−
! "# $ %& '(
) 1 +
) * +),- .)/
0 12 3 16
05 1438
; 12 5637 0
30 01 1439
:,-.
- .8 9: ;6<2= >? @%? .))=A B: CDE FG A% HI JK LM6 J$-K ,N-6 N%A .8 O7 ,+E P8Q
RS$ 5TO >? U +3% VW LM6 J$3 ,+E P8- 0 XAS? Y?/7 N-6 N%A NZ3 7 ,@%? .))=A Y[\ +]= T^3 :_
` B$ :T 9: T^- J$3 +a ,6A2 ))=Ab T^- .6a cde J$3 +a ,+R^%8 9: Z2 T^- 5= += +a B$7 ,fTEe ZgQ h
B$ ))=A P71: i8 9: ;6<2 N-6 N%A P\ FG j^?2 Jk=7 ,l,m? @Sn PoTp Bq8 fr V$ .6L7 ,B$s g: .6L ;t B:u u
? 0 Lv .))=Ab 0 ,@%
6d2 .Zw x)M >-<2 XES? ))=A ,N-6 N%A 0 7%7 .))=Ab L/\ Jn/7 ,8Q 169 23%
y ,
R$m?A 9: fT Y%=7 ,>-<2 XES? ))=A m?A z? b FG P sSp {
/01. 2 +? .))=A :
−
|t @%?
− P8- 0 ) {
_________________________________________________________________________
________
Teaching strategies contained in the Koran Alkarim- analysis of Al-Baqara Surah
Hayam Nasreldin Abdu Ramadan(1) Qassim Private Colleges (Received 13/02/2017; accepted 20/10/2017)
Abstract: This study aimed to reveal the strategies in teaching that apply to the verses of the Koran, specifically Al-Baqara Surah, so she researcher prepare a list of the most strategies in teaching, and has read Al-Baqara Surah and book of interpretation of the Koran, and put no verse that carry the concept of the right strategy and the display on the list of arbitrators experts, the menu and adjusted based on the opinions and then calculated the list stability through stability over time, and stability with other analysts have the same specialty, and found the results to be Al-Baqara Surah applies to verses twentieth strategy of modern strategies in teaching, in verse 169, and and were more the strategies that were repeated in Sura, logical thinking strategy where it came from 23%, which stimulates educators to pay attention to using logical thinking strategy, and train teachers to use it.
Keywords: learning strategies - teaching methods - education in the Qur'an.
______
___________________________________________________________________
________
1 ) * +),- .)/ ,:d ) } @%= |t7 j 2$ ~?A\
{
N , d ) ET ,
"
{ c 156 g s$ ,
51422 { (1)Professor of curriculum and methods of teaching Arabic
language assistant – Qassim Private Colleges.
Buraidah, KSA, P.O. Box (156) Postal Code (51422).
/!!
: .))=A m?A P 2
n Y< 5w 0 i^S n ,@%? Q T?$ <DQ Q
B$ )T)? )T z? b 5-?n x)M , dSn 9:
+? 5O7 ,+? FG +? )T %,T/ + D2 5:S? VW7 FG >6d >-? VW7 B$
z? 2): S b qU Yn 9:7 ,) G N%, -7 +7 +)? >$oA B .8 7K NZ
F= 3 +E P8- :
ù&tø%$#
ÉΟó™$$Î/
y7În/u‘
“Ï%©!$#
t,n=y{
〈
; : ,1
~G ;+R?2R$7 Z)6n* A% +)? g?7
FG +RR)w=7 16 -: 5)ED? P$- +G P8- 0 .U B$ XLE n7 ,) .)/d L$ ,~ 9: = +E F= 3 5
:
!$yϑx.
$uΖù=y™ö‘r&
öΝà6‹Ïù
Zωθß™u‘
öΝà6ΖÏiΒ (#θè=÷Gtƒ
öΝä3ø‹n=tæ
$oΨÏG≈tƒ#u
öΝà6ŠÏj.t“ãƒuρ
ãΝà6ßϑÏk=yèãƒuρ
|=≈tGÅ3ø9$#
sπyϑò6Ïtø:$#uρ Νä3ßϑÏk=yèãƒuρ
$¨Β öΝs9 (#θçΡθä3s?
tβθßϑn=÷ès?
〈
N-6 : 151
{
N- .)T B$ +)? )T: P*7 >?
2 ;)-e? $o .%RT +? %G Y<?= .:7 ,)A% .%R z? b s= ,R)K 0 ~7 ,+?7 @%? .))=A7 %/I?Ab ,Rw B$ +? )T: 0 +? %7 5)S= ZW 5M -= V$ )T)? .zR )-= 7
% q\ Rw B$ )A
,
2009
BET7 , ;)6<= B$ +? 9: = >? )* l)m=
z)K @%? .))=A m?A :
57 ,5T 0 fT? $n 9: :d=•
7 ?$ +?
{
5M7 32 XES? 9: fT? VD=•
.oED {
M +? 0 6[ >T2= •
:d=7 ,P-= ?
N%67 )d 7% s=7 ,5:S? 9:
/%D )\ 9: /=7 ,@S2 -L s=7 ,fT?
+? )T: 0 fT?T S {
,% \
,0,7 ,C7 {2009
?dn z)K7 /44 445
7
5/ V6?7 ,@%? .))=A ))=A
|6<n $ ¡)W= V$ , k` - d .A%
+E P8- .8 9: ))=Ab RS$
:
6789: ; / :
XES= )T: ¢D?/b +? ))=A = , n7sm .$ +)2= N:G S B$ Y<?=
2ET 5ED RS))E=7 BE= £ Nw .3o: ¤% B$
¢D?/b +? C= BET7 ,563 B$ K7$
n\ 9:
:
¥ +? )?n ¦p I +?
.$$ FG 5, ?M RO7 R6)/=7 .$
Nw
§ ,%sw \7 ,¨6:7 ,w637 ,N<:
2010
,
B$ 5T©\7 +:\ ¢D?/b P\ 67 PDn x)M ,Z,-?Ab
¢D?/b P\ 1984
:
¥ 9: 26)K Z,-?Ab $\ ,)- .)T 9: s/ V$ )KD?/b =%3 +? m?d x)M ,¢D?/b js$ n\ \ ,)T .A%z 0 LT?$ q\ Z)©\
)T: .)T:7 )-: .)T: B$
§ ,)}
{ 1414
$ B$7
¢D?/b +? ))=A s :
,5^b V6?= )S)/ += 0 +? :d=•
V$ 5$? B$ BET? I 7 ,j^?2 5)d=7 N .oED {
.?d >T2=7 ,32 XES? 9: VD=•
)e?/ ) )- 7 5
=7 ,+-?7 Y)/
? B$ lm? 9: +?
)6?7 X} +)d
¢D?/ 0 ?) G7 +?T ªD2 ;-O7 ,)-?
:d=7 +? «S?Mb >K :d y ,.$
%E? b7 ¬ )T2= 9:
,P7q87 ,N<:
{2010
))=A ):K J?6a\ >? .A% B$7 >M A% ¢D?/b +?
%7 1999
XD A
1997
3 0 2$= ~G7 , :
øŒÎ)uρ
tΑ$s%
ÞΟ↵Ïδ≡tö/Î)
Éb>u‘
‘ÏΡÍ‘r&
y#ø‹Ÿ2
Ç‘ósè?
