
T3
ng/ml
Globulin g/100ml
Albumin g/100ml
Total protein g/100ml
ALT U/l
AST U/l Control 100 126.8 g 188.9 b 94.9 b 90.7 ab 3.16 cde 1.23 d 4.39 73.5 b 33.5 a
116 168.4 e 180.3 bc 73.5 fgh 92.5 ab 3.48 bc 1.61 abc 5.10 73.6 b 25.2 c 141 222.0 a 159.3 cd 76.3 efg 92.3 ab 3.00 e 1.41 cd 4.42 52.0 i 20.5 de Cr 100 183.0 cd 127.4 e 102.3 a 90.2 ab 3.92 a 1.52 bc 5.43 61.4 d 12.0 f
116 91.3 h 172.2 bc 82.7 cd 91.2 ab 3.11 de 1.53 abc 4.64 56.3 f 25.9 c 141 128.5 g 243.2 a 70.7 gh 86.3 c 4.03 a 1.47 c 5.50 54.7 g 29.9 ab Vit E 100 132.3 g 144.4 de 76.3 efg 92.5 ab 3.76 ab 1.40 cd 5.15 84.6 a 19.8 e
116 179.9 d 169.4 bcd 93.6 b 91.3 ab 3.71 ab 1.48 c 5.19 68.2 c 32.7 a 141 192.6 b 181.5 bc 79.6 cde 92.0 ab 3.24 cde 1.52 bc 4.76 52.0 i 15.7 f Vit E+Cr 100 191.0 b 177.7 bc 84.3 c 93.2 a 3.46 bc 1.60 abc 5.05 57.1 e 26.3 bc
116 73.5 i 128.9 e 69.9 h 91.5 ab 3.82 a 1.74 a 5.56 52.0 i 24.2 cd 141 160.1 f 268.5 a 77.3 def 89.5 bc 3.43 bcd 1.71 ab 5.14 53.2 h 30.6 a
SEM 8.44 177.4 8.09 3.01 0.027 1.118 0.008 0.017 3.28
P values
SD 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.202 0.007 0.005 0.042 0.0001
DT 0.0001 0.013 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
SD*DT 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0019 0.131 0.0001 0.0001
a-i: Means with different letters within densities are significantly (P<0,05) different between feed supplements.
SEM: standard error of means.
Table 4. Effect of dietary treatments (DT) and housing space (SP) on white blood cells and its fractions (%), packed cell volume (PCV) and stress index (heterophils/lymphocytes ratio, H/L) Japanese quail.
DT SP
cm2/bird
WBC Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Heterophils Lymphocytes PCV H/L
Control 100 23.3 9.67 8.67 bc 1.00 26.0 ab 54.7 d 36.6bc 0.475 a
116 25.3 8.33 10.67 a 2.67 26.3 ab 52.0 e 41.3 b 0.506 a
141 26.0 9.00 8.01 c 1.00 22.3 b 59.7 a 35.0 c 0.374 b
Cr 100 26.8 9.67 10.68 a 2.00 23.0 b 54.7 d 35.7 c 0.421 ab
116 24.8 10.0 9.67 ab 2.00 19.3 b 59.0 ab 46.7 a 0.327 b
141 26.3 7.00 8.67 bc 1.00 29.8 a 53.7 de 35.0 c 0.555 a
Vit E 100 25.8 9.67 8.00 c 1.67 25.0 ab 55.7 cd 37.1 c 0.449 ab
116 25.3 8.67 8.00 c 1.67 26.8 ab 55.0 d 34.1 bc 0.487 a
141 27.0 9.67 9.00 bc 1.67 26.0 ab 53.7 de 33.7 c 0.484 a
Vit E+Cr 100 25.3 7.67 8.01 c 3.00 29.3 a 52.0 e 34.4 c 0.563 a
116 25.3 8.00 8.01 c 2.67 26.8 ab 54.7 d 37.1 bc 0.490 a
141 25.8 8.33 9.00 bc 2.67 22.5 b 57.3 bc 22.3 d 0.393 b
SEM 2.15 1.08 0.384 0.602 1.26 0.933 4.96 0.0005
P values
SD 0.343 0.483 0.464 0.298 0.135 0.007 0.0002 0.042
DT 0.597 0.226 0.005 0.059 0.003 0.221 0.001 0.005
SD*DT 0.717 0.171 0.002 0.568 0.001 0.0001 0.003 0.001
a, b, c: Means with different letters within densities are significantly (P<0,05) different between feed supplements.
