Social Science, 2017, Vol 62, Iss. 11, pp. 69-75 This paper is available online at hllp //stdb.hnue.edu.vn
T O N G Q U A N V E C A C C O N G T R I N H N G H I E N CULI T R U Y E N K E D A N G I A N V I E T N A M T i r G O C D O T Y P E VA M O T I F { T R U d N G H O P Cl V I E T N A M )
N g u y e n Thi N h u n g Tntdng Duhi Ddn Ipc. TntPng Dai hoc Cdn Thd
Tdm tal. Nghien cflu truyen ke dan gian Iheo type va molif la mot hudng nghien cdu folklore bieu qua va kha phd bien iren the gidi. Tieu bieu la cac nghien cflu ctia Anlti Aarne va Stith Thomps (Phin Lan); V.I.a. Propp. Veselovski vii Melelinski (Nga).. (3 Viel Nam, nhieu ngudi da da van dung ihiinh qua ciia ciic nhii nghien cflu neu tren trong qua Irinh ibUc bien nhflng nghien cflu ve Iruyen ke dan gian vii dUOc nhflng ihiinh lUu nhit dinh.
Bai viel niiy lap Irung tdng bdp, nhan dinh kel qua viln dung If ihuyel neu tren cda cac nha nghien cflu Viel Nam vdi muc dfch giup ban doc cd mot cai nhin long quan, loan dien ve hudng nghien cflu.
Titkhda: Nghien cflu, truyen ke dan gian, type va molif
1. Mcf dau
Nghien cflu iruyen ke dan gian theo type va motif lii mot hUdng nghien cflu xuat hien khii sdm Irong lich sfl Ciic phUdng phap nghien cflu folklore the gidi. Antii Anrne va Stith Thomps dUdc gidi nghien cflu folklore nhac den diu tien khi cac ong ciin cfl tren cd sd phUdng phap dia If lich sfl tien himh sUu tam tat ca cac ban ke vii ciic dj biin cua nd de sap xep nhflng ban co dac diem cau tao giong nhau .viio cung mdl type truyen vii dat ten theo thfl tu nhat dinh tfl A din 7 de tao nen mpt bang muc luc tra cflu bet sflc hflu dung cho cac nhii nghien cflu Foklore tren toim the gidi [14].
Nen tang If thuyet theo hudng cau triic chflc nang la thuyit ctia V l . a Propp vl motif va It Ihuyet chflc niing cua nhan vat V i a Propp cho rang: "trong truyen cd ti'ch con cd nhflng ylu td nhd hdn motif vii chiing khong ton tai theo mdt trat tU xac dinh mil mdi motif cd cdng thflc cau tao rieng vii the phiin chia thanh nhieu thiinh phan nhd hdn" [10].
N l u nhfl viec van dung li thuyet cua trUdng phai Phan T.an va If thuyet ciu true cua V.I.a.
Propp giup ciic nha nghien cflu xac dinh mdt each kha chfnh xac ten gpi. cau tao va bUdc dau giup hp nhiln dien ra sU tUdng dong va khac biel gifla cac type va motif ciia truyen ke dan gian, ihi hUdng nghien cflu so siinh theo If thuyet ciia Trflilng phiii Thi phap hch sfl mil dai dien la A.N Ve.selovsky da gdp phan dtfa viec so sanh type vit moliF truyen ke dan gian, den mdl binh dien rdng hdn vit sau aic hdn, nghien cflu chung trong ca ngudn gdc siin sinh liin qua trinh biln dd'i vii chuyen hda de If giai mot each tron ven dUa Iren cac cfl heu ve hch sfl. van hda, ton giiio, phong tuc, lin ngfldng... 0 Viet Nam, trong qua trinh van dung, hfldng nghien cflu niiy ciing dii co nhflng bUdc phat tnen khac
^Jgay nhan bill 15/7/2017 Ngay sita bai 2/S/20I7, Ng.iy nhan dang: 21)/10/:()I7 I,ien lie; Nguyen Tin Nhung. e-mail' niiihiingtn'eni cdu vn
Nguyen Thi Nhung