4’tAöθyϑø9$#
(t
Α$s% öΝs9uρr&
ÏΒ÷σè?
(t
Α$s%
4’n?t/
Å3≈s9uρ
£Í≥yϑôÜuŠÏj9
É<ù=s%
(
tΑ$s%
õ‹ã‚sù Zπyèt/ö‘r&
zÏiΒ Îö©Ü9$#
£èδ÷ÝÇsù y7ø‹s9Î)
¢ΟèO
ö≅yèô_$#
4’n?tã
Èe≅ä.
9≅t6y_
£åκ÷]ÏiΒ
#[÷“ã_
¢ΟèO
£ßγãã÷Š$#
y7oΨÏ?ù'tƒ
$\Š÷èy™
4
öΝn=÷æ$#uρ
¨βr&
©!$#
͕tã
×ΛÅ3ym
〈
N-6 : 260
U RS$ P\ n +? ))=A RST Iq* FG N: BT]?
?7 Z-?Ab7 xe6 x)M B$ ¢D?/b
k )T HXdS= 0 d -7 ,-)-v FG
U HI®
: U HI PG
¥ N%3 9: )dM b +:\
)q B: F= gqK ,Zs7 x6 = ^)MG7 n* ;= >)p C)/ H6 P\ A n\ +) G H D P\ YM\ 2E7 ,F= gm ~ B-)= 3 e) n):Q f-) f: 6=$ 5,
§ ): / $ I 7 ,
5)O7 * V6?= B$ ¢D?/b +? n RS$
)T ? f-) 6=$ FG k j^?2 {
<=; ; / :
3 ,6 7 ,Pdnw7 Pdnw
1995
? +? RS$ B: ) 0 w oq$Q Q ,7
n ,NX}k .:T 0 $ PT? 5T x)MQ nE$ .:T FG co< +d- ~G ;/D$ ¢ \ B$
− 2
,+ B$ .z)= -? P\ 7 ,Z]:\ 5
Z]:\ V)¯ Hs2 ?M 5T }?©b 0 P7Iq
2 :T {
^o$7 Pdnw ))=Ab -K77Q
B:
V$ n%- ,7? 5T P_K ,7? +?
N FG ,S 5T7 °K2? 5T 9: )/?7 ,co< Z\ 0 )w?n7 5),e?
)dS2 e, BdO7 ,+R2) ) .3o %©\7 ,.I -=7
,>M n\ FG 2000
+? %,T/ I)$o?
~ Vw7 , B$ +R]
Z]:* 9: T? K\ :T Z]:\ Z\ P\ FGQ 5q? z?:b P_K I7 ,:TT BqU R^]:\ f s ±
{
))=A ):K - d .A% J?6a\ 37 R2$7 .X}? B$ XLE fdO 0 7? +?
A%
T:
,P 2002
A%7
,PzA
2004
A%7 ,¡S$
2004
%D?% A% J?6a\ I/7 ,
Richard, 2006
P\
%87
>? .A% B$
%a8 .k% 7? +? ))=A J$m?AQ 5$? 7 ,+? nG 9: )^,MG b .~ ) G
= 3 n +E P8- .8 0 F
:
$y㕃r'‾≈tƒ
šÏ%©!$#
(#θãΖtΒ#u
(#θè=äz÷Š$#
’Îû
ÉΟù=Åb¡9$#
Zπ©ù!$Ÿ2
Ÿωuρ (#θãèÎ6®Ks? ÅV≡uθäÜäz
Ç≈sÜø‹¤±9$#
4
…çµ‾ΡÎ) öΝà6s9
Aρ߉tã
×Î7•Β
〈
N-6 : 208
y ,
FG := >? 7? +? ))=A +) S$ P\ 9:
Nnd7 %³?7 /%D P\7 ;6A ,z:* n
n©%\
R$m?Ab
{
>?(@ AB; / :
%EK\ N%L?A 9: T?= ,)6%= <q >
,)T +R?)Sq B$ 3o<n ;+R$ 5:S?7 fT?Q fT? %EK* sSr 5$/ +?$ 5/ 5T x)M fT? :G Z2a\ 0 +® D2$7 ,BqU 7\ NZ-
%d w$ w7 0 ~7 ,$ ¬W$ ?/ 7\ D32$ + 7 ,XES?
{
>2 I C, ))=A s$ B$7 :
¥ \
Azv =7 ,|o` >:z R $\ ¡?S= N)-7 ,=b .%R$ >T2=7 ,+?
3 ) >: >T2=7 ,fT?
+ :d=7 J
27 %$* 0 5$? N%R$ >T2=7 ,C, N%G 9:
Ynw N: B$ R)G
§ ,+E 6 { 1423
A% ./\7
,+E 6 1423
9:
.oED 5M 0 >2 I C, ))=A )K A% j^?n JeW7\ I/7 ,))6
,P´
2003
cA\ )K 07 [o6 @%= 0 >2 I C,
C, ))=Ab P/ z/ ,>: XES? )T2=
): ?E .%R$ )T2= 0 )K >2 I µMon +E P8- .8 0 2$= ~G7 ,co<
3 5L$ .U 0 >2 I C, +) S$ 7%7 :
“Ï%©!$# Ÿ≅yèy_
ãΝä3s9 uÚö‘F{$#
$V©≡tÏù u!$yϑ¡¡9$#uρ [!$oΨÎ/
tΑt“Ρr&uρ zÏΒ
Ï!$yϑ¡¡9$#
[!$tΒ
ylt÷zr'sù
ϵÎ/
zÏΒ
ÏN≡tyϑ¨V9$#
$]%ø—Í‘
öΝä3©9
(Ÿ
ξsù
(#θè=yèøgrB
¬!
#YŠ#y‰Ρr&
öΝçFΡr&uρ
šχθßϑn=÷ès?
〈
N-6 : 22
U 2?: x)M ,
2 5- N%L?A7 PE 0 5$? FG +n = 0
B$7 ,2): ]K7 ?)nM7 9: = >?wG I/ >2 I C, +) S$ 5TO >? .U A 9: A$ n)A :
$tΒuρ šù=Ï?
y7ÎΨŠÏϑuŠÎ/
4y›θßϑ≈tƒ
t ∩⊇∠∪
Α$s%
}‘Ïδ
y“$|Átã
(#àσā2uθs?r&
$pκön=tæ
·èδr&uρ
$pκÍ5
4’n?tã
‘ÏϑuΖxî u’Í<uρ
$pκÏù
Ü>Í‘$t↔tΒ
3“t÷zé&
〈
t :
−17
18
cw\ -K ,
NE?6$7 S?¶ N: . w_ A$ n)A +) S$ V$ U ; <= / y ,, .$m?Ab
>2 I C, {
/C. /D7&E / :
PE $2: ))=Ab HI m?A BET +i?d$ C?· PT?$ 2 %R 7\ )K
,2)$ .%R$ Z\ PT?7 +) S @Sn PA%7 72? fT? 5 b ?d 0 ¢o?qb IRK @Sn 0 7\ NM7 <-n B$ ,N%R Z\ 7\ K : ¢o?qb I PG 5 ;V)T e J3 d S?¶7 w%?$ <Dn\ +)T,? + ,.?