SEM: standard error of means.
WBC: white blood cells, HLR: heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio, PCV: packed cell volume,
4. Discussion
The reversed relationship between space allowed and BWG may be due to the bird’s higher activity and energy expenditure with increasing the allowed floor space. Increasing housing pressure associated with decreasing housing space influenced growth, welfare, and poultry behavior (Mesa et al., 2017 and von Eugen et al., 2019; Abo Ghanima et al., 2020;
Gholami et al., 2020; Arruda et al., 2021). This disagreed with the findings of Hassanein (2011) and Tayeb et al. (2011), who found that LHS significantly reduced BWG due to the decrease of animal feed intake. No difference among the housing densities for mortality rate was also detected by Camci and Erensayin (2004). The FCR in our trial agreed with Cicek et al. (2004) who raised male JQ at 80, 100, and 125 birds/m2.
The nonsignificant effect of housing space on different carcass traits is in line with Heckert et al. (2002) (except for spleen percentage) and Cicek et al. (2004) (except for
carcass yield). However, Abo Ghanima et al.
(2020) showed that decreasing housing space in both floor types significantly reduced the breast, thigh, and left fillet percentages. The percentage of moisture, protein, lipid, and ash recorded in our trial fall in the ranges reported by Wyatt et al. (1982) in male JQ. The decrease of triglycerides and the increase of cholesterol levels due to increasing housing densities can be attributed to poor welfare. Similar results were reported by Abo Ghanima et al. (2020), who observed that triglycerides and total cholesterol in duck's meat were decreased in birds reared on low housing space but not affected by floor type. The decrease in plasma total albumin at the LHS suggests a lower nonspecific immune performance; in addition, JQ raised at LHS had a lower percentage of lymphocytes. Both LHS and IHS groups showed an increase in PCV, indicating an increase in stress compared to the HHS group.
The negative effect of decreasing housing space on lymphocyte count (cell-mediated immunity) was also detected by Cravener et al. (1992).
The total plasma protein was lower at the IHS in comparison to the HHS group, and this disagrees with the finding of Abdel Maksoud (1999), who attributed the lower values of total protein recorded at the LHS to a decreased feed intake and impaired enzymatic digestion. The ALT was increased at the LHS, but this did not happen for AST. We have to consider that AST (mitochondrial enzyme) is regarded as less specific of liver function than other enzymes since it can also be found in many peripheral tissues (as muscles) and hence had a very high variability (Moniello et al. 2005, Bovera et al.
2007). Also, the increase in blood T3 at the LHS and IHS could be attributed to the stress action of decreasing housing space on the pituitary gland. The thyroid gland is primarily under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (Harvey, 1993). Similarly, housing space significantly influenced blood biochemistry, such as uric acid, glucose, and protein levels (Gholami et al., 2020).
Even if the present results of blood analyses indicated a stress situation, the different supplements did not improve the growth performance, according to Xiang et al.
(2005). However, improved performance under stress and thermoneutral conditions of chickens due to Vit E addition was reported by Gheisari et al. (2003), Attia et al. (2014, 2016, 2018. 2019. 2020). Besides, supra-nutritional levels fortification of Vit E can enhance Japanese quail's productive traits under thermoneutral conditions (Sigolo et al., 2019 a;
2019 b).
The results indicate that effect of Vit is vaiarable and depends on the investigated traits.
nonsignificant effect of Vit E on carcass traits agreed with Chae et al. (2005) and Attia et al.
(2017), while a significant effect of Vit E on spleen weight was detected by El─Sebai (2000). The positive impact on blood constituents of Vit E supplementation agrees with the findings of Siam et al. (2004) for
triglycerides, Sahin et al. (2001; 2003a) for total protein, and Metwally (2005) for glucose.
The positive effect of Vit E on PCV disagrees with the findings of Xiang et al. (2005), who found that supplementation of Vit E did not change PCV. These results reveal that Vit E had a positive impact on secondary lymphoid organs and blood biochemistry.
The supplementation of Cr was more effective than Vit E in reducing the glucose concentration of male JQ. This may be due to chromium's role as an integral component of the glucose tolerance factor (Mohammed et al.
2014; Haq et al., 2016). Sahin et al. (2002) also showed that Cr could reduce the glucose level regarding an unsupplemented group.