nhau dat va dUdc nhflng thiinh tflu nhit dinh, Trong biii viel niiy, chung ldi long quan Iai nhflng cong Irinh cua cac nha nghien cflu truyen ke dan gian tfl gdc dd type vit motif Iheo bUdng niiy iren ba phUdng dien tieu bieu neu tren Tfl dd, gdp phin giup ngUdi doc co Ciii nhin long quan, loan dien hdn v l hUi3ng nghien cflu nay Iai Viet Nam
2. Noi dung nghien cu'u
2.1. Van dung bang miic luc tra cihi type va motif truyen co dan gian cua Antti Aarne va Stith Thoinps
2.1.1. Ve b a n g t r a i n u c luc type va motif
Trong bai v'let Nghien citu vdn hoc ddn gian lit gdc dd type vd motif- nhimg khd thii vd bal cap, tac gia Tran Thi An da nhan dinh; Cong Irinh thfl nhil den cong trinh thfl ba ciia Antti Aarne va Stith Thomps chflng td rSng da cd mot bUdc n l n rat xa trong quan die'm hoc Ihuat ciia IrUdng phiil Phan t.an. SU flng dung phUdng phap type vii moiif trong bien soiin ciic bang tra cflu viin hpc dSn gian va nghien cflu van hpc dan gian cd mot sflc lan tda rit ldn Nd khong chi diy len phong Iriio nghien cflu d t r u i n g Indiana ma cdn xam nhap khii sau viio gidi nghien cflu folklore the gidi, trong do cd Viet Nam [ 1 ],
v l lich sfl hinh thiinh If thuyll niiy, Tran Thi An dii vilt "TrUdng phiii niiy dUdc khdi xUdng bdi cac nhil nghien cflu folklore Phan I.an lii lulius Leopold Fredrik Krohn (IS35-I888), giao si(
van hoc Phan Lan d Djii bpc Tdng hop Helsinki vii con ong, Kaarle Krohn (i86.1-i93.'i|, giao sir ngiinh Folklore so sanh cua IrUdng Dai hoc Tdng hdp Helsinki, Chii lich Hoi Van hoc Phan Lan.
PhUdng phap nghien cflu nay dUdc tiep Itic bdi hpc trii cua hai dng lii Aniii Aaine {1867-19251, Cac nhil nghien cflu theo phUdng phap tren da tien hanh sUu liim ciing nhilu cimg toi ciic di biin Iruyen cd ifch, lap nen bang ira roi tiln hanh so sanh de tim ra biin cd nhat, tren cd sd do ma \k dinh dUdc ndi phat ti'ch cua mot iruyen cd vit vach ra con dUdng dja li cua sU lUu truyen truyen cd ay, giong nhu "chung ta cd the lan iheo dau vet con thii ve hang d ciia nd". Stith Thompson (1885-1976), g i a o s u tieng Anh cua trfldng dai hoc Indiana, ngUdi cd cong thimh lap Vien Folklore dau tien d nUdc My thupc trUdng dai hoc Indiana viio nam 1942, la ngUdi cd cong md rdng bang tra type dUdc lap nen bdi Antti Aarne, xuat biin nam 1910" [ I ] Trong bang tra cflu nay, dng quan niem "Type la nhflng cot truyen cd the ton tai doc lap trong kho tiing truven ke iruyen mieng, cd the coi nd nhU Iii mot truyen ke hoiin chinh, y nghia ctia no khong gidng vdi bit ki mot truyen niiti khac Tat nhien. nd cung cd the kel hdp vdi iruyen khac mdl each ngilu nhien. nhUng xuil hien mdl Ciich neng re thi cung da cd the chflng minh ifnh doc liip cua no Nn cd the gdm mot hoiic nbieii m o l i f . . " : "Motif la Ihiinh phin nhd nhit cd the tdn tin hen tilp irong truven thdng. Type lii m6l loat motif ket hdp Iheo tfl IU tUdng ddi cd dinh"
PhUdng phap mil Stith Thompson vii Antli Aarne sfl dung dc xiic dinh va \ii>' dUng nen ciic type truyen va goi ten cac type lii tren cd sd sflu lim, khiio sat loiin bd ciic truyen ke d Helsinki.
