JOURNAL OF SCIF.NCB OF HNUR DOI 10.18173/2354-1067,2017-0094 Social Science. 2017.Vol.62, h s l l , p p 96-103
This paper is available online al hiip://sidb hnue.cdu vn
M O T s 6 M O T I F D O C D A O T R O N G K I C H L l f U Q U A N G V U
Bill Hai Yen
Khoa Ngit vdn & Dia li. Dgi hoe Hdt Phong
Tdm tat. Luu Quang VU la nha vili kich ldn nhai cua Viei Nam. Kich ciia dng da dUdc nghien cflu 6 nhieu phUdng dien, luy nhien. nghien cflu mpi sd motif phd bien trong kich ban cua LUu Quang Vu la moi hudng di mdi bfla ben nhflng phat hien doc dao. Dal vin de nghien cflu mot so motif ndi bat irong kich LUu Quang Vii, cbiing loi mudn phan tfch vii chdng minh mpi khfa canh dpc dao Irong ibi phap kich ciia ngiidi ngbS sT tai hoa niiy.
Titkhda: Molif, kjch, I.Uu Quang Vu
1. Moi dau
Lii mgt nha thd, nha van khii thiinh danh trUdc khi "ben duyen" va tao dUdc nhflng thanh cong de ddi vdi kjch, Luu Quang Vu (1948 - 1988} ngay khi vfla xual hien da lao thanh mgt "hicn tudng" tren sau khiu kich ndi thdi bay gid, vii din nay, diJ dii di xa chung la gan 30 niim, sflc anh hudng cua dng van bao trum siin khiu kjch dUdng dai qua sU Ihanh cong cua cac vd dien Hen tiep dUdc phuc dUng lai nhflng nam gan day. Da cd khdng ft cdng trinh nghien cflu, phe binh ve cac sang tac thd, van, kjch nghe cua Lflu Quang Via, nhflng vdi gia tai vo giii mil dng de lai, dac biel la vdi gin 50 vd kich da gdp phan tao nen dien mao mdi cua nen kjch nghe nudc nhii thi viec tim hieu thau dao van hfla hen dem den nhflng phat hien mdi.
Motif la ddn vi cd ban cau tao cdt truyen ciia nhieu tac pham van hoc dan gian Thuat ngiJ nay cd the dUdc hieu thanh cac tfl khudn, dang, kieu trong tieng Viet, "nham chi cac thanh lo, nhflng bg phan Idn hoac nhd da dUdc hinh thiinh dn dmh bin vflng vii dUdc sfl dung nhieu lan trong sang tiic van hgc nghe thuat, nhat lii trong van hoc nghe thuat diin gian" [3; tr 197]. Co ca mdl he thdng molif rit phong phu irong van hoc dan gian ciia cac dan tdc, chang han: motif "ngfldi ddi lot cdc", "ngfldi ddi lot cgp", motif "bgc trflng", "qua bau". Viin hoc la mgt ddng chay lien luc vdi nhflng no lUc ke thfla vii bien ddi ctia ciic the he trUdc nhflng di san viin hpc dan gian moi dan tdc nln vile sfl dung nhflng ylu id cua van hda dan gian ndi chung vii molif ndi rieng irong sang lac cua nhflng nha van hien dai lit viec kha phd b i l n Lii mot nghe sT lat hoa vii la mgt nhit van hoa, irong qua trinh khai thac cac de tai da dang tfl cd tich dan gian, ljch sfl, dii sfl den ciic chu de ve ddi sdng hien dai, LUu Quang Vii dii sfl dting vii ciii biln nhieu molif van hoc ddc dao. Tuy nhien, ttnh den nay, iheo khao sat cua chung loi mdi cd rat it cong irinh/bai viel di siiu tim hieu van de nay. Dang chu y cd luan viin Ddc dtem mdng kuh difa Iren lich iruyen ddn gian eiia Lifu Quang Vii [4] Irong khi nghien cflu yeu td ki ao trong mang kich dUa iren tfch truyen dan gian cua
Ngay nhan bai' l.'i/3/20n Ngay siiabai: 2V7/20I7 Ngay nhan dang 20/10/2017 l.icnhe Biii Hai Yen. e-mail buihaiyen dhhplnigmaii com
n^ul .so motif itin dau Irong kieh Lutt Quang Vii
LUu Quang Via dii de cap den hat motif ndi biit trong miing kjch nay cua dng' motif phan than vii motif biin linh hdn, hay luan van Mdug kich dita Iren lich Iruyen ddu gian eua Litu Quang Vil [5]
cd phan tt'ch ve nhan vat phan than trong sit tUdng quan vdi mgi sd kieu loai nhan vat khac (nhan vat tu y thflc, nhan vat co ddn, nhan vat mang mac cam ldi loi). Tuy nhten, ngay ca vdi hai tiii iieu vfla ke, van de motif trong kich LUu Quang Vu cung chi mdi dUdc nghien cflu rit han che
Bai viel cua chung tdi tap trung khao sat mot so molif dgc dao trong kjch Luu Quang Vu, gdm: motif phan than, motif ngUdi ndi ddi, motif ngudi boa vat, motif ngUdi lien phong, qua dd, phiin ifch vii chflng minh mgt khfa canh ddc dao trong ihi phap kich Luu Quang Vu
2. Noi dung nghien cu'u