+^o ªD2 B$ +?$ 5/ \6 P\ BET x)e ;K7 <Dn* 0 %?7 ,%R 7\ 0 H?d s)T?$ ?d$ FG R2 0 5,) , ?:¸
,w/
,P7q87 {2008
T` P\ n .U 0 T` +O 0 5$? 7
? P/ RTO P\7 ,oA 7\ 0 M6$ Jn/
,%
n/ RTO 563 ¹2 P_K ,N?$ ¦M 6A2T 7 3 > R2: +E?= Jsn 8 7\7 ,1 f$
F=
:
ÏΒuρ ÏN≡tyϑrO È≅‹Ï‚¨Ζ9$#
É=≈uΖôãF{$#uρ tβρä‹Ï‚−Gs?
çµ÷ΖÏΒ
#\x6y™
$»%ø—Í‘uρ
$Ζ|¡ym
3
〈
5e2 : 67
n TE U HI >SK ,
P8- P\ C)/
f - VW %©\ ;)3 A
| B$ @) Ed P\ FG ,Bdv |7 Ed 0 pº sn $ 7\7 ,~ )-n znG7 BdvQ F= 3 R2$ XS2?
:
y7tΡθè=t↔ó¡o„
Ç∅tã Ìôϑy‚ø9$#
ÎÅ£÷yϑø9$#uρ
(
ö≅è%
!$yϑÎγŠÏù ÖΝøOÎ)
×Î7Ÿ2
ßìÏ<≈oΨtΒuρ
Ĩ$¨Ζ=Ï9
!$yϑßγßϑøOÎ)uρ çt9ò2r&
ÏΒ
$yϑÎγÏèø<‾Ρ
3
〈
N-6 : 219
R/= U HI Jsn zK ,
U HI Js2K , 6 R/ £7 :
$pκš‰r'‾≈tƒ tÏ%©!$#
(#θãΨtΒ#u
Ÿω
(#θç/tø)s?
nο4θn=¢Á9$#
óΟçFΡr&uρ
3“t≈s3ß™
〈
Zd2 : 43
,
+R] 7 ,¹2 R/K .37\ X[ 0
F= 3 sn ?M No, :
$pκš‰r'‾≈tƒ tÏ%©!$# (#þθãΨtΒ#u
$yϑ‾ΡÎ)
ãôϑsƒø:$#
çÅ£øŠyϑø9$#uρ Ü>$|ÁΡF{$#uρ ãΝ≈s9ø—F{$#uρ
Ó§ô_Í‘
ôÏiΒ È≅yϑtã Ç≈sÜø‹¤±9$#
çνθç7Ï⊥tGô_$$sù
öΝä3ª=yès9
tβθßsÎ=ø<è?
〈
N^
: 90
$M .%,K ,Q
- %k ?M ,+R):
+R] :
©\ )© M $Q
;6A - d .U oq B$ µMon7 ,T` B$
w%? <Dn* ))=A +) S$ m?Ab P8- {
;! $! F9 / :
t 9: ))=Ab HI 5T=
7\ ,A\
AA\ +?i >?7 ,R2 M?S$ R OQ 5e >?7 ,32 XES? .%R$ A%y7 .oED R/ S?¶ . wG FG fT? 5k= FG %7 -=
kS < ))=Ab HI m?A7 ,e)ek B$ L/\ 56-=7 S?¶ n .Rw7 < fT?T n$ XES= Y)A\ BE= 9: :d y , ?D32$7 5M
e?S2$ )-:7 >? <Dn* oq B$7 ,fT?
PA%z ,j^?2 FG 5k? PT? RA%z ZwG7 K V$ 5$? <6= XES? .%R$
"om?Ab7 C)2,?7 ?2?Ab7 5)e? .)T:
ª62?Ab7
,P7q87 ,w/
{2008
B$ %)?qb ))=A +) S$ 7%7 n7 ?$
F= 3 0 :
ß,≈n=©Ü9$#
Èβ$s?§÷s∆
(
88$|¡øΒÎ*sù
>∃ρá÷èoÿÏ3
÷ρr&
7xƒÎô£s? 9≈|¡ômÎ*Î/
3Ÿ
ωuρ
‘≅Ïts†
öΝà6s9
βr&
(#ρä‹è{ù's?
!$£ϑÏΒ
£èδθßϑçF÷s?#u
$º↔ø‹x©
HωÎ) βr&
!$sù$sƒs†
āωr&
$yϑŠÉ)ムyŠρ߉ãm
(«!$#
÷βÎ*sù
÷Λäø<Åz āωr&
$uΚ‹É)ãƒ
yŠρ߉ãn
«!$#
yy$oΨã_Ÿξsù
$yϑÍκön=tã
$uΚ‹Ïù ôNy‰tGøù$#
ϵÎ/
3
y7ù=Ï?
ߊρ߉ãn
«!$#
Ÿξsù
$yδρ߉tG÷ès?
4
tΒuρ
£‰yètGtƒ
yŠρ߉ãn
«!$#
y7Í×‾≈s9'ρé'sù
ãΝèδ tβθãΚÎ=≈©à9$#
〈
N-6 : 229
{
(1. GHF / :
9: 2?A +) S ^q ))=A J)2 Q 5 7\ n
Ausubel
>$® +)2? 9: /= >?
f .3o +RK P\ 9: /= z/ ,)K )26 2 ~ +? )T »A\ $\ +) S
Beyerbach, & Smith 1990
, RK:7
,<:
2001
:
¥ %EK* +)2= 9: 5T= N\ 7\ )T:
) S f .3o ¡W=7 7 5T?D= >? +
:d=7 %- R2 B$ ¬W$ 7\ NM7 R):
¢ ?K$ +)2= 9: +? )T) S t%`
NM HI +? TRK ;)T=
§ I/ RK:7 ,
,6<`
2005
:
¥ 6 )^2a )<)<· A%
)$ N%k 0 )A% N +) S$ R)K Y==
?= x)e 53* )T© L/* +) S B$ %
)T© 53* +) S FG ® T3 0 )k,q +) S HI ªO7 ,® N:3 0 )k,q L/*7 3o ¬n R): c?E$ +A R]6 6== t
§ ,
))=A ):K .A% B$ .R¼\ 37
% HI B$7 ,+) S ^q ,N` A% .A
.z)7
2006
+E P8- .8 n7 ,
0 2K ,+) S ^q ))=A +) S$ 72?=
F= 3 N-6 N%A :
ã≅sW¨Β
tÏ%©!$#
tβθà)Ï<Ζãƒ
óΟßγs9≡uθøΒr&
’Îû
È≅‹Î6y™
È≅sVyϑx.«!$#
>π¬6ym ôMtFu;/Ρr&
yìö7y™
Ÿ≅Î/$uΖy™
’Îû Èe≅ä.
7's#ç7/Ψß™
èπsS($ÏiΒ
7π¬6ym
3
ª!$#uρ
ß#Ïè≈ŸÒãƒ
yϑÏ9
â!$t±o„
3
ª!$#uρ
ììÅ™≡uρ
íΟŠÎ=tæ
〈
N-6 : {261
; # / :
r |S= -: +? ,+)? )T: 0 Z6 563 B$ :T7 + 7\ ,+?7 + f ¡W77
td6 )K ¡]? - I ,fT?
HI B$ }
%, ¡]?=7 ,+?T V2-$ 5ED )T <Dn* )6t7 ,R)G P7 ¢A >? )T)?