B i c A u , b p truyen gia dinh ciia anh em Grimm vii nhflng it uyen cddiin gian sUu tam d Chiiu Au va An Do sau dd chia chiing thanh ba nhdnr Truyen ve ioiii viu, iruven diin gian thong ihudng. iruyen cudi va giai thoai rdi dat ten chung tfl I den 800 type.
v l bang tra motif, Stith Thompson can cfl tren sfl giong nhau cua cac linh till Iruyen cua Ciic type truyen ma dng sUu tim dUdc sap xip chiing thiinh ba loai: Nhan vat la than thanh, ciic con val (hiln vii ac) cd phep than; Nhflng dd vat lam nln cho ciic hanh ddng Ival than ki, lap quiin khiic thudng, mem Un la hing) va nhflng sU viec ddn le sau dd sitp xep chiing thiinh hdn 20 chUdng tfl A
2.1.2. Van dung bang m u c luc tra cihi type va motif truyen cd dan gian cua Antti Aarne va Stith Thomps trong nghien cihi truyen co dan gian cua cac nha khoa hoc Viet Nam O V i e t N a m viec viln dung bang muc luc tra cflu type va motif Iruyen cd dan gian ciia Anlti Aarne va Sttth Thomps trong nghien cflu truyen dan gian dUdc rit nhieu cac nha nghien cflu hudng flng va van dung. Viec van dung nay lap irung Iheo mot sd hudng nhU sau'
a. Van dung de xdy difng bdng tra hodc tif diin type vd motif ciia truyen ke Viet Nam PhUdng phap niiy da dUdc rat nhieu nha nghien cflu Truyen ke dan gian Chau A, Trung Qudc, Nhiit Ban, Him Qudc van dung vii dat dUdc nhflng kit qua rat dang Iran trong 6 Viet Nam, tieu bleu cho hudng viln dung nay co the ke den ciic nha nghien cflu nhU Nguyen Thi Hien va Nguyen Thi Hue Tiic gia Nguyen Thi Hien Irong mot nghien cflu cua minh da khiio siit mot trUdng hdp cu the dd la iruyen co tfch Tdm Cdm, theo bii, truyen Tdm Cdm cua VietNam co tit ca 35 motif (trong do CO 20 motif cd san trong biing danh muc ciia Antti Aarne va Stith Thomps vii 15 motif do bit tim ra) Ben canh dd bii cung cho rang phUdng thflc nay cd the van dung cho bat ki truyen cd dan gian nao cua Viet Nam [7] Mac du nhflng motif mdi ma ba tim dUdc chu yeu dUdc suy ra tfl cac motif ldn hdn nhUng each khao sal nay gdp phan dinh hudng cho rat nhilu nghien cflu ve truyen dan gian tfl gdc do type va motif cua cac nha nghien cflu Ire nhU chung loi Gan day, nam 2012, lac gia Nguyen Thi H u l cung da bien soan mpt Bdng miic luc tra citu type vd inoiij truyen ddn gian Viet Nam, vdi mong muon se gdp phan trong viec cung c i p tU lieu tra cflu cac type truyen vii molif truyen diln gian Viet Nam cho gidi nghien cflu van hpc dan gian Viel Nam ndi neng va nhflng hpc gia nUdc ngoai quan tam nghien cflu din truyen dan gian Viet Nam ndi chung [9] Cd the xem quyen tfl dien type vii motif nay lii mot tai lieu tra cflu rit bd fch, Iii kim cbi nam het sflc hflu dung cho viec Ira cflu va goi ten cac type truyen dan gian cua cac dan toe d Viet Nam, trong dd cd truyen cd tfch thin lei
b. Van dung de so sdnh type vd motif cita truyen ke Viet Nam
Ben canh cac cong trinh bien soan, sap xep cac truyen ke diin gian nhU tren, khuynh bUdng nghien cflu so sanh truyen kediin gian theo cac hi thdng type, motif cung da dUdc cac nha nghien cflu folklore tren the gidi tien hanh. Hudng nghien cflu niiy tap trung xac dmh cac motif, ddn vi nen lang cau thiinh cot truyen (lii ddn vi hat nhan, lit Ihiinh phiin cd the phan tfch dUdc hoiic cd the chi la mdt mau ke ngan gon, ddn gian, mpt sU viec gay an tUdng. ) cua type truyen de tien hiinh so sanh tim ra sU tUdng ddng va khac biet gifla chiing vl mat cau lao, ddng thdi can cfl tren ciic dfl lieu ve dia van hoa, dan toe h o c , . . de If giai cho sU lUdng dong va khac biel dd Nen tang If thuyet ciia hudng nghien cflu niiy la phUdng phap cua trUdng phai Phan Lan (lap sd dd cac type va motif cua tat ca cac di ban truyen ke, sau dd tien hanh so sanh vii If giiii can cfl vao cfl lieu dia If, lich sfl van hda hoac If giai cho sU dich chuyen va bien ddi cac motif trong qua irinh luu iruyen trong cung mpi viing van hda hoac tfl vung van hda niiy den vung van hda khac ) Tuy viec nghien cflu type va motif Iruyen dan gian theo bUflng so sanh niiy dUdc khdi xUdng khii muon d Viel Nam nhUng dUdc rit nhieu nhil nghien cflu v l viln boc dan gian Viet Nam ndi chung va cac nhii nghien cflu ve Iruyen ke dan gian ndi rieng ap dung.