2.1. Viec khai thac motif dan gian hay van de "chuyen cu viet lai''' 2.1.1. Motif phan than
Phan than la motif thudng gap Irong cac tac pham chfla dUng yeu id ki ao. IhUdng the hien cuoc dau tranh gifla hai coo ngUcfi, hai ludng suy nghT. hai tieng ndi Iriii ngUdc nhau ldn tai trong cung mpt ban the nhan vat. Khong nen hieu phan than chi ddn giiin la sU lach cd the ra thiinh nhflng phiin khac nhau, quan trgng hdn, dd la stf chia tach cua h' trf vit cam xuc. the xac va lam hdn, nhiin each va due vgng. phan con va phan ngUdi trong mot nhan val
Vdi Lflu Quang Vu, motif phan than dUdc dng sfl dung khi xay dUng cac ciip nhan val song trung hdn TrUdng Ba vit xiic anh hang thit (trong vd Hdn Tntdng Ba, da liang Ihil), Nguyen Viin, Thuy Lien vii hai ngUdi may la nguyen mau cua hg - Van B, Lien R (trong vd Hoa ciic xanh Iren ddm Idy), hai danh phan cua Ha Thu (trong vd Nitkigid)
Trong Hon Tntdng Ba, da hdng thit, cap doi xac - hon song hanh gan nhU tfl khi md dau din kit thuc. Tham chf, trUde ca khi dien ra sU co "gach n h i m " cua Nam Tao dUa den bi kich vay xac mUdn hdn, y thflc chia lach hdn vii xac da dUdc anh con irai Ca vii TrUdng Ba de xuat:
"- Anh con trai' Thay u de ra tdi, chi cho toi cai than, cai x;ic, nhUng ciii hon cat via toi thi lii cua toi chfl, ldi muon liim gi mac tdi" [7; lr.l7] "- TrUdng Ba (ndi vdi vd). khong nhin hinh vdc ben ngoiii mil xet doiin ngUdi dUdc"(khi bilt dfldc D l Thich giii liim ngudi iln xm rach rU di)
Sudt vd kjch, cd tdi hdn 70 lan "hdn"/"vfa" dUdc nhac ldi. con sd niiy cua "xac"/"than"/"ldt"
la gin 90 lin. Nhung nhflng sd lieu i y se ching co nghTa If gi nlu khong cd man tranh luan gifla hdn TrUdng Ba va xac anh hang ihil - tinh hudng da tdn nhieu giiy mUc cua gidi nghien cflu, phe binh van hoc va nghe thuat trong sudt m i y chuc nam qua.
Motif phan than xuit phat tfl nhflng cau chuyen ki ao dan giiin cua nhieu dan tdc v l viec hoan ddi than xiic hay viec chia lach ngUdi thiinh cac phan TrUdc Luu Quang Vu, viec hoan ddi than xac da dfldc Nguyen Dinh Thi mieu lii trong vd kich Con nai den vdi tinh hudng' hdn cua Dflc vua Td Chiem nhiip viio xac con nai den, cdn hdn cua ga Quan cdng ddc ac nhap vao xac dflc vua nhd nhflng bua phep phu thuy ma ga Quan cdng thUc hien (Day cung vdn la mdt vd kich viet lai theo cau chuyen co cua Italia, dfldc tac gia Carloori dflng Ihiinh vd Vua hitdu ma Nguyen Dinh Thi xem dUdc trong mgt l i n ra nUdc ngoai). MUdn cdt truyen dan gian nhUng cai biln di rit nhieu, Luu Quang Vu da lam sdng lat tfch xUa. Qua nhflng yeu td bd sung, them mdi ay, lac gia da trinh xuat nhflng van de nhan sinh xa hdi phd quiit. the hien tfnh luan de sau sac ciia vd kich so v6i cac sang tac dan gian va dUdng dai cting chii de motiL C h i c chin, nhilu ngUdi se quen di ring cd mdt tfch cu dan gian vdi ket thuc vien miin, cd hau, de chi nhd den mdt bi kich ddi xac trong lac pha'm nghe thuat cua Lflu Quang Vu, Am nhilu day dflt nhUng dd mdi diing lit cudc ddi
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Trfldc khi diln ra miin ddi thoai hdn - xac, TrUdng Ba da bi xac hang ihil dieu khien, chi phdi. Cho dia khdng muon thfla nhan, cho du mudn bam vfu vao trd c h d i t a m hdn thi TruOng Ba van khong the phu nhan sU that la dng dang danh mat minh "Miiy da thing the rdi day, cai than xac khong phai ciia ta a, miiy da tim dii moi ciich de lin at la...", Trong ihe xac tho phiim diy ban nang nhuc due cua anh hang thil, hdn TrUdng Ba vdn trfldc day nhan hau. ngay thang da din dan doi khac: ong ham uong rUdu, thich tilt canh; trUdc diem dam, nho nha thi nay Ua nd'i ndng, quat nat; trUdc dng tim vut vdi nhflng thu thanh cao, trf tue (cham cay, danh cd) thi gid day dng vung ve den ndi lam giiy canh, chli cay. ngay ca ldi danh cd vdn khoang dat cung khdng cdn, thay vao do la idi danh "vun vat. tun mun, tho phu", ngay ca din cai nudc an ciing trd nen "ban lien lam sao".