Krzanowski (1996) speculated that Cr works by stimulating insulin activity that transports glucose to the body's cells to provide energy that facilitates cell functioning. In general, Cr supplementation reduces the glucose 6 phosphatase activity and increases insulin receptors' sensitivity with subsequent decrease of glucose level. Additionally, the significant increase of total protein (also in this case higher than Vit E) due to feeding Cr supplement was reported by Ibrahim (2005). Recently, Torki et al. (2018) observed that Vit E and Cr, administered separately or together, increased the serum concentration of insulin in laying hens.
Among the 32 tested criteria in our trial, just for 19 a significant interaction was recorded. However, only one criterion for which interaction was detected is vital for economic aspects: body weight gain. For growth, at LHS there are less significant differences among dietary treatments in respect of the other two densities: in fact, Vit E supplementation at IHS improved quail growth regarding Vit E +Cr and unsupplemented control. This indicates that at LHS, the use of different supplements can be less valuable to modify the growth of quail, lymphoid organs,
ash, and protein in meat. The Cr fortification affects 7/8 traits at the LHS for biochemical blood profiles, while this happened 5/8 times at IHS and 6/8 criteria at HHS. This seems to indicate that at LHS, the use of Cr can modify blood biochemical constituents and increase blood glucose, improving blood triglycerides, globulin, albumin, and liver functions.
Supplementation of Vit E influence 5/8 traits at the LHS, 4/8 at IHS and 3/8 at HHS. This emphasis that Vit E's effect was stronger on biochemical constituents of blood at LHS than at other densities induced a favorable impact on blood triglycerides, cholesterol, globulin, and liver function indices.
At LHS, Cr's effects are significantly different from Vit E for growth, adrenal, meat ash, glucose, triglycerides, ALT and AST, and basophile, and in each case, Cr gave higher values than Vit E, showing an improvement of health status. In this regard, Cr is essential for activating certain enzymes and stabilizing proteins and nucleic acids (Haq et al., 2016). At IHS, when Cr and Vit E's effect are significantly different (spleen, meat protein, glucose, cholesterol, globulin, ALT, AST, basophile, lymphocyte, PCV and HLR) the first gave higher protein and albumin than Vit E.
However, lower other criteria indicating a less critical effect on protecting quails against stress at the IHS. A similar situation was observed at standard housing space when Vit E increased meat ash and protein, glucose, and T3 than Cr while decreasing triglycerides, cholesterol globulin, and liver functions indices AST and ALT. This emphasizing the positive effect of Vit E at the IHS and HHS than at LHS. This may indicate that 250 mg/kg of Vit E supplemented over the recommended dose of Vit E (10 mg/kg) was not adequate to alleviate the harmful effects of LHS on animal health and welfare.
In general, the combination of Vit E and Cr had advantages over the respective additives
administered alone at all the tested stocking densities. The mixture of Vit E +Cr had a more substantial effect than Cr for blood glucose, cholesterol, ALT, and AS at LHS, and a stronger effect than Vit E for glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and ALT. At IHS, supplementation of Vit E+Cr induced favorable results than Vit E or Cr on blood glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol and than Cr for blood globulin and Vit E for blood albumin, ALT and AST. These indicated a synergistic effect between Vit E and CR that seems to decrease stress and improve animal welfare without affecting economic performance. It should be mentioned that supplements of both additives combined increased lymphocyte (cell mediated immunity), but decreased PCV and HLR (stress indices) confirmed the positive impact of Vit E+ Cr on blood biochemical constituents.
The present results indicate that even Cr and/or Vit E induced favorable effects on blood biochemical and hematological components, they did not modify the growth of JQ. However, the quail's mortality rate (Data not displayed) on the LHS and IHS decreased when Cr and Vit E were fortified. Mortality in various indoor housing can be a valuable indication of welfare (Schuck-Paim et al., 2021). It is not easy to explain the combined effect of Vit E and Cr on JQ performance. We can expect that the "sum"
of the protective effects can positively affect the in vivo performance and the other parameters studied in this trial. However, in several cases, no significant results were recorded in comparison to the other groups (F:G, and mortality) and, in other cases, it is not possible to ascertain an apparent effect of the combination of Cr and Vit E because of the results are variables in the function of the housing space without a specific relation (growth, feed intake, carcass quality). Recent evidence showed that Vit E and Cr, administered separately or together, increased
the serum concentration of insulin in laying hens (Torki et al., 2018).
We can consider that Vit E absorption occurs mainly via the lymphatic system: the molecules being transported to the liver inside triglyceride-rich chylomicrons. Vitamin E is then secreted by the liver and incorporated into very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). It is transported to the interior of cells inside low- density lipoproteins (LDL), which are recognized and removed from the plasma by LDL-specific receptors (Berges, 1999).