+))-? cA\ 9: ]\ ;S?7 ,A%z ¢A >?Q ;< X2= ))=Ab HI P_K I 7 , ?)3=7 ;)-O FG -= dr .<q dS2 <m) +?T
® V-=7 ,+)? )T @)^ e 2$ 57 ,¢
,d6$ 5ED - HI :G R$ + 9:
fT? 9: V2-$ 5ED RW:7
,P7q87 ,w/
{2008
+) S$ 72?= .U B$ XLE n7 F= 3 5L$ +? -: ))=A :
øŒÎ)uρ
$tΡõ‹s{r&
t,≈sV‹ÏΒ ûÍ_t/
Ÿ≅ƒÏℜuóÎ)
tβρ߉ç7÷ès?Ÿω
āωÎ)
Èøt$Î!≡uθø9$$Î/uρ©!$#
$ZΡ$|¡ômÎ)
“ÏŒuρ
4’n1öà)ø9$#
4’yϑ≈tGuŠø9$#uρ
ÈÅ6≈|¡uΚø9$#uρ
(#θä9θè%uρ Ĩ$¨Ψ=Ï9
$YΖó¡ãm (#θßϑŠÏ%r&uρ
nο4θn=¢Á9$#
(#θè?#uuρ
nο4θŸ2¨“9$#
§ΝèO
óΟçFøŠ©9uθs?
āωÎ)
WξŠÎ=s%
öΝà6ΖÏiΒ ΟçFΡr&uρ
šχθàÊÌ÷è•Β
〈
N-6 : 83
{
/7I?. / :
C?· R2E7 ,)S .))=Ab B$ > 7 ,fKt f >S 5:S? ¡Td= \ 0 ,N½e B:
+ f D32 PE= 37 ,N½e 5q L/\ 7\
JO +RdSn\ fT? f PE= 3 7\ ,fT?7 + )w=7 ¢G {
: 37 RK ,¾q
2006
:
¥ B: N%6:
7\ ,.oED B$ ED$ M - B$ : ¬z?w ,- ,T2$ A% R?A%7 ]- B$ )]3 0 \% FG Z? b 7\ EDT 5M FG k )]- ¬W$
§ {
w RK: z/
(Good, 1973)
:
¥ ):K
)]3 7\ ¬W$ s? s)T?=
Y[ ED$ 7\
FG k7 RM7 RW: 0 w 6[% PT?R
®M %3
§{
D32 ))=A .s)y B$7 :
;)T=7 +:
© ):K N7 ,)T Nz fT? c)?A +R?-a B$ s y ,>T)? C3 0 fT?
I}? fT? 7s= I/7 ,+RdSn
%K w%
A%z fT?T kS M=G7 ,+R^\ B:
.%R$
: SD ,=b 7\ ,¬z?Ab7 ,)ES?
,f © {2010
D32 ))=A ):K 0 .A% B$7 A%
,Bq87 ,Ctu A%7 2014
,zv
A%7 1998
,6) {2001
cA\ 9?7 F= 3 0 D327 %v
:
#sŒÎ)uρ
Ÿ≅ŠÏ%
öΝßγs9
(#θãΨÏΒ#u
!$yϑÎ/
tΑt“Ρr&
ª!$#
(#θä9$s% ßÏΒ÷σçΡ
!$yϑÎ/
tΑÌ“Ρé&
$uΖøŠn=tã
šχρãà<õ3tƒuρ
$yϑÎ/
…çνu!#u‘uρ uθèδuρ
‘,ysø9$#
$]%Ïd‰|ÁãΒ
$yϑÏj9 öΝßγyètΒ
3
ö≅è%
zΝÎ=sù
tβθè=çGø)s?
u!$uŠÎ;/Ρr&
ÏΒ«!$#
ã≅ö6s%
βÎ) ΝçGΨä.
šÏΖÏΒ÷σ•Β
〈
N-6 : 91
{
=E J; / :
9: T?= >? @%? .))=A MG w ¢: 37 ,>37 C3$ N/r
(Good, 1973)
n Y :
¥ St* A%z M ªDn 7\ w$ ªDn
St* A )T2= 0 %6E HTL?d7 )d? ¢
©7 +i),m
§ FG %7* Y ))=A ¢i7 ,
,)T)? C3 : )3 B$ s ZSWG A% ./\7
,TD 1429
@%? ):K
,e2 .%R$ )T2= 0 %7* Y ))=A A% Jk7\ I/7
,7z 2009
)\ FG
* Y ))=A fT]=
37 ,NZ- @%= 0 %7
8 ;q $2: z3 %7 5)L¿ Dn T:7
+7 ,+ %7 - P\ H$\ +a R/ ZzA*
F= 3 ,E^o :
t
Α$s%
ãΠyŠ$t↔‾≈tƒ
Νßγ÷∞Î;/Ρr&
öΝÎηÍ←!$oÿôœr'Î/
(
!$£ϑn=sù
Νèδr't6/Ρr&
öΝÎηÍ←!$oÿôœr'Î/
tΑ$s%
öΝs9r&
≅è%r&
öΝä3©9 þ’ÎoΤÎ) ãΝn=ôãr&
|=ø‹xî
ÏN≡uθ≈uΚ¡¡9$#
ÇÚö‘F{$#uρ
ãΝn=÷ær&uρ
$tΒ tβρ߉ö7è?
$tΒuρ öΝçFΨä.
tβθãΚçFõ3s?
〈
N-6 : ,33
F= 37 :
zÏΒuρ
Ĩ$¨Ψ9$#
y7ç6Éf÷èムtΒ
…ã&è!öθs%
’Îû Íο4θuŠysø9$#
$u‹÷Ρ‘‰9$#
߉Îγô±ãƒuρ
©!$#
4’n?tã
$tΒ
’Îû
ϵÎ6ù=s%
uθèδuρ
‘$s!r&
ÏΘ$|ÁÏ‚ø9$#
〈
N-6 : {204
/KE LM / :
RS?Ab })k Iq= ,} 6/$ ¯ A*Q VT 5^A 5]K\ > 7 ,RS?Ab S)¼7 ®7 m?d7 ,]$} C3 ¢D?/7 .$
m?d= 37 ,¹% Z2a\ 0 %$ A* PTQ S?¶ .}
+R)D= 7\ co< += +-= 5L$
R$m?A BE7 ,+ XES= )w= 7\ +i%aG7 ,2)$ .ZwG Y<? @%? 0 ))=A/
P\ BET ,A* t )T: 9: fT? Y%=7 fT? :d= >? .))=Ab BTW B$ PE ,.oED 5M7 ,>: XES? )T2= 9:
37
$ d + P\ FG .A%7 ¦e6 .%©\
NM ,v 0 bA fnza c%-Q
,.)6:
,)Td \7 {2005
c?/ 0 N% A* ¬2?=7 f $
,)m) = A\7 ,%EnG A\7 ,5- s)Se? A\
3 ~ 9: L$7 , X[7 s)= A\7 F=
:
y#ø‹x.
šχρãà<õ3s?
«!$$Î/
öΝçGΨà2uρ
$Y?≡uθøΒr&
öΝà6≈uŠômr'sù
(
§ΝèO
öΝä3çG‹Ïϑãƒ
§ΝèO öΝä3‹Í‹øtä†
§ΝèO ϵøŠs9Î)
šχθãèy_öè?