Tieu bieu cho hUdng nghien cflu niiy co ihe ke den cac bai viet cua cac Lie giii Le Chf Que, Kieu Thu Hoach, Nguyin Tan Rac, Nguyen Thi Hiln . Le Chi Que lii ngUdi lii ngfldi cd cdng trong viec gidi Ihieu phUdng phap so siinh theo hUdng niiy Nam 1994, dng da viet biii Tnldng phdi vdn hoc ddn gian Phdn Lan - nitidig nguyen lae li ludn ra klid ndng iing dung dang tren Tap chf Van hoc. sd 5/1994 de'gidi thieu If thuyet loai hinh hoc ctia cac nhii folklore Phin Lan vii dUa ra
Nguyen Thi Nhung
nhflng trien vong ve kha nang flng dung cua nd d Viei Nam Ong cung chi'nh la ngUdi dau tien dUa U thuyet loai hinh cua trUdng phai Phan Lan vao nghien cflu truyen cd lich. truyen thuyll d Vicl Nam, ddng ihdi dUa vtio li thuyet loai hinh bpc vii ihUc lien d Viet Nam de xac lap truyen tbuylt nhu mot the loai doc lap cua van hoc dan gian Viet Nam Nguyen Thi Hien cung da gidi ihieu kha ngSn gpn vii de hieu quan niem vii phUdng phiip Aarne vii Stith Thompson thUc hien trong bang tra cflu type va motif truyen co dan gian, ddng thdi tiic giii cung flng dung phUdng phap nay de xiic dinh cac cac motif irong Iruyen co tfch Tdm Cam Ciich tilp can niiy gdi md cho ngUdi dpc mot cai nhin chi tiet va ro net hdn cac motif can ban cua truyen Tdm Cciin Di sau vii cu the hdn ve phUdng phap so sanh nay cd the ke den bai viet cua Kiiu Thu Hoach ve so sanh truyen Trdu cau d Trung Quoc vdi type truyen ciing loai cua Viet Nam va Campuchia, bim ve tijc iin trau vii van hda an trau Ddng Nam A vii cac biii vilt cua Nguyin Tan Dac gidi thieu bang ira cflu AT vii van dung If ihuyet type va motif Irong nghien cflu truyen Tain Cam [3]...
Ben canh dd, cung cd rit nhieu nhii nghien cflu dii van dung phudng phap nay trong cong trinh nghien cflu cua minh chang han nhU Vu Anh Tuan trong luan iin PTS cua minh da he thdng vii xac dinh cac type truyen cO ban cua cac truyen ke dan gian Tay d Dong Bac Viet Nam va giiip ngUdi doc CO ciii nhin long quat v l cac dac diem cua ciic tip truyen niiy Nguyen Bich Hit trong chuyen khiio Thgch Sanh vd kieu truyen diing .vTIrong Iruven cd tieh Viel Nam vd Ddng Nam A ben canh viec thong ke, phan tich va dien hda ciic motif irong kieu truyen Thach Sanh, lac gia cdn lien hanh so sanh kieu truyen dung si cua Viel Nam va Dong Nam A vdi nhflng nhan xet thu vj, lam cO sd cho cac nghien cflu ve truyen dan gian sau niiy cua ciic nhii nghien cflu ire ,
Gan day. nhieu luitn an, luan van cua cac nghien cflu sinh va hoc vien cao hoc da van dung If thuyet type vii motif cua Antti Aarne vii Slilh Thomps lam nln lang If ihuyll cho nghien cflu ctia minh nhU: Dudng Tieu Thi, La Mai Thi Gia. Nguyen Thi Ngpc Lan, Nguyen Lan Ngpc, Nguven Thi Nguyet— Ciic cong trinh nghien cflu nay mot lin nfla khang djnh hudng tiep can truyen kl' dan gian theo hUdng type vii motif lii mot hUdng di dung vii mang lai nhflng gia In nhit dinh giiip cac nha nghien cflu di sau nhu chung loi vflng tin hdn irong viec van dung If thuyel cua Aniti Aarne va Stith Thomps vao nghien cflu cua minh
2.2. Van dung li thuyet cua V.I.a.Propp de phan tich cau tao cua type va motif truyen
2.2.1. Ve li thuyet cua P r o p p
V.Ia.Propp, nhit nghien cflu Nga vdi nhflng cdng irinh nghien cflu vl folklore rat cd gia tri, Irong dd cd the khang dinh: Cdng trinh Hinh thai hoc ciia truyen cd'tich \a mot irong nhflng cdng Irinh giup cac nha nghien cflu d cac nUdc ten the gidi cd nhflng dinh hUdng dung dan trong qua trinh nghien cflu iruyen cd tich than ki Trong cdng trinh niiy ong dUa ra 31 chflc nang cua nhiin vai va khang djnh ciic chflc nang nay lam nen nhflng bd phan cd biin cua ciic ivpe Iruyen cd tfch than ki. Propp cho ring- Motif lit nhflng ddn vi cdn cd the phan chia dUdc vii lit nhflng thiinh phan dfldc lao nen tfl cac chflc nang ciia nhan vat hiinh ddng. Molif khong phai lit sd dang vii cung khdng chi bao gdm mot thiinh phan mil motif lii mpi ddn vj con cd the phan chia dfldc nhd hdn Theo dng trong truyen cd tich cdn cd nhflng yeu td nhd hdn motif va chung khong tdn titi iheo mdt logich doc lap. Vf du mouf Sit phdi di: motif nay bao gdm ciic phim nhd hdn dUdc kei hdp Iai nhu (I) ngUdi phai di + (2) viec phai di + (3) ngfldi dUdc phai di + (4) muc dich cua viec phiii di + l5) hanh ddng ra di tim kiem cua nhan val dUdc phiii di. Trong Ciic ylu id nay theo dng chi cd hai chflc nang cua nhan vat hanh dong lii sU phai di va sU ra di tim kilm lii nhflng dai lUdng bat hien. luon ludn
CO mat trong bat ki mot cau tnic truyen cd ifch thin ki niio Ben canh no, nhflng dai lUdng cdn lai thi Ihudng bien vii cd the bien ddi trong nhilu cdt truyen khiic nhau Vii chfnh sU biln ddi ciia ciic thanh phan da lam niiy sinh su hoiin cai cac ciiu chuyen cd ifch vit dan den sU bien thien ctia cac de tai [12]
2,2.2. Van dung
Nhflng If thuyel tien d l neu tren cua Propp da co nhflng iinh hfldng ifch cflc den hudng nghien cflu so sanh truyen cd tfch cua nhieu nha nghien cflu Iren the ndi chung vii d Viet Nam ndi rieng. Trong qua trinh so sanh gifla ciic type truyen vdi nhau. cac nhii nghien cflu thudng dUa tren hanh dong cua nhan val, cac su kien dien ra trong cudc ddi ciia ciic nhan vat vii dien bien noi dung cua cau chuyen de Xiic dinh cac sd do cau tao ctia cot truyen vii cau tao cii the cua cac molif de so sanh tim ra sU tUdng ddng vii khac biei ciia ciic kieu iruyen
Tieu bieu cho hudng nghien cflu type vJ motif iheo ciiu iriic d Vici Nam cd Ihe ke den mot sd tac nbU: Chu Xuiin Dien. Nguyen Tbi Hue, Tang Kim Ngiin vii mpi sd nha nghien cflu tre nhU Pham Tuin Anh, La Miu Thi Gia...
Chu Xuan Dien, Irong biii viet Ve cdt diet ciia me crm di ghe Irong Iruyen Tdm Cdm. 6a vdn dung If thuyet ciiu true cua Propp de phiin ifch ciu lao cua motif trflng phai d cuoi Iruyen. Ong da dUa ra nhflng gia thuyet ve sU kel hdp gifla yeu lo bat bien vii ihUdng bien cd lien quan den hiinh dpng cua nhiin vai trong motif trflng phat vit dUu ra .sd do cau tao ciia motif niiy cu the nhU sau' {11 Nhan vat Ihuc hien sU trflng phat + (2) FPinh thflc trflng phai + (3) Ciii chel ctia nhan vat hi trflng phat Cach phan tfch nay giup cho ngUdi dpc nhan thay. Trong kieu truyen Tam Cdm ciia Viet Nam vii cac nudc Dong Nam A, tinh iiel Ihfl (31 ciia motif trflng phat luon lii ciii chet (bat bien I cdn hai tinh tiet cdn lai ( I ) , (2) co the thay ddi trong Ciic Iruyen khiic nhau (thudng bien) [2]
Tang Kim Ngiin da van dung If thuyel ciu true chflc niing ciia Propp trong chuyen luiln Cc>' tieh than ki ngitdi Viel - Dac diem edu tgo col Iruyen Tiic giii da diinh ca chUdng I de gidi thieu If thuyet tilp can cot truyen theo If thuyit cua Propp vii chUdng 2 de phan ii'ch cau tao ciia cac kieu truyen [9] Day la tiii lieu bet sflc bd fch cho nhflng nha nghien cflu dU kicn Iicp can ciic lype iruyen dan gian Iheo li thuyet ciia Propp
Tac gia Tran Thj An irong bin viet Molif dita Ire hi ho rdi vd ket cau ed id h Irong Khimg gia dinh vd Oliver Twist dii xac dinh Irong Khimg gia dinh vii Oliver Twi.M, nhan \ in chfnh dfi thUc bien ian lUdl 19 chflc nang so 1, 2. 4. 5, 6, 8, 9, 12. 17. 19. 20. 2 1 , 22. 2 3 . 26, 27. 29, 30. 31. Cac chflc nang dd co ten goi lii; SU viing mat, stf cam doiin. sU dd la, sU hoc Id, sU Ifla ddi, vice liim hai, sU hen kll, thfl thach ciia ngUdi cho, sfl diinh diiu, sLf khiic phuc lai hoa Ihay khiic phuc sU thilu Ihdn), trd v l , sU Iruy na, .sU thoat khdi, chuyen vieng thiim bf mat. sfl nhan ra, sU vach miit, sU chuyen, sfl trflng Iri, ket hdn. n.i> la mot trong nhflng biii khii cdng phu nghien cflu so sanh iruyen dan gian va tieu Ihuyet tfl gdc do type vii molif vii gdc dd chflc nang nhan viit
Luan an Tiln sT cua Pham Tuan Anh vii chuyen khiio ciia La Mai Thi Gia cung sfl dung phfldng phap liep can niiy,
2.3. Van dung h' thuyet cua thi phap lich suf cua Veselovsici \a Meletinsl^i de so sanh type va motif
2.3.1. L I thuyet cua Veselovski va Melctinski
Veselovski la nhii folklore hoc Nga ndi lilng the ki XIX Ong la ngtfdi dau nen dfla ra khai niem type va motif. Theo dng Tran Dflc Ngon, miic dii ciic nghien cflu ctia Veselovski ve type vii
Nguyen Thi Nhung
motif tap trung chii yeu Irong cac bai vilt neng le nhUng quan niem vii IU tfldng cua ong lii nhflng tien de vflng chac giup cac nha nghien cflu tren the gidi viin dung va phat tnen. Ong quan niem:
Motif lii ylu id cd dinh (ylu id bat bien) trong iruyen cd ti'ch thin ki. Cung theo ong, nhflng truyen cd tfch than ki cd cung mot sd motif gidng nhau se thuoc vc mot type. Ben canh dd, ong cung nhin manh gifla type va motif Iudn cd mdi quan he bien chflng vdi nhau. Trong trfldng hop cot truyen chi bao gdm mdt motif Ihi motif niiy cd the chuyen hoa ihanh type va ngUdc lai, mot cot truyen dang Ihuoc ve mot type, cd the di chuyen vao mot cdt truyen khac phflc tap hdn vii chi lii mot thiinh phan cua cdt iruyen phflc tap niiy [16]
Nhiin thflc v l mdi quan he gifla motif vii c6i truyen, quan mem cua F„M.Melelinski lai co nhflng net tUdng ddng vdi Veselovski Neu Veselovski coi motif lit dcln vi diu tien sd khdi. lit khiii quai hoa ddn gian nhit. theo thdi gian nd hen tuc chuyen ddi, gia lang, not dai, dUdc dap them nhflng tmh liet trong .sinh boat thUc lai ciia xii hoi va cudi cCing lii chuyen hoa thanh cdt truyen..
Ihi Melelinski coi Motif lii hat nhan ctia hiinh ddng, cdt truyen difdc hinh thiinh ifl sU kel hdp ciia loai motif co xUa vii motif sinh hoat xii hoi. Nhflng moti I cd xUa cd nguon gdc tfl nhflng khia canh sinh hoat vii the gidi quan cua xa hoi trifdc giai c i p da hinh thanh nen chu de cdt iruyen cua truyen cd tfch. Nhflng motif sinh hoat xa hot thudng tao nen chii de, trong khi ciic motif cd xUa lao thanh hat nhan cdt loi cua chii de dd. Hay ndi mpt ciich k h a c ciic motil'sinh hoat xii hdi phan iinh .sUlan ra cua c h l dp cdng xa nguyen thuy. cdn cac molif c6 xUa thi cd ngudn goc d cac miii sinh boat khac nhau vii d thi gidi quan ciia xii hgi trudc khi cd giai cap. Trong sU ket hdp nay. cac motif cd XUa lii cai cot ldi, cdn ciic motif sinh boat thi tbudng Itim thanh cludng vien, thiinh ciii khung ciia cdt Iruyen [6].
2.3.2. Van dung
Tren the gidi. V.l.a Propp vdi cdng trinh Nhitng cdu re eiia Iruyen cd lich than ki (2003) vii F..E. Meletin.sky vdi cdng tiinh Nhdn vdi Iruyen cd lich ihdn ki- ngiiPu gcu- cdc hinh tiffing (1958) la hai dai dien tieu bieu cho viec lip dung If thuyel cua TrUdng phiii Lich sU viio nghien cflu cua minh.
O Viel Nam. cd rat nhieu cdng Irinh vii biii bao flng dung phUdng phap nghien cflu .so siinh lich sfl rat khii Ihi vii da vach ra mot hudng nghien cflu mdi cho ciic nhii nghten cflu tre gidng nhif chung tdi. Tieu bieu cho hUdng nghten cflu niiy, dau lien cd the ke den phan If giiii cua Chu Xuan Dien ve motif "chel do bi ddi nUdc sdi" trong kieu truyen Tdm Cdm d Viei Nam vii ciic nifdc Ddng Nam A cd ngudn goc tfl nghi le thfl nudc ctia xii hoi thj i6c , Nguyen Thi H u l , khi nghien cflu vl nhan vat xau xf ma lai ba trong iruyln co Ifch Viet Nam cung dii dfla ra kha nhieu If giiii vl nguon gdc phong luc vii ifn ngudng cua ngUdi mang lot [8]. Dmh Gia Khiinh, Tang Kim Ngiin va mot ,s6 Nghien cflu sinh nhu La Mai Thi Gia, Nguyen Thi Nguyet cung da viin dung hudng nghien citu niiy trong qua irinh If giiii ciic van d l nghien cflu cua minh,
3. Ket luan
Nhu vay, nghien cflu Iruyen ke diln gian theo type vii motif lii mdl hUdng nghiln cflu hieu quii, xuit phat tfl diic intng rieng biet ciia iruyen ke diin gian Vi \'iiy. hUdng nghien cflu niiy dUrtc ddng diio Ciic nhii khoa hpc tren the gidi vii trong nudc viin dung, 0 Viet Nam, hUdng nghien cflu niiy dii va dang giup cho cic nhii nghien cflu chi la dUdc nhflng gui iri doc dao, dac sic mil truyen ke dan gian chfla dUng, phiin anh Tfl dd, da gdp phin diing ke viio thiinh tUu nghien cflu truyen ke dan gian Viet Nam ndi rieng, folklote iren the gidi noi chung.
TAI L I E I TH.VM K H A O
[I] Trin Thj An, 2008 Nghien cifu vdn hoc ddu gian lit giu dd type vu molif - nfiimg klui ihti vd hdi cdp Tap chi Nghien cflu Van hoc, sd 7/2008
[2] Tran Thi An. 2008. Motif difa Ire bi bd rdi vd kel < au cit lich trong Khdng gia dinh vd Oliver Tn-i.st. Tap chf Van hoc nUdc ngoiii. Hii Noi. sd 5/2008
[3] Chu Xuan Dien, Ve pliKcIng phdp so .sdnh irong nghien eitu van hod ddn gian, bttp://khoavanboc-ngonngu.edu.vn
[4] Nguyen T i n Dac (chu bien). 1983. Ve bdng muc luc Ira citu cdc Ivpe vd motif ciia truyen ke' ddn gian, Vdn he>e ddn gian. nhidig phifOng phdp nghien cifu. Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi.
[5] Nguyen Tan D i e , 2001 Truyen keddn gian doe bang lype vd molif Nxb Khoa hpc Xii hoi.
[6] La Mai Thi Gia, 2012. Motif irong nghien eitu truyen keddn gian li llviycl vd ifng dung. Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Hii Noi.
[7] Nguyin Bich Hii, 1998. Thgch Sanh vd kie'ii truven diitig .sT tnmg truyen cd tich Viet Nam vd Ddng Nam A Nxb Giao due, Hii Noi
[8] Nguyen Thi Hiln, 1996. Nghien ei'tu Uuyen Ddn gicm Viel Nam theo hdng muc lue Ira lip vd mdlip. Tap chi Van hda Dim gian sd 3-2000. Ir. 105-127.
[9] Nguyen Thi Hue, 1999 Nhdn veil .xchi xi md idi ba trong Iruyen cd'liih Viel Nam. Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Ha Noi
[10] Nguyin Thi H u l , 2012. Tit dien lype truyen Ddn gian Viel Nam Nxb Lao dpng [ I I ] Tang Kim Ngan, 1994 Cd lich Thdn ki ngitdi Vic'L Nxh Khoa hoc Xa hdi
[12] Nhilu ngubi djch, 2003. Tuyen tdp Vla.Propp - Hinh thdi hoc cua truyen cd tich thdn ki tiip i. Nxb Van hoa Dan tdc.
[13] Park Yeon Kwan. 2002. Nghien ctfu .so .sdnh mdl .so lip Iruven Cdlieh Viet Nam vd Him Qudc, Luan an Tien si. Dai hoc SU pham Hit Npi,
[14] Pham Tuan Anh, 2010. Phdn logi cdc lype Iruyen cd tich Ihdn ki Viel Nam then tciu Iriic edi truyen, Luiin an Tien sT trUdng Dai hpc SU pham Ha Noi.
[15] Nhieu ngUdi djch, 2004. Tuyeii tap V.Ia.Propp tap 2. Nxb Viin hoii dan toe.
[16] Vd Anh Tuan, 1991. Khdo .sat edu triic vd y nghTa min .w lip iruyen ke ddn gian Tciv d vimg Ddng Bac Viet Nam. Luan an Phd tien sT Ngfl van.
[17] Stub Thompson, 1958. Molif - index of folk - lileraliire Indiana University press, Blomington and Indianapolis.
A B S T R A C T
Overview of research works »ii Vietnamese folktale u n d e r type a n d motif perspectives (cases hi Vietnam)
Nguyen Thi Nhung School of Pre Univer.s-tly. Can Thn I'nner.slv Folktale research under type and motif perspeclives is a quite effective and common kind of folklore research in the world, typically including researches of Aniti .Aarne and Stith Thomps (Finland); V.l.a. Propp, Veselovski and Melelinski (Russia) In Vietnam, many persons have used research results of the above researchers during their research on folktale and actually obtained certain achievements In ibis paper, focus is given to the synthesis and judgement on theoretical application results ofVielname.se researchers for the purpose of providing readers with an overview and comprehensive insight on research direction.
Keywords: Siudy. folktale, type and motif.
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