Tfl sU chdi bd cua nhflng ngUdi vdn trUdc diiy yeu thUdng minh va sU tU y Ihflc dUdc nhflng dau khd. bat lUc ctia ban than, bdn tim ciich chdng lai cam dd cua xac bang each mudn rdi khdi xac.
Va dap lai mong muon iy. tac gia da dim xep cudc doi thoai hon - xac hay chmh la cugc doi thoai gifla li trf va due vong ban niing, gifla phan ngudi vii phin con, gifla noi dung vii hinh thflc..
"- Xac hang ihif Vo fch, cai linh hdn md nhat cua dng Trfldng Ba khon khd kia di. dng khong tach ra khdi toi dUdc dau, dii tdi chi la than xac...
- H o n TrUdng Ba: A, may ciang biel ndi kia a''Vd If, miiy khong the biel ndi' Miiy khong co tieng ndi, ma chi la xac thit am u, dui mil..
- Xac hang thit: Cd day! Xac thii co tieng ndi day! [. ] Chi'nh vi am u, dui mu mil tdi cd siic manh ghe gdm, lam khi at ca eai Hnh hdn cao khiet cua dng day
- Hon Trfldng Ba: Noi lao! Miiy chi lii cai vd ben ngoai, khong cd y nghia gi bet, khdng co tu tudng, khong cd cam xuc [...] hoac neu cd, thi chi la thfl thap kem ma bat cfl con thii nao cung cd dUdc: them an ngon, them rUdu thjt..." [7;ir.d3]
Trong cudc dau triinh lu lUdng ay, xiic hang thit khong chju lep ve trfldc hdn TrUdng Ba Nd manh me tan cong viio vo van diem ylu cua hdn: "Sao dng cd ve khinh thudng toi the nhi?
Toi cung dang dUdc quy trgng chfl! Toi la ciii binh de chfla dUng lmh hdn Nhd loi ma ong cd the lam lung, cudc xdi [. .] Nhflng vj lam chfl nhilu sach nhU cac ong lii hay vin vao cd tam hon lit quy, khuyen con ngUdi ta song vi phin hon, de rdi bd be cho thiin xiic hg mai khd sd, nhech nhiic"
[7;tr.64]. Du anh hiing thit lii sU phdng dai nhflng nhu cau thiet yeu cua con ngUdi ve an, mac...
nhUng phu nhan nhflng nhu ciu i y lii phu nhan phin biin nang trong mdi ngUdi Cdng bang ma ndi, dau chi cd TrUdng Ba bat hanh, xac hang thit cung that dang IhUdng Cd ai la toan ven, hoan hao? Nhflng ddi hdi ctia than xac de duy tri va thda miin cudc sdng dau phiii tdi Idi dang ghe tdm?
Vd kjch do vay vfla cd y nghTa xa hpi vfla mang tfnh triet If sau xa
Rd rang, nhflng If le cua xac khdng ban la vo H vi trong con ngUdi ludn ton lai nhflng mat ddi lap cd xu hfldng chuyen hda nhau, khdng ddn gian chi la chuyen ngi dung va hinh thflc, dd con la sU lien tuc phu djnh va lin at nhau gifla y thflc va vd thflc. If trf va tinh cam, thflc le vii md Udc...
tham chi la ca phan thien va phin iic, tdt va xau. Chiing ta khdng chi tdn tai. ma cao hdn, chiing ta sdng va can dU vao tat thay nhflng bdn b l ciia cugc sdng. Va trong hiinh irinh sdng dd, mdi ngitdi ludn khdng ngflng dau tranh gifla cac mat ddi lap de hoiin thien nhiin ciich cua minh. de song mpt cugc ddi thUc sU y nghTa vii cd ich.
Cudc doi thoai thing thin gifla hdn TrUdng Ba vii xac hiing thit da dien ta .sau sac ndi hoang mang hoai nghi, sfl bat lUc cua con ngUdi irUdc sflc manh vat chat Moi If le cua mot TrUdng Ba Vdn t h d n g t u e d a k h d n g the phu dinh thfl lap luan lam liip bui trin nhUng hiing hdn ihuyel phuc cila anh hang thii lo mang kta. Va du khinh bi xac hang thjt vdi nhflng thdi quen ban nang, TrUdng Ba vin phai nhd ciii xac iy de ldn tai. Qua cau chuyen ddi thoai hdn - xac, hai phan khong the thieu de hinh ihanh nln mot con ngUdi, mdl trill li dUdc Lflu Quang Vu trinh xuat: "khi con ngUdi chi
Mi'it .so motif dde ddo trong kich Lifu Quang Vu
sdng trong moi trUdng ihd phiim ciia cai the gidi vat chat ngta trj, thi tai se bj nd chi phoi. I ^ m the nao de bao loan, hoiin thien nhan each, bao toiin nhflng gia tri viin hoa mil con ngUdi doc sflc vun dap hang ngan nam nay lii mgt van de idn" [1],
Cung chfnh vl nhflng If le tren ma chiing loi de xual .viec phiin tfch motif phiin than thay vi molif lai sinh trong IrUdng hdp kich Hdn Tritdng Ba. da hdng thil. Neu cht ddn thuan lii viec ngUdi chet dUdc hda kiep, dau thai viio xac cua mot ngudi khac vii lilp tuc sdng. b i n dd se la nen titng cua motif Iai sinh/ dau thai theo quan diem nhit Phat vii vdn rii lUdng flng vdi Hon Tnfdng Ba, da hdng thit cua cd tfch dan gian. Cd the thay, sfl dung motif phan thiin, xay dUng ldp ddi thoai gifla hai phin cua mdt ban the chfnh lii chd mil kich Luu Quang Vii vfla khac. vfla gia tri hdn han so vdi cd tich dan gian. Cach kit Ihuc ddi lap lai vdi ldi kit thiic cd hiiu cua co tfch la mdt kiln giai phu hdp vdi thuc te cugc sdng chfl khong ao tudng vien vdng va mang giii tn nhiin van silu sac Xiic thit van song cdn hon cung khdng bin mit di ma vin luon ben d nhflng ngUdi than va "chan hda viio cung cay la". Nhiin each cao dep cua dng TrUdng Ba qua sU lUa chon cua minh da dem lai nhflng bai hoc va sU thay ddi tfch cUc cho nhflng ngUdi cdn lai: vdi De Thi'ch (bd lam quan Thien dinh de Ihanh ngUdi Iran the), anh con trai Cii (bd nghe di buon von nhilu loc Ifla gian doi de ke tuc nghi lam vudn thanh sach). vii cii Idp Ire dai dien cho tUdng lai nbU Ciii Gai, thang Ty. Cach ket thiic nay khong chi phu hdp vdi logic cudc sdng ma cdn the hiln niem tin tudng vao nhflng dieu lot dep trong ddi cua tac gia Luu Quang Vu
Neu TrUdng Ba vii anh hang thit bi trdi buoc vao ciing mgt ban the thi Lien B vii Van R lii nhflng ban sao tach biet cua Nguyen Viin va Thiiy Lien (Hoa t tic xanh Iren ddm lay) Khdng chap nhan viec hai ngUdi ban tfl thdi thd au cua minh yeu vii sap lay nhau, Hoiing da che tao ra hai ngfldi may cd ngoai hinh gidng hel nguyen mau ngoai ddi, nhflng lit nhflng phan irong sang nhat, dep de nhit cua ho. Nguyen Van thUc te lii mgt hoa sT nhang nhiing con Van B lai dUdc lap trinh de Ird thanh mot hpa sT thten tin, Thuy Lien thUc le bi van de cdm iio giio tien lep nhep liim cho Ihiinh ngudi tfnh toan, vat chit cdn Lien B irong sang, thanh ihien, nhan tfl nhU Thuy Lien tfl nhieu nam trudc - khi cdn la mgi cd be con vo lo, v6 nghi.
Cugc doi thoai cheo gifla Nguyen Van vii Lien B. Thiay Lien va Van B (gifla ngUdi nay vdi phan tot dep nhit ciia ngUdi khac) cung chfnh la sU tU vin cua moi ngUdi ve minh trUdc cudc ddi:
tdi dep hay thim thUdng. If Ifldng hay thUc t l , cd tiii hay bat till vd dung...Cudc sdng mUu sinh da cudn Lien va Van di, khien hg khac rit xa so vdi thdt cdn nhd, khdng con nhflng budi ngdi ndi chuyen dai bay vdi nhau. khdng cdn yeu nhau nhU ngay diu, gifla ho chi cdn lai nhflng tfnh toan vun val, vil ngUdi niiy chang the hieu ndi ngudi kia, ching the tim dUdc ddng cam trong moi cau chuyen hiing ngay:
"- Viln B- Phiil nghT tdi nhflng dilu cao dep, sdng vl iinh yeu vii nilm vui, nhai lii Lien, cd Lien nao cung diing dUdc sdng nhU vay, dang dUdc yeu quy, che chd
- L i e n ' Anh ndi,, nhflng ldi nhU ngiiy xUa anh van ndi vdi em. Nhflng ngay ta mdi yeu nhau...
nhflng chieu ben hd, nhflng dem irang .Luc nay trong anh bdng gidng y nhu hdi a y soi ndi. hien hau, tu tin..."
*•- Van: ...Phai, lau lim ta khong ngoi ndi chuyen vdi nhau nhU Ihl nay. Nhin em luc niiy, nhin gUdng mat, ddi mat dju dang kia, anh lai rat iin ban, lai mudn dUdc yeu em that nhilu, that nhieu, nhU nhflng ngiiy diu...Anh da khdng dat dfldc nhflng fldc md cua minh. anh da diinh mat chi'nh minh" [8].
Tren cd sd motif phan than, Hoa cue xanh iren ddm lay the hien nhieu y nghTa du ngdn sau sic Cugc sdng vat chit da huy hoai nhflng phin lot dep nhit Irong con ngUdi, nhflng udc md, hoai bao. nhflng yeu thUdng trong treo. Hoa cue xanh - loai hoa luoi nhd - bieu tUdng cho nhflng gi
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trong sang, dep de lieu cd thUc hay ciang chi la loai hoa cua lUdng lUdng hu iio nhU la Dilu Bdng?
Lien va Van cd the da tflng nhin thay loai hoa niiy luc hg cdn nhd, ay lii khi ho cdn trong sang va Ihuan khiel, nhUng khi ldn len, ho chang cdn nhd den loin hoa ay nen ciing chang the tim Iai dUdc.
Ngay ca Lien B cung chang the trd ve liim cd be Lien vd Uu ngay nao. Hmh anh cd bj bim nhan chim trong no life tim kiem lai bdng hoa cue xanh phan anh tU tUdng chu de cua cau chuyen' chiing ta, diu muon gifl phan irong sang cua moi ngUdi nhUng luon bi nhflng xau xa, den ldi ngan trd
Mdt kieu philn thiln khac dUdc mieu la trong Nif ky gid [8], dd Iii irfldng hdp cua Ha Thu De dap flng nhiem vu cua mot chien sy boat dgng tinh bao trong long dich. Ha Thu phai sdng vdi hai than philn mot la cd be Lan hien lanh nay da la mgt nfl tinh biio diing cam, thong minh va mot la ky gia xinh dep Ha Thu kieu ki, sac sao cua mot id bao thuoc luc lUdng thfl ba trung lap. Dii co rit nhieu thfl thach dfldc dfla ra de budc cd phai trd v l vdi than phan IhUc sU ciia minh. Cung du nhieu Ian cd tU van chfnh minh khi rdi vao be tac, met mdi vii ca an ban... Sau vo .sd lin dau tranh noi tam gay git, tU bdi rdi tU tra Idi nhU vay. Hit Thu da quyet tani; "Cdng viec ciia chung ta lii the.
Ban thiln ta khong phiii la ta nfla, ma lit cua nhiem vu mii ta ganh vac . "
2.1.2. Motif ngirdi ndi ddi
Truyen ve ngudi ndi doi lit mot motif phd bien Irong cd ifch cua phan ddng cac dan tgc tren Ihl gidi. Rieng d nudc ta. ngoiii Ndi dc'n nhit Cttdi cdn cd cac truyen Ccm vd Ndc cua ddng bao Jarai d Tay Nguyen, dong bao Mudng cung cd nhieu truyen noi dung gin gidng vdi truyen Cuoi cua la, ngudi Tay cd iruyen Hot Nhdi... Cac qudc qua gan gui vdi chung la v l dja If nhU Trung Quoc, Myanma,, cung cd cac cau chuyen vdi npi dung nay (ngUdi Myanma cd truyen Cdu be noi ddi, ngUdi Trung Quoc cd truyen Long Vuang mfli tiec. ). Cac qudc gia thudc Chau Au. chau My va viing Trung A cung rit phd bien dang iruyen ve nhan viit chuyen noi ddi [2].
Neu Hdn Tntdng Ba, da hdng thd la sU vay mUdn cot truyen dan gian sau dd them mdi vit cat bien nhim thehien nhflng triet If hien sinh thi d Ldi not ddi cucn CU/TJ; Luu Quang Vii chi mUdn ten va dac tfnh nhan vat vdn dii di viio lam thflc moi ngUdi dan Viet Nam nhU mgt dai diln lieu bieu cua mgt tfnh xiu. Cuoi vii "noi ddi nhU Cuoi".
Gidng nhu Cudi cua cd tfch dan gian, Cuoi trong Lcii nfli dc'n eiun ciing lii mot ngUdi thdng mmh, nhanh tri, ndi ddi ma ai ciang tin la that. B i n g liii flng biln va kha nang biln giii ihanh ih^l, Cudi khdng chi giup minh Ihoiit khdi tai hga ma con giiip cho nhieu ngUdi tdi khac, dd la cd Lua cham chi that tha, hien ihuc net na, la Bdm - ke hau ha gat nd cua cdng ifl Lan, lit Nha - cau be ban banh da Iflng bj Cuoi cUdp mat tut banh vi khong cd tiln tra .. Tuy nhien, cung nhU vdi Hon Tritdng Ba. da hdng thit, bang each ihay ddi cdt Iruyen vii kieu kel thdc, Luu Quang Vti da nhai co ifch de khing dinh nhflng gia tn hien sinh sau sac.
DUdc hfldng ldi tfl nhflng Idi ndi ddi cua Cudi, nhUng thay vi sung .sUdng, thda man, LUu Quang Vu dii de cho nhflng nhiin vat lUdng thien nhfl Lija, Rdm, Nha phiii dan vat, dau khd va chfnh khi iy, giii trj nhan van toat len:
"- Lua: Khong the cd tot lanh b i n g nhflng each thflc xiu xa" [8; tr 67]
"- Bdm: Cac Ihfl em se cd bang ndi ddi chac khdng quy b i n g rudng vUdn, sdng nudc d que em. Em se ve de sdng b i n g ddi lay lUc dien niiy, b i n g tim long chan that cua thing Bdm chfl khdng phai bang nhflng ldi noi ddi" [8; tr,69].
2.1.3. Motif ngtfdi hda vat
Cung nhu nhiln viit phan than hay nhan val ndi ddi, "hda than"/ "ngUdi hda val" lii motif pho bien nhat trong van hgc diin gian cua cac dan tdc. Ben canh vai trd tao ra sU phong phii da
-.JL/. ,.u rtiuiL, ...^L ^c^,y trong kick Luu Quang Vii
dang cua kieu truyen cd tfch, Iam nen sflc hap din, sflc sdng lau ben cua the loai trong cdng chiing, motif nay con la mot phUdng tien nghe ihual de nhan dan lao dong thUc hien If lUdng xa hdi trong mO udc cua minh mgt ciich day thuyet phuc.
Neu doc giii dii tflng yeu men mot co Tam hten lanh nhUng luon gap Irac trd, hen tuc phai hda than de quay trd lat cuoc sdng irong cuoc dau Iranh khong khoan nhUdng vdi ke ac trong 7am Cdm, tflng xdl IhUdng cho ngufii phu nfl ihiiy chung ngdng chdng den hda da trong Sit tich hon Vgng Phu, hay tflng Iran trgng tinh cam gia dinh keo sdn tham ihiet gifla anh em, vd chdng qua hinh anh "trau - cau - voi" [Sit tich Trdu Can)... thi ban .se vfla gian, vfla IhUdng nhan vat Tfl Dao Hanh khi ong chap nhan ban linh hdn cho quy dfl mUu cau nghiep Idn de rdi bi hda thanh manh thu khien mgi ngUdi khiep sd (Ong vua hfla ho). ChUa het, cung gidng Tfl Dao Hanh, Luu Quang Vu xay dUng nen Pd Liem (Ndng Sita) - chi vl ghen tudng, ngd vUc lam md mat m a d a chip nhan diing linh hon cho quy de roi trach nham ngUdi vd thuy chung
Xay dung tinh budng nhflng ngUdi vdn mang pham chit tdi dep nhUng vi ho^n canh, vi khat khao sd hflu quyen lUc da bien minh Ihanh quy/ thu dfl Luu Quang Vu mudn khac hoa nhflng bi kich nhan sinh pho bien Trong moi chung la luon ton Iai nhflng phan xau ben canh nhflng phan tdi, va nhflng phan xiu kia ludn tim moi each, dung mgi thu doan de lan al di phan dep de trong moi ngUdi, neu moi ngUfli khong du ban ITnh, de thda hiep va diu hang trUdc kho khan, thfl thach thi sdm mudn cung bi bien chat, trd nen xau xa, thanh nhflng con quy, con Ihu ngay ca khi mang binh hiu con ngUdi.
Nhung khong dflng lai d do, dieu dang ndi lii kich Luu Quang Vu du xay dUng nhieu bi kich nhUng k i t thuc bao gid cung the hien mem tin manh me viio vai tro cai bien xa hgi cua long tdi va linh yeu Iren ddi Su hy smh cua Thao - ngUdi vd thiiy chung cua Tfl Dab Hanh, sU kien gan vii linh ban chan chfnh cua Minh Khong - ngUcfi ban Tfl Dao Hanh, tinh yeu manh het cua Sita danh cho chong... da khien moi bua phep yeu ma bi xda bd Cai tdi chiln thang cai xau dau phai danh ddi, hy sinh va chi cd the bang danh ddi, hi sinh dd la cat nhin vfla chan IhUc vfla nhan ban cua LUu Quang Vu trUdc cuoc ddi
2.2. Motif nhan vat tien phong hay tinh than co vu cai indi
Nhiln vat tien phong xual hien kha nhieu trong nhflng vd kjch ve de tin hien dai, gan vdi moi xung dot gay gat gifla Co va Mdi. bao thu, !ac hau va lien bo. Trong moi quan he do, nhan vat tien phong, hien nhien. gdm nhflng con ngudi di dau irong cugc dau tranh tin cdng vao thanh tri cua cai cu, khdi xUdng hoac cd suy sfl ddi mdi. Thanh vii Hoang Viel trong Ten vd chiing ta; Dinh trong Neu anh khong ddi lifa; Mdi, Dflc, Phu trong Vdch dd nflng bong, Thuy trong Quyen difdc hanh phiic... la dai d i l n tieu bieu cho nhflng nhan vat lien phong trong kich cua LUu Quang Vu.
Nhiin val tien phong IhUdng dUdc LUu Quang Vu xay dUng lii nhflng nhan vat trung tam trong cac vd kich vii ddng vai Ird nhU nhflng chti ihe lfla chon luan If - tru cdt cua bflc tranh the gidi dta ngon. Vdi tinh than Irach nhiem va mdt lap IrUdng nhan sinh nhat quan, nhflng nhan vat nay chpn lay phan gian khd ve minh khi dam di ngUdc lai sd dong. diiu b i l t ket qua sU lUa chon ay thudng la hi sinh, m i t mat. Chfnh nhd sU lUa chgn ay, nhflng nhan vat niiy nhieu khi vUdt qua gidi han cua cai D e p ma vUdn ldi pham irii cua cai Cao ca, ddng thdi, tao nen sU "mmh t n l t " trong ldi ran dam chat dii ngon mil hg la dai dien phat ngon. Bdi le, du ngdn khong Iran thuat ve nhflng sU kien vo liln khoang hau Irong ddi sdng cong ddng (gidng cd tfch) hay ddi sdng ca nhan (gidng giai thoai), ma trin Ihuat v l nhflng hanh vi chuan mau trong nhflng tinh hudng chuiin miiu, v l nhflng gi, theo quan niem ciia nhflng ngudi ciang tham diJ viio diln ngdn du ngon, vin thudng xuyen xay ra va xay ra vdi nhilu ngUdi, Mgi hanh vi ctia cac nhan vat iy trong du ngon diu la sU hien IhUc
hoa sfl lUa chon nay.
Phdt cd ai dd ra tntfle la suy nghT cua cd thanh men xung phong Thanh (Toi va chdng la) khi ciing cac ddng ddi n i p trong hang de tranh mUa bom bao dan trong luc cac doan xe cdng binh dang chat vat vi khong cd ngfldi din dUdng. Viio gid phut sinh tfl ay, trudc lfla chon d lai ciing ddng dpi de bao toan tinh mang hay ra khdi hang de giiip ciic doan xe, Thanh da lUa chgn phUdng an thfl hai. Sau cd va noi gUdng cd, cac ddng doi khac cung vitng day, mgt ngUdi, hai ngUdi rdi tat ca moi ngudi. Hanh dgng dung cam cua Thanh qua cau chuyen ay ia mgt lac nhan quan trong de Hoiing Viet kien dinh vdi lUa chon ddi mdi Siin xuat cua minh. Cung nhU Thanh, Hoang Viet chap nhan lit ngUdi khai vd nhflng lot tU duy cu mdn, nhflng nguyen tac loi thdi, khdng cdn phii hdp, dam Ihay doi khi cap Iren chfla kip ihay ddi Cung nhU Thanh hiinh dong d i b a o ve tfnh mang cho dong dgi, Viet hiinh dgng d l bao ve quyen ldi cho nhflng ngUdi cong nhan xf nghiep dang hitng ngay val ldn vdi cugc mUu sinh. Hg sin siing dUdng diu vdi bom dan chiln tranh hay nhflng dd ki, pha hoai va can trd cua lUc lUdng biio ve cai cu cdn dang tdn tiii rat ddng dao. Va tat nhien, trong cudc dau tranh ay, nhflng nhan vat tien phong phai chiu philn thua thiel ve minh: Thanh chet vi bi nhilm chit ddc mau da cam sau nhilu nam thang xong pha tren chien trUdng; Hoiing Viet bi hii gifl de dilu Ira.
TUdng IU nhu Thanh hay Hoiing Viet, Dinh trong vd Neu anh klic'mg dot Ufa dii phiii tra ldi cau hdi ve sU lUa chon: "Nlu anh khong ddi lUa/Nlu ldi khong ddt lUa/ Nlu chiing ta cung khdng ddt Ifla len/Thi tam sao bong dem/Lai c d t h e biln thiinh/ .ANHSANG?". B i n g lUdng tam vii trach nhiem cong dan, Dinh dii quyel dmh lii ngUdi "ddt Ifla", c h i p nhan dUdng dau vdi khd khan thJ thach de tim ra ldi thoat cho mdt xf nghiep cd khf vdn tri tre. Khong cd dUdc sU tinh tao can cd nhK Hoiing Viet, nhflng quyet dinh non ndng va bat can cua Dinh cdng vdi sU pha hoai tfl chi'nh nhflng ngfldi trong xf nghiep da khiln cong cugc ddi mdi cua anh gap thil bai. D i u chUa hoan thanh si3 menh cua mgt vj giiim ddc la cheo iai xf nghiep phiit trien, Djnh vin hoan ihanh phan nao vai tro cua ngudi thip Ifla. Hiinh dgng cua anh dUdc cd vu va da lam thay ddi nhan thflc cua nhilu ngUdi, dd la Le Duy - Bf ihfl Tinh uy, dai diln cho nhflng ngUdi gifl cUdng vi lanh dao chu chot cua dat nudc. la ong Chi'nh - nguyen giam ddc xi nghiep, dai dien cho ciii cu va con rit nhilu nhflng cdng nhSn nha may vdn trUdc diiy ching tha thilt gi vdi cdng viec nay cung ifch cUc hdn.
Thudc trong Mudi mdn din em, Mdi, Dflc, Phii trong Vdc-h dd nflng hflng; Thuy Irong Quyeit difdc hanh phiic (cua Luu Quang Vu) ciing vdi nhieu nhan vai tien phong khac trong Dinh eao md Udc (cua Tit Dat), Vdng (cua Thanh HUdngI, Hd My ciia Un (cua Dofin Hoiing Giang)., da giiip Ihay ddi nhSn thflc cua nhilu nhiin val irong kich. qua do Iam thay ddi nhan thflc ciia ddc gia/ khan gia yeu kich. giup hg tin vao nhflng gia tn chan chinh. viio sU trUdng tdn cua ciii dep. ciii lot diu bj dap vill
3. Ket luan
Trong khi khang djnh cd mgi "Kich phap Luu Quang Via", GS Phan Ngoc ddng ihdi nlu bat kha nang cua "kich si" ho Vu trong viec "biln mgi d l tai thiinh kich: cd tfch, thin thoai, chuyin hang ngiiy, chuyen chien dau... Khdng ai b i n g Vu irong bill tiii neu len cai mudn ddi liong cai blnh thudng, bien cd tfch, huyin thoai thanh chuyen thdi sU, dung ciii hU de not ciii thUc, dung cai tho Id de khing dinh cai cao quy" [6; tr. 153] G i n ba mUdi mua ihu dii di qua nhUng khoiing trdng ma Lflu Quang Vu de lai cho san khau nudc nha van chfla ai khda lap dfldc Vii trong sd rit nhieu yeu to lam nen sU dac biel cho nhflng vd kich cua ong, viec sfl dung nhflng motif vfla truyin thdng, vfla hien dai lii mot net "kich phiip" ddc dao, giau y nghTa
ivicri .\ti iiunt, tii't uuc inmg kich Litu Qiicing Vti