〈
N-6 : 28
{
/B / :
+-= 9: T^- @%? ))=A = .))=Ab B$ ,À,3 5ED ;^-v7 .$
B$ > 7 , :T JO %2= >? )-?
.$ 5-2 Pdn R$m?A >? |< 3\
+R 6?n cIw 9: :d= / ,fT? FG g7 ,)%? ;^-v7 .$ B$ XLE +R6dE=7 0 NX6E )* ® z/ , Iw7 -)© N%, ,)-`7 6t¶
)K$ :2= ¦O7 ,$ +? 5-:7 Pw7 Q Q Q
Rm? $7 ¦v7 %EK* oq B$ fT?
B$
0 )-: .)T:
XdS?7 5)e?7
B$ X[7 ,+-?7 ª7 B$7 ,)- .)T
@%? 0 ,- ))=A m?A :
2 PE P\
f ª6=%
PE= P\7 ,¹% ¬W$ f 7 ,-
,- +R]n ?d$7 fT? T 6A2$ ,- +? ;^-M7 .$$7 %EK\ M ,- %7= P\7
;^-v7 %EK* PE= P\7 ,¢ \ ;)-O ®oq B$
= b ?M )3 ,- 0 2T]? .$7 s)/ :7 J?D? FG iL/
© ,Pq87 ,g
{2005
0 ,- ))=A ):K .A% J?6a\7 HI B$7 ,.%R B$ X[7 } .%R )T2=
A% .A%
,ok 2002
A% I/7 ,
,>?)D6 1432
):K FG R^?n .%©\ >?
A%7 ,.S7 } cd?/ 0 ,-
,>2R
2015
))=A m?A V)A= ) Jk7\ >?
,¬Td +RK .%R$ @%= 0 ,- 7%
R2$ +?n >? +Ev7 µ: a 8- l,-7 n)A ,3 5L$ ,)%? %6q*7 ¦M* B$ XLE F= 3 ,N-6 ¡ I + $\ fM $3 V$ A$
:
øŒÎ)uρ
tΑ$s%
4y›θãΒ ÿϵÏΒöθs)Ï9
¨βÎ)
ôΜä.â÷ß∆ù'tƒ©!$#
βr&
(#θçtr2õ‹s?
Zοts)t/
(
(#þθä9$s%
$tΡä‹Ï‚−Gs?r&
#Yρâ“èδ
(
tΑ$s%
èŒθããr&
«!$$Î/
÷βr&
tβθä.r&
zÏΒ šÎ=Îγ≈pgø:$#
∩∉∠∪
(#θä9$s%
äí÷Š$#
$uΖs9
y7−/u‘
Îit7ãƒ
$uΖ©9
$tΒ
}‘Ïδ
4t
Α$s%
…çµ‾ΡÎ)
ãΑθà)tƒ
$pκ¨ΞÎ)
×οts)t/
āω
ÖÚÍ‘$sù
íõ3Î/Ÿωuρ
8β#uθtã š÷t/
y7Ï9≡sŒ
(
(#θè=yèøù$$sù
šχρãtΒ÷σè?$tΒ
〈
N-6 :
−67
68
{
N / :
@%? 0 )n) .%s ))=A g?=
~7 ;.%- B$ XL/ 0 S .))=Ab B$
:3 0 5LT? ;)] )e B$ +? 5-2= E ,?n7 5T V3$7 )%? V3 FG A%
%D >T2=7 PE= >E7 ,)d 5TO7 Zz?nb
)w ® )<m? B$ b K ))=Ab HI Q h ,R2$ } = ?M >T)? j$ng %w z/ )R)K= / B$ b )T)= ))=A/ Q Q )M { B$ XLE n +E P8- .8 0 5$? 7
n:= >? .U R)K Xd7 %* 0 c¾ FG
B/$* 0 5$? oq B$ ;^-v B: CDE7 F= 3 ,¦M*7 :
¨βÎ)
$x<¢Á9$#
nοuρöyϑø9$#uρ
ÏΒ
ÌÍ←!$yèx©
«!$#
(
ôyϑsù
¢kym
|MøŠt7ø9$#
Íρr&
tyϑtFôã$#
yy$oΨã_Ÿξsù
ϵø‹n=tã βr&
š’§θ©Ütƒ
$yϑÎγÎ/
4
tΒuρ tí§θsÜs?
#Zöyz
¨βÎ*sù
íÏ.$x©©!$#
íΟŠÎ=tã
〈
N-6 : 158
37 ,
F=
:
ö≅è%
(#ρçÅ™
†Îû
ÇÚö‘F{$#
(#ρãÝàΡ$$sù y#ø‹Ÿ2 r&y‰t/
t,ù=y⇐ø9$#
4
¢ΟèO
à⋅Å´Ψムª!$#
nοr'ô±¨Ψ9$#
nοtÅzFψ$#
4
¨βÎ)
©!$#
4’n?tã Èe≅à2
&óx«
փωs%
〈
.6E2 :
,20
E 9: ¢?7 .%s n7 P
F= 3 0 I/ 9?
:
óΟs9r&
¨βr&ts?
©!$#
tΑt“Ρr&
zÏΒ Ï!$yϑ¡¡9$#
[!$tΒ
$oΨô_t÷zr'sù
ϵÎ/
;N≡tyϑrO
$¸<Î=tFøƒ’Χ
$pκçΞ≡uθø9r&
4z
ÏΒuρ ÉΑ$t6Éfø9$#
7Šy‰ã`
ÖÙ‹Î/
Öôϑãmuρ ì#Î=tFøƒ’Χ
$pκçΞ≡uθø9r&
Ü=ŠÎ/#{xîuρ
׊θß™
š∅ÏΒuρ∩⊄∠∪
Ĩ$¨Ζ9$#
Å_U!#uρ¤$!$#uρ
ÉΟ≈yè÷ΡF{$#uρ
ì#Î=tFøƒèΧ
…çµçΡ≡uθø9r&
šÏ9≡x‹x.
3
$yϑ‾ΡÎ)
y´øƒs†
©!$#
ôÏΒ
ÍνÏŠ$t6Ïã
(#àσ‾≈yϑn=ãèø9$#
3
āχÎ)
©!$#
͕tã
î‘θà<xî
〈
tK :
−27
{28
OP!E QR / :
Y-=7 TEM 0 ZÁ Z¨ )6D= ¢=
fAde M\ 7\ ¹de B$ - qU B$
) Y)A\ B$ g?=7 ,qU M\ %6?:7 cA* ~ ,oA 0 ):z?wb7 )3oq*
B$ IO 7\ X` 9: @S2 5´ 0 5L$* z % I 2 Y-= ;t B: ,1 0 ¬3 ¾e?d= ,@v B$ 63 N%k 0 B I B: Y)}
- ) \ Y3 0 ~ 5/ ,RK* %,??K 9: St7 5-7 Pw Yt· )[o Y)A\7
} 0 5L C=7 ,ZA MÂ :
0 3 B: N%6:
M\ f6) ;D$ zR2) ,q8 Z¨ 0 b3 6D Z¨Q 8- 5L7 ,qU :
¥ <Tn 5s2? B$ +nQ
$ eW7Q 7\ ,)nE ¦v 7\ ,.2^E B$ K7Q
A P%- 7\ 6D) ;%nà ?Kb W: )%?Q Q ,- , B$ 2$ \ 7\ ,N NEK 7\ ,1 7\ ,Xa? 7\ P g 7\ ¬23 7\ ¡)W?
P) ,- 7\ , 2: ? b7 2$ XS2? 7\ , Z?3b S ? b7 M Iqà f]32?$ B$\ f |%
Po< 7 ,M\ ek 9: P g 7\ ,qU B:
qU
§ ,
{2000
37h XLE +E P8- .8 0 2
3 R2$7 ,g?n ?M L$\ N%k 0 %$* B$
:
¨βÎ)
©!$#
ÿÄ÷∏tGó¡tƒŸω
βr&
z>ÎôØo„
WξsVtΒ
$¨Β Zπ|Êθãèt/
$yϑsù
$yγs%öθsù
4
$¨Βr'sù šÏ%©!$#
(#θãΨtΒ#u
tβθßϑn=÷èuŠsù çµ‾Ρr&
‘,ysø9$#
ÏΒ öΝÎγÎn/§‘
(
$¨Βr&uρ
tÏ%©!$#
(#ρãx<Ÿ2
šχθä9θà)u‹sù
!#sŒ$tΒ
yŠ#u‘r&
ª!$#
#x‹≈yγÎ/
WξsVtΒ
¢‘≅ÅÒãƒ
ϵÎ/
#ZÏVŸ2
“ωôγtƒuρ
ϵÎ/
#ZÏWx.
4
$tΒuρ
‘≅ÅÒムÿϵÎ/
āωÎ) tÉ)Å¡≈x<ø9$#
〈
N-6 : {26
"&9 Q@C / :
H6?n 9: ~e?d I ¡w2 + ,H6?n P7 += oK ,N½e J37 t fT?
H6?n cIw 9: + :d= >? .)/d \ B$7 /~ z/ fT?
,P?
:2001
¥ )S, )6 )i
? ., Z]
N%6d N%v R x)e
C)¼=7 ,A% NM 0 H6?nb .??D$ 5- Z2a\ co< ;D? S?m )d%? Y)A*
,,3 ¸ 7\ ,s)Se? A* < ~7 ,¹%
Y)A\ B$ X[7 ,% ¦M* : 7\
}n 0 X)}?7 ,d } m?A7 ,;D?
T
C)¼=7 ,.Ed cA\ m?A7 ,., fT? H6?n cI )w 5ED A*
§{
¢7e +E P8- %A +$ .\ 37 <-? ¢7v Z6 P\ 9: Zz V¯\7 ,<-?$
cI7 ,.U HI 5LT = P c O P/Q F= 3 f$d H6?n :
$Ο!9#
y ∩⊇∪
7Ï9≡sŒ Ü=≈tGÅ6ø9$#
Ÿω
|=÷ƒu‘
¡Ïµ‹Ïù
¡“W‰èδ zŠÉ)−Fßϑù=Ïj9
〈
N-6 :
−1
2
0 F= 37 ,
%D N%A :
$Οm
ý,û¡ÿã∩⊇∪
〈
%D :
−1
{2
S@ ; / :
n ÄI +? ¢ :
¥ ,S >: ªD2
b B$ ?Rw77 ?/M T?d I ,ÄI ¦6n
,mD HX)}= ¢ ÄI +)2?7 ,q ¬?$7 ÄI +? ,Z-=%b7 Zz2 B$ 5]K\ .?d$ en 0 7 ,Z-=%b7 Zz2 0 ),mD Ns)/% 5LT P~G Z-=%b7 Zz2 dSn J3
§ ,%,2$
{1997
+ \ e? JT? .A% B$ XLE7 HX[ f 7 $RS$ f J3K7 ,ÄI +? .))=A
$?d ) Y)A\7 5^A7 B$
: ÄI +?K −
B$
.A% HI n Rw7 −
:
¥ +)?7 +? cA\
Ynw 0 S /%DT +?T kS )K ?=
nE$Å -K7 ,R] 7\ R/ )T)? )TQ ,M? .
)S?d$7 , =~ 9: AA\ T?$ +? )T: 0 -?7Q Q Q -K7 ,M? +)? )w2E=7 Æ6 B$Q P\ 9: , R)w=7 + B$ ¢_ 7 ,N? =nE$
dS2 dSn - P\ V)<?d7 , T= j^?n +? 5Te?
)T)? ¢ Ã bk7Q )T?
§ ,
1987
,B : {1993
-7 +E ?/ 0
:
¨βÎ)
’Îû È,ù=yz
ÏN≡uθ≈yϑ¡¡9$#
ÇÚö‘F{$#uρ É#≈n=ÏG÷z$#uρ È≅øŠ©9$#
Í‘$yγ¨Ψ9$#uρ Å7ù=à<ø9$#uρ
ÉL©9$#
“ÌøgrB
’Îû
Ìóst7ø9$#
$yϑÎ/
ßìx<Ζtƒ }¨$¨Ζ9$#
!$tΒuρ
tΑt“Ρr&
ª!$#
zÏΒ
Ï!$yϑ¡¡9$#
ÏΒ
&!$¨Β
$uŠômr'sù ϵÎ/
uÚö‘F{$#
y‰÷èt/
$pκÌEöθtΒ
£]t/uρ
$pκÏù
ÏΒ Èe≅à2
7π−/!#yŠ
É#ƒÎóÇs?uρ
Ëx≈tƒÌh9$#
É>$ys¡¡9$#uρ ̤‚|¡ßϑø9$#
t÷t/
Ï!$yϑ¡¡9$#
ÇÚö‘F{$#uρ
;M≈tƒUψ 5Θöθs)Ïj9
tβθè=É)÷ètƒ
〈
N-6 : 164
F= 37 , :
āχÎ)
’Îû È,ù=yz ÏN≡uθ≈yϑ¡¡9$#
ÇÚö‘F{$#uρ É#≈n=ÏF÷z$#uρ
È≅øŠ©9$#
Í‘$pκ¨]9$#uρ
;M≈tƒUψ
’Í<'ρT[{
É=≈t6ø9F{$#
∩⊇⊃∪
tÏ%©!$# tβρãä.õ‹tƒ
©!$#
$Vϑ≈uŠÏ%
#YŠθãèè%uρ
4’n?tãuρ
öΝÎγÎ/θãΖã_
tβρã¤6x<tGtƒuρ
’Îû È,ù=yz ÏN≡uθ≈uΚ¡¡9$#
ÇÚö‘F{$#uρ
$uΖ−/u‘
|Mø)n=yz$tΒ
#x‹≈yδ
WξÏÜ≈t/
y7oΨ≈ysö6ß™
$oΨÉ)sù z>#x‹tã
Í‘$¨Ζ9$#
〈
PT: 8 :
−190
191
+? +) S$ i)t 0 5TO - d .UK , 0 xe6 z^ <Dn PE P\ S xO x)M ,ÄIQ Q
?),m©7 dSn Z-=% 9: z^ 5T7 , M $ 5/Q {
;. T= ! U1 / :
0 K Z%7 $ XES? 0 XES? RS$ R¼ ,?2$
w C)]) B1 P- .2)6A CQ Q .A% A7 3K8 ¡?S7 ,0 @S2 +: 0Q Z/I .:W$ 0 2 .D327 )6?
+? .%R$7 c)?Ab7 N/I7 XES?7 ,P7w 1999
-: 0 RS I z? b %<=7 ,
/\ 37 ,.2)nzL 3 A% oq B$ ~ ¹%
>:7 w% f b 6w$ t6=% 2 P ,Q Q Q .))=A B$ n$m?d7 P$- z fT?
.$T +)?A7 +R/%G $7 ,K Z%7 $ R$m?A 9: +i%37 ,,e?d .n)67 S?m +? C3$ 0 RS)¼=7
Harris, 1998
{
PA%n\ /\7
Andersen, 2002)
P\
:
¥ XES?
63$ 0 5}D2= >? LL f g? 0 Z%7 $ XES? .)T: oq )?Ab S
§ .))=A $\ ,
)K7 Pd2 RK: -K K Z%7 $ :
¥ B$ :T
+? - >? .Zw
<Dn* KT
>? ÄI +Ee?7 +? Y)A\7 )2 I .)T7 +RS7 /I? +? 7 Z2a\7 563 m?d=
.)T >3 7 .oED 5M7 N%7 )<m?7
q* )K
§
(Henson & Eller: 1999)
{
))=A JT? >? - d .A% B$7 XES?
cR© A% 0 Z%7 $
2000
A%7 ,
Ç=/
Koch, 2001
A%7 ,
,B dM 2002
,
):K FG .A% HI 0 j^?2 .%©\7 )T2= 0 0 Z%7 $ XES? ))=A +) S$ i)t 0 5TO )? .U7 ,.X}?
Z%7 $ XES? ))=A FG XD= x)M ,0
9: +Ev7 .I 63$7 XES? -t 0 xe6 F= 3 ,@S2 :
#sŒÎ*sù ΟçGøŠŸÒs%
öΝà6s3Å¡≈oΨ¨Β
(#ρãà2øŒ$$sù
©!$#
ö/ä.Ìø.É‹x.
öΝà2u!$t/#u
÷ρr&
£‰x©r&
#\ò2ÏŒ
3
š∅Ïϑsù Ĩ$¨Ψ9$#
ãΑθà)tƒtΒ
!$oΨ−/u‘
$oΨÏ?#u
’Îû
$u‹÷Ρ‘‰9$#
$tΒuρ
…ã&s!
†Îû
ÍοtÅzFψ$#
ôÏΒ
9,≈n=yz
∩⊄⊃⊃∪
Οßγ÷ΨÏΒuρ
¨Β ãΑθà)tƒ
!$oΨ−/u‘
$oΨÏ?#u
’Îû
$u‹÷Ρ‘‰9$#
ZπuΖ|¡ym
’Îûuρ ÍοtÅzFψ$#
ZπuΖ|¡ym
$oΨÏ%uρ
z>#x‹tã
Í‘$¨Ζ9$#
∩⊄⊃⊇∪
y7Í×‾≈s9'ρé&
óΟßγs9
Ò=ŠÅÁtΡ
$£ϑÏiΒ
(#θç7|¡x.
4ª
!$#uρ
ßìƒÎ|
É>$|¡Ïtø:$#
〈
N-6 :
−200
202
{
>#:V U1 / :
I/ ¢= >: XES? .%R$
> 7 ,%E? b XES? .%RT :
¥ )-: .)T:
. ?A ?nG7 %EK* ?nG 5w\ B$ S RA%z 3o< ?n C,? x)e )S X[7 )S ,¢ 7 Y/$ -: ªDn 7 ,5)m?7 k*7
=7 FG 5k? 7\ M B: xe6 0 3 6[% Rw )ES? s)T?7 ,-6d$ K7$ BE= £ )k\ j=nQ º2: 9: <2 n* ;)-?7 )TD >: M 5ED= ,q?$ )3oq\7 )Sn7 )K$
NK )2 ~
§ ,P7w 1999
.A% B$7 ,
>? - d A% >: XES? JT?
,N%~: \ 2010
,v A% I/7 ,
2009
,
XES? ):K FG .A% = j^?n .%©\7 ,%E? b7 ¬ 7% fT? cd/G 0 >: XES? ))=A +) S$ i)t 0 5TO )? U7 A )\ FG XD?K >: HXES=7 +) G n)
3 ,) * >: I 9: 0 >: h F=
:
öΝs9r&
’n<Î)ts?
“Ï%©!$#
¢l!%tn zΝ↵Ïδ≡tö/Î)
’Îû ÿϵÎn/u‘
÷βr&
çµ9s?#u
ª!$#
šù=ßϑø9$# øŒÎ)
tΑ$s%
ãΝ↵Ïδ≡tö/Î)
}‘În/u‘
”Ï%©!$#
Ç‘ósãƒ
àM‹Ïϑãƒuρ
tΑ$s%
O$tΡr&
Äóré&
àM‹ÏΒé&uρ
(
tΑ$s%
ãΝ↵Ïδ≡tö/Î)
χÎ*sù
’ÎAù'tƒ ©!$#
ħôϑ¤±9$$Î/
zÏΒ
É−Îô³yϑø9$#
ÏNù'sù
$pκÍ5
zÏΒ
É>Ìøóyϑø9$#
|MÎγç6sù
“Ï%©!$# tx<x.
3ª
!$#uρ
Ÿω
“ωöκu‰
tΠöθs)ø9$#
tÏϑÎ=≈©à9$#
〈
N-6 : {258
WDX= /=Y.: ; / :
®oq B$ +? ))=A >
,5^ N: 7r
oq B$7 ,¡)e, 5v FG k .b7r7
:\ B$ 5)-? )%= S - .b7eÈ FG k 5w\ B$ - >? t` .b7e oLTK , K Q : £ BE¿
¥ Pd\ ¹$=
§ 5k? B$
b8 m?A 7M n* ;Z] 6 ¢D?/ FG ¢
7 P E 9: L P\ 563 ,5)?S $ B$ ¬n*
m?A R)n$ 5TO >? .U B$7 ,5L$* 5)?S F= 3 <`7 7e +? ))=A :
βÎ*sù
$yγs)‾=sÛ
‘≅ÏtrBŸξsù
…ã&s!
.ÏΒ ß‰÷èt/
4®Lym yxÅ3Ψs?
%¹`÷ρy—
…çνuöxî
3
βÎ*sù
$yγs)‾=sÛ
Ÿξsù
yy$uΖã_
!$yϑÍκön=tæ βr&
!$yèy_#utItƒ
βÎ)
!$¨Ζsß
βr&
$yϑŠÉ)ムyŠρ߉ãn
«!$#
3 y7ù=Ï?uρߊρ߉ãn«!$#$pκß]ÍhŠu;ãƒ5Θöθs)Ï9tβθßϑn=ôètƒ〈N-6 :230{
I? U1 / :
) XES? .%R$ M\ 5LT 32 XES?7
%- 7 ,jv +-? 2= >? +)2? 9: S N
,5)e?7 ,+-? .%RT )- ÄI ?2?Ab7
Astleitner
, 2002
n I/ ¢7 , :
¥ 7\ jv +-= en - ªD2 I $ N FG -= >? EM* %kG7 ,.WKb
~ en YA2$ Zw_ )-7 , B$n
§ J)
Huitt, 1998
Pg n ¢=7 ,
Halpern, 1998
n 32 XES?
:
¥ .%R m?d I XES?
z?M B$ s= >? .))=Ab ¬n\ 7\ )K B$ Tn n\ \ ,K7 T^o$ j^?n FG k 7 b?Ab f?d ,¢® XES?
.bT?Mb ,Nr .oED$ 5v 6A2 .%- ~·7 ,2ET
2)$ R$ nG7
§{
):K FG )? .A% j^?n .%©\7 Bg$D= A% ,32 XES?
(Chamberlain, 1993)
,
267 N: A%7
1999)
´* A%7 ,
,2006
I 8- cA* m?A 37 XL/ 0 32 XES?
F= 3 R2$ =8 B$
:
t
βρâ÷ß∆ù's?r&
}¨$¨Ψ9$#
ÎhÉ9ø9$$Î/
tβöθ|¡Ψs?uρ
öΝä3|¡à<Ρr&
öΝçFΡr&uρ tβθè=÷Gs?
|=≈tGÅ3ø9$#
4
Ÿξsùr&
tβθè=É)÷ès?
〈
N-6 : 44
{
>D?. U1 / :
,É%? |z:\ 0 %W %7Iw >-<2 XES?
7 )?n >$oA 0 >-<2 XES? %<=
xe +E P8- 0 .%7 >? N%E? .:
BES? N%E? =©7 ,5$?7 XES? 9:
XES? |<n Vd= xv 07 ,c6* Ê7\7 T): N%]M >26= P\ 7%7\ J:<?A7 ,>-<2 I 9: z?:b XES? ¢7 ,XES? B$ ¬2
n >-<2 :
¥ ,j^?2 FG .$- B$ k
7\ S @M R): V- >? .Mo > .$-7 >? EM* >RK j^?2 $\ ,Ë6 >? H%EK\
%EK*7 .Mo B$ Rkom?A V)<?dn
§ ,n´
1995
n I/ ¢7 , :
¥
? A%zn I XES
Z%7 BTE= >? 57 c6A* f6?n P\ 7en $2:
Z)©*
§ ,n©
{1961
XES? ¬n\ L/\ B$ P/ >-<2 XES?7 n: P* ~7 ;+E P8- .8 0 7%7Q .Mo 9: +Ev7 ;<27 5- z:G FG z^Q
<2$ -< %EK*7 B$7 ,;^-v FG 5,n ?M )-
F= 3 .U HI :
(#θà)¨?$#uρ
$YΒöθtƒ šχθãèy_öè?
ϵŠÏù
’n<Î)
( «!$#
§ΝèO 4†‾ûuθè?
‘≅ä.
<§ø<tΡ
$¨Β ôMt6|¡Ÿ2 öΝèδuρ
tβθãΚn=ôàムŸω
〈
N-6 : {281
/ /7!
: @%? .))=A 0 :2= n ;6A yQ
2 >?
)T fde? R$m?A P
+? PE P 56- b I Êv 0 )T)?
%7r7 ?2$7 ES$ 5 , n~\ 9: V- )6A )-?$Q Q Q Q Q n: >? RdSn > %EK* HI 7 ,:6$7 3n7Q Q .8 0 5$?6K ,ss ?/ 0 R$m?A FG
.2 J-6A =8 P\ LM6 .w7 ;+E P8- 0 Lv .))=Ab B: JaO >?
,.))=Ab HI %EK\ @Sn 5TO Jn/7 ,@%?
HI m?A FG n:= .U B$ XLE n7 ,S?m N)v %$\ 0 5T7 .))=Ab NZ- n7Q ,@%? .))=A 0 -T? LM6
5$? I/7 ,¹% .:3 0 R$m?A ;)6<=7 .\% -K ,HXdS= NZ37 +E P8- .8 0 ES?7 0 @%? .))=A +) S$ m?A ;6A LM6Ì ED$ ¯G BET7 ,+E P8- .8 RS$
d 0 A%
Ê?
:
−1
= >44 44 44 44!
? P):K PbA d I B: ;L627 :
−1
0 .%7 >? @%? .))=A $
?N-6 N%A −2
0 .%7 >? .))=Ab %E= $
?N-6 N%A / /[\
: x)M R?k\7 R?) A% s)T?=
w= b
.A%
− LM6 +: M 9:
− I FG J3<= 3
?)\ B$ +[ 9: 563 B$ :
−1
%EK\ B$ TO $7 @%? .))=A P\
P\ 2K: ~G7 ,fT? ),m© 5)ED= 0 )AA\ $:
+E P8- R$m?A FG n: P\7 ;6A %EK* HI Yw7 0 VA?7 ,ZÇ2 ) = 0 Z?3b 2):
N)v jR2$ w7 ,XdS=7 A%$7 SM T)=Q Q {
−2
P8- 0 Y)A* f
Lv Y)A*7 +E {
−3
5$? FG ZÇ27 fT7 f N:
=87 c?/ 0 {
−4
>W7 N:
s?b FG j 2
R2)T]=7 ,+E P8- 0 .%7 >? .))=Ab jR2T )<m? 2: +? j=n <q 0 {
−5
%$\ B$ )© ¬ £ c?/ P/ .6aG
H/~7 bG N)v {
−6
B$ S?m )T k* ª62?A
c?/
{
/ ]^?!
: jR2 .))=A Ck )e? >Sk
N%A 0 .%7 >? .))=Ab 5)O7 ,@%?
N-6 { / YDB!
:
T/
))=A :
T/
TE B$ -?D$
>2=7 ¹))=A )nn) :
Jn/ I7 ;N)- BK
N%R FG PE= $ c3\ t NS ))=Ab
>? ,-}
9: ibz?A ?37 N- %6/ RA%z
Ed B) {
@%? 0 ))=Ab $\
:
¥ >RK N%6:
B:
-6d$ @%? +^- R<< >? @%? .ZwGQ .nE$ ZW 9: @%? I)S2= 9: 2)= x)e M?
@%? $2 )d%? ¢ * ;)-e?
? 2Ey ):K Î3 7 R)26 >
§ ,P?
2000
_
`Y. \ :
.))=A L/\ V)T? LM6 J$3 ,T^3 0 R?)\ 9: Zz V¯\ >? @%?
3%\ ))=A 5E 5 - T 0 JW77Ì ,))=Ab RS$ i)t 0 5TO >? .U 8 5/ NZ- 7 Y?/ B$ XdS= NZ37 N-6 N%A 0
LM6 J$3 ,d7 XL/ B 7 g< XdS=
+a ,RL¿ >? ))=Ab $\ U +3% VW 0 Zg` fTEe B$ : FG T^- LM6 JA%\
)$oA ) 7 ) } @%= |t7 j 2 E g g:
+iM-$7 +R^%³ Iqà ~7 ,7
x)M B$ T^- HI M :
V$ .U YA2=
>? .))=Ab KWG ,.))=Ab ,6A2 X[ .))=Ab ¢IM ,.U V$ YA2?=
.T?: 37 ,.Ï 6A2 .))=Ab 5=
i87 ))=A 5/ ,M 6dn LM6 9:
%90
z?:7 ®6- %)$Q {
/aH /H^? B :
LM6 J$3 fTEe Zg` Z%8 Iq\
, %E? ))=A ¢IM +?K ,T^- 5?
$\ .8 JA 3%\ 5=7 ,R<6W 5TO >? ))=Ab FG R-n7 .))=Ab
® c3* RS M7 %E= +3% m?A7 ,
I 7 ,M7 :W$ 5TO >? )?? .Ï B1: B$ )^R2 i%k 0 T^- JnE=
20