Chromium had an essential role in lipid metabolism and can modify plasma lipids profile (Kroliczewska et al., 2004), but the effect herein depends on housing space. Several authors in poultry (Debski et al., 2004; Uyanik et al., 2005) found that various levels of dietary chromium supplementation decreased serum low-density (LDL) and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). We hypothesis that Cr with Vit E as dietary fortification may reduce the effect of Vit E on blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and lymphocyte at LHS. This can be due to the reduction of serum levels of LDL and VLDL. This cannot have positive effects on quail performance.
Therefore, in several cases, the use of Vit E alone had more positive effects under low housing space than the combination of Cr and Vit E.
5. Conclusion
The optimal growing performance of male JQ was obtained at the housing space of 100 cm2/bird. The raising at low housing space hurt birds' welfare status, as demonstrated by the alteration of several blood parameters and a negative effect of meat quality due to the higher fat deposition. The fortification with the two antioxidants such as Cr and to less extent Vit E to the quail’s diet raised at low housing space can improve the welfare status e.g. immune status, and meat quality.
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ةلاحو مدلا تانوكمو موحللا ةدوجو ومنلا تلادعم برملا ينابايلا نامسلل ةيهافرلا
ى تحت
موركلا ديرولك وأ/و ھ نيماتيفب ززعمو ةفلتخم تاحاسم
ةيطع فسوي
1 ، 2
،
*و اريفوب ايفلوف ،
3و ديمحلا دبع ديسلا ديمحلا دبع
،
2و رودنم يرابلادبع دمحم ،
4يثراحلا دمحمو
،
1و نسح ةتاحش رباص
2
ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلمملا ،ةدج ،زيزعلادبع كلملا ةعماج ،ةيئيبلا مولعلا ةيلك ،ةعارزلا مسق 1
و ، ،نجاودلاو يناويحلا جاتنلإا مسق 2
رصم ،روهنمد ةعماج ،ةعارزلا ةيلك
3و ، ايلاطيإ ،يلوبان ،يناثلا وكيريديف يلوبان ةعماج ،يناويحلا جاتنلإاو يرطيبلا بطلا مسق
،
4و لأا ةعماج ،يرطيبلا بطلا ةيلك ،ةيناويحلا ةورثلا مسق رصم ،ةيردنكس
*
صلختسملا .
مت ميسقت ددع 212 نم روكذ ينابايلا نامسلا ىلإ
ثلاث تاعومجم
، متو مهؤاويإ
لدعمب 111 و 112 و 141
2 مس / توكتك ىلع يلاوتلا . مت ميسقت لك ةعومجم ةيسيئر
ىلإ 4
تاعومجم ةيعرف
، متو ت اهتيذغت ىلع فلع نودب تافاضإ ( ةعومجم لورتنكلا
) وأ ب إ ةفاض 21
مجم نم ديرولك موركلا و 251 مجم نيماتيف ـه و 21 مجم مورك + 251 مجم نيماتيف ـه / مجك
فلع ىلع يلاوتلا . دأ ى مادختسا لا ةضفخنملا تاحاسم ةيبرتلل
ىلإ ةدايز ومنلا ايونعم وت ح نس
لدعم ليوحت اذغلا ء،
صقنو لا ةبسن نيتورب يف محللا . وأ د ى رئاطلل ةحاسملا ةدحو ليلقت أو
ةحاسملا
لا ةطسوتم ةمعدملاو
موركلاب إ ل ى لضفأ ومن رئاطلل ةحاسملا ةدحو ةدايز عم ةنراقم .
امك دأ ت
إ موركلا ديرولك ةفاض ىلإ
نيسحت لدعم ليوحت فلعلا
،ةحاسملا ةدحو اهب تلق يتلا ةعومجملل
وأ ةحاسملا ةدحو ةلق ترث اًبلس
ىلع ةدوج موحللا و رويطلا ةيهافر .
و ىدأ ب زيزعتلا إ ك ةفاض ديرول
موركلا أ نيماتيف و ـه
ل نامسل برملا ى ةضفخنم ةحاسم تادحو تحت ىلإ
نيسحت ةدوج وحللا م ةلاحو
ةيهافرلا و ةيويحلا ةبسن .
ةيحاتفم تاملك :
ينابايلا نامسلا ،نكسلا طوغض ،موركلا ،ـه نيماتيف ،
نلا تافص م
و ، وج ةد محللا .