Tgp chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Cac Khoa hpc Trai dai va Moi trudng. Tgp 30. So 1 (2014)41-19
1/ Danh gia thirc trang sir dung dat nghia trang, nghia dia tren dia ban thanh pho Hue
Nguyin Hiiu Ngu'"*, Nguyin Thanh Quoc^
Khoa Tdi nguyen ddt vd Mdt truang nong nghiep. Truang Dgi hgc Ndng Ldm, Dai hgc Hue ' Vdn phong ddng ky quyen su dung ddt qugn Cdm Li. thdnh plid Dd Ndng
Nhan nga\ 11 thang 2 nSm 2014
Chinh sira ngay 28 thang 2 n^m 2014; chap nhgn dang ngay 31 thdng 3 nam 2014
T6m tat: Bai bao dd trinh bay ket qua nghien curu ve thyc trang su dyng dat nghta trang, nghTa dja a thanh pho Hue. Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay. dat nghTa trang, nghTa dia phan bd khdng t$p tnmg va ndm rai rdc tren dja ban cac phudng cua thanh pho Hue vdi difn tich Id 696,64 ha. Cd 8 1 % ho dieu tra cho ring kien tnic xdy dyng ldng mo cua gia dinh la theo y kien mong mudn cua moi gia dinh. Chi cd 16% hg dan dieu tra cho rang, xay dyng ldng md cd dien tich theo dung quy djnh ctia chinh quyen dja phuong. Quan ly Nha nudc ve dat dai mac dii da dugc chii y d tat ca cac cap nhung van chua toan dien. Vifc ban hdnh cac tai lieu phap ly lien quan den ddt nghTa trang, nghTa dia van cdn chua day dii va thieu sy quan ly chdt che cua chinh quyen dia phuong. Quy hoach sir dyng dat nghTa trang, nghTa dia vdn chua cd ke hoach cy the cho timg khu vyc, tiJrng nam hoac tirng thai ky. Tren dia ban thanh pho co 449 khu nghia trang, nghia dia nhimg chi cd 3 khu nghTa trang phii hgp vdi quy hoach. 49% y kien ngucri dan duoc dieu tra khdng ddng tinh vdi vifc thay doi hinh thirc an tang bang hoa tang.
Tit khoa: nghTa trang, quy hogch sir dung ddt, quan ly, thanh pho Hue, hda tang.
1. D a t v ^ n d e
Ddt nghia trang, nghia dia (ddt N T D ) dang trd thdnh van dfi ldn, can quan tdm ciia d o thi Viet N a m . Khi nfin kinh te phdt trifin, nhu cdu cua ngudi dan tdng cao thi van dfi lfi nghia cdng d u g c xem trgng. Chinh vi the, mdt bd phdn nhd ngudi dan cd thu nhdp cao ddi hdi dat su dung cho chdn cdt ngudi thdn ciia minh ciing phdi ximg tdm, d i n den xay d y n g t u phat nhiing ngdi mg xa hoa, gia t n hdng ty ddng d nhifiu dia phucmg hay trong cac cdng vifin nghJa trang
• Tic gia lien hf. DT: 84-944948585.
E-mail: nguj [email protected]
mdi hogt dgng. Trong khi do, nhihig ngudi cd thu nhap thap, nhiing ngudi ngheo lai chdn than nhan ciia minh tai nhdng nghTa dia khdng hgp quy hogch vi chi phi phii hgrp vdi tiii tien [1].
Tir dd, cdng tdc qudn Iy nhd nudc vfi quy hoach sir dung dat N T D gdp nhieu kho khan. Theo nghien ciru cua tac gia Trdn Thifin Phong, cd nudc cd 101.064 ha ddt N T D chifim 0 , 3 % dien tich dat toan qudc, tdng 4.013 ha so vdi ky kiem kfi nam 2005. Rieng thanh phd Hd Chi Minh cd 951 ha ddt N T D , thanh phd Ha Ngi cd 2.893 ha ddt N T D [2]. Theo sd lieu thdng kfi cac loai ddt tgi tinh Thira Thien Hufi ndm 2 0 1 1 , trong sd 503.320,53 ha dien tich d i t t u nhifin tren loan
42 ."'' H -\"gi>. -\' T Quoc, Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Cdc Khoa hgc Trdi ddt vd Mot tnrdng. Tgp 30. Sd I (2014) 41-49
tinh thi da cd tren 9.448,51 ha dien tich dat NTD. Trong khi dd, ddt d chi vdi difin lich la 18.235, 27 ha [3]. Nhu vay, cd thfi ndi Thira Thien Hue Id mdt trong cac tinh cd ty 1? dien lich ddt NTD thudc loai cao nhat nudc, bdng 1,87% difin tich ly nhifin va tuang duong 1/2 dien tich dat d ciia tinh. Tuy nhifin, dien tich ddt NTD chinh thirc cd quy hogch va to chuc quan ly theo quy dinh van chi dimg d con sd het sue khifim ton ve sd lugng lan quy md. Todn tinh chi cd 4 nghta trang vdi dien lich khoang 100 ha, bao gdm nghia trang phia Nam thdnh phd Hue, nghia trang phia Bac thanh phd Hue, nghTa trang Tam Thai, va nghTa trang Trudng Ddng d thi trdn Lang Cd. Tir dd, xay ra tinh trgng sir dung ddt ldng phi, xdy dyng lang mo tiiy lifin, bfi the. Nhieu khu vuc dan cu cdn mai tdng tren ddng rudng, trong cdc khu riing phdng hg, xen kfi trong cac khu vuc nha d, khu ddn cu gay anh hudng nang nfi dfin cdrUi quan, mdi irudng [4]. Khdng ndm ngodi tinh trang chung ciia tinh. thdnh phd Hufi ciing dang chiu nhifiu site fip trong qua trinh dd thi hda. Vific cdc nghTa dia phdt trien ngay mdt ldn, ngudi dan ty chdn cat, xay dyng ldng mg da gay nen tinh trgng d nhiem moi trudng. Viec mua bdn, ldn chifim ddt cdng de chdn cat cung dang dien ra cdng khai trfin loan dia bdn thdnh phd. Nhifiu gia dinh xay Idng mg d nhung nai rat cao, cd quy md ldn nhu d ddi Vgng Cdnh, hay trfin cac dinh mii bd Nam song Huong. Cd ngucri chifim dat dap hang trdm ngdi "md gid" rdi ban cho nhung gia dinh cd nhu cau chdn cat ngudi chfit dfi kifim lifin, md khdng xin phfip. Difiu ndy cho thay. khdng gian Hue. mdi irudng Hue dang xdu di vi md chi nham nhd, thieu quy hogch, ldm xdu cdnh quan ciia thdnh phd du lich. Cac khu nghia trang chinh thiic dugc quy hogch la nghia trang nhdn ddn lgi dang roi vdo tinh Ugng qud tai, cdn lgi ddi cac khu nghia dia lang xd, nghia dja gia dinh va mgt sd khu cdn mg cd
khdng phii hgp vdi yeu cdu phat trifin kinh tfi - x3 hdi can phdi giai tda di ddi vfi nghTa trang [4]. NhQng vdn de trfin dd va dang an chira nhifiu dieu nguy hgi, trd Ihanh lyc can ddi vdi cdng cugc do thi hda, hien dai hda ciia chinh quyen va nhan ddn thdnh pho Hue. Ddy cung la vdn dfi ma cdc nhd khoa hgc vd cac nhd quan ly dang rat quan tam nghien cuu, gdp phdn dua thanh phd Hue phat trien nhanh ve kinh te, 6n dinh vfi xa hdi va dam bdo ben vQng vfi mdi trudng. Bai bdo ndy dugc thyc hien nhdm muc dich ddnh gia thyc trgng sir dyng ddt NTD tren dia ban thanh phd Hufi. Qua do, dfi xudt cdc bien phdp quan ly vd su dung dat NTD mgt each hgp ly tren dia ban thdnh pho Hue, ddm bao dep ve canh quan do thi vd phdt trifin ben viing ve mdi trudng.
2. Phinmg pbap nghien cuu
Dfi thyc hifin nghien cihi nay, ldc gid da tien hdnh thu thap cac tai lieu, sd lieu vl tinh hinh qudn ly va sir dyng ddt NTD, tinh hinh bifin dOng dat NTD tai Chi cyc Quan 1^ ddt dai, Trang tam phdt trifin quj ddt tinh Thua Thien Hufi. Ddng thdi, tac gid tien hanh phdng vdn nyc tifip bdng bang hdi 100 hO gia dinh sinh sdng canh cdc khu nghia trang, nghia dia, cd ngudi thdn dugc chon cat d day, vd can bg phdng Tdi nguyfin & Mdi trudng thanh phd Hufi, can bO Trung tam Phdt trifin Quy ddt thdnh phd Hufi, dai dien ban quan ly nghia trang thanh phd Hufi, can bg dia chinh trfin 6 phudng gdm Thiiy Xudn, Thiiy Bilu, An Cuu, An Tay, Huong Long, vd An Hda de thu thgp thdng tin ve tinh hinh quan ly, sii dyng ddt, gidi Ida, di ddi md chi. Kit qua difiu tra dugc tdng hgp, phan logi theo cdc nhdm ddi tugng dugc difiu tra. Sd lieu dugc nhap vdo phdn mfim Excel dfi phan tich va tir kfit qud nay se dua ra cac danh gid vd nhgn
N.H. Ngir. A T Oudc Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Cdc Khoa hoc Trdi ddt vd Mdi trudng. Tgp 30. Sd I (2014) 41-49 43
l C g l | djnh. Ben cgnh dd, lac gid cung da tien hanh di Phong Tdi nguyen &. Mdi trudng thanh thyc dja de nam rd vd chinh xac thyc trang su Hue ndm 2011 va kfit qud long hgp ciia tac dung dat NTD frfin dja bdn nghien ciru. cho thdy, trfin dia bdn thanh pho Hufi gdm cd 27
phudng vdi tdng difin tich ddt ty nhien la 3. Kit qua nghien cuu vil thao lu^n '^"^^^'''^ "^^^ "^^"2 '*°' ^^^ ""^^ ' ^ S , nghia dia vcri dien ticli la 696,64 Jia plian bo a 20 3.1. Thvctron^ su dtmg dit OTB tren dia ban pliuang tren dia ban tiianh ph6, ciiilm 23,10%
thanh pho Hm j ; j „ ,|^|j j | , ^^j ^^^ ^^^^^ ^ j ^ . ^ j ^ , .,2«/^
Theo th6ng ice hifn trjng sii dung dit cua ' " ^ " " ' * ' ' * * "'''™ PI- Bang 1. Hien trang dat nghia trang, ngliTa dia tien dia ban thanh phd Hul TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Don vi h ^ h chinh Toan thanh pho Phircmg Thuan Thanh Phudng Tay Loc Phucmg Thuan L6c Phudng Thuan Hoa Phirong Huong So Phucmg An Hoa Phucmg Huong Ixmg Phucmg Kim Long Phucmg Phu NhuSn Phudng Phudng Due Phudng Thiiy Xuan Phudng Thuy Bilu Phudng Phii Hau Phudng Phii Hi§p Phudng Phu Cat Phudng Phu Binh Phudng Phii Hda Phudng P h i Thuan Phudng An Tay Phudng Trudng An Phudng Vl Da Phudng VTnh Ninh Phudng Phil Hoi Phudng Phude Vinh Phudng An Cuu Phucmg An Ddng Phudng Xuan Phu
Hien tiang su dung Dien tich (ha)
696,64
0,01 29,27 47,85 84,17 11,46 7,88 120,76 64,40 2,36 1,45 0,03 0,41 0,01 229,90
15,67 5.91
5,52 66,72 0,54 2,31
dat NTD nam 2011 Ty 1| so vdi thinh
phd (%) 100,0
0,00 4,20 6,87 12,08 1,65 1,13 17,33 9,24 0,34 0,21 0,00 0,06 0,00 33,0
-
2,25 0,85 0,79
-
9,58 0,08 0,33
So khu vuc nghia trang, nghTa dia hien CO tlieo dieu
tta thuc dia 499
27 51 41 18 10 143 74
4 4 1 2
53 20 10
5 13 1 12 (Ngudn: Phong Tai nguyen & Mdi truong tbanh pbo Hue, 2011 va ket qua dieu tra thitc dja)
44 -^ H Sgd. S.T Qudc /Tgp chi Khoa ligc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hgc Trdi ddi vd Moi tnrdng. Tgp 30. Sd I (2014) 41-49
So lieu d bdng 1 cho thdy, cac phudng cd ty lfi difin tich ddt TND ldn so vdi dien tich ddt tu nhien gdm An Tay la 229,90 ha (chilm 33% so vdi dien tich ddt TND ciia thanh phd Hul) vdi 53 khu vyc nghTa uang, nghTa dja v^
44.209.854 ngdi ldng, md; Thiiy Xudn la 120,76 ha (chilm 17,33%) vdi 143 khu vyc nghTa trang, nghTa dja va 87.745 ngdi ldng, md; An Cuu la 66,72 ha (chilm 9,58%) vdi 13 khu vyc nghia Irang, nghia dja vd 103.425 ngdi lang, md; cdc phudng An Hda, Thiiy Bifiu, Trudng An chifim ty lfi nhd hon 10%. Cdc phudng khdng cd ddt NTD gdm Thudn Thdnh, Tay Ldc, Thuan Hda, Phii Thuan, VTnh Ninh, Phii Nhugn.
Theo thdng kfi ciia Chi cue Quan ly dat dai tinh Thira Thien Hul, tren todn thdnh pho Hufi cd 449 khu nghia trang, nghia dia. Sd lieu tdng hgp dugc d cac khu nghTa Uang. nghTa dja trfin dja bdn thdnh pho Hue cd khoang 545.836 ngdi mO, Uong dd cd khoang 132.885 ngdi mg xay bo, 376.965 mg ddt trfin 3 ndm, 35.986 mo ldng (con sd thyc te cd thfi cdn cao han do nhifiu mg bi mil ndm, khdng quan sal dugc). Trfin dia bdn thdnh pho Hufi, cd 3 khu nghia trang phii hgp vdi quy hoach. Ngoai ra, cd 64 khu nghTa dja dang thyc hifin dy an hogc giao cho chu ddu tu.
Cd 228 khu nghia dja chua cd dy an nhung ndm trong khu vuc dd cd quy hoach chi tifit dugc phe duyfit. Cd 204 khu nghia dja chua giao chii dau tu, chua cd dy an vd ndm trong khu vyc chua cd quy hoach chi tifit [4]. Kfit qud phdng van dgi difin ban quan ly nghia trang thanh phd Hufi vd cdn bO dja chinh d 6 phucmg cho thay, hien nay tren dja ban thanh pho Hue phan ra 4 loai hinh sii dung dat NDT:
- Logi I: NghTa dia phii hgp vdi quy hogch chung. Hien nay, trfin dja ban thanh phd Hufi cd 3 khu nghTa uang phii hgp vdi quy hogch gdm I nghia trang li^t s^ thdnh phd, 1 nghTa Uang nhan dan tgi dja ban phudng An Tay do Cdng ty Uach nhiem hihi han Mdi trutmg vd cdng
trinh do thi qudn ly vd I nghia trang nhan ddn tgi dja ban phudng ThuJ Bieu vdi tdng di?n tich la 1.058.996 m^
- Loai 2: Cac khu vyc nghia dja da va dang thyc hien dy dn hodc da giao cho chu diu tu cd 64 khu vdi difin tfch 98,38 ha do cdc dan vj dugc giao nhiem vu thyc hien giai toa va di ddi theo tifin do dy an.
- Loai 3: Cdc khu nghia dia chua giao chii ddu tu, chua cd dy an nhimg ndm Uong khu vyc da cd quy hoach chi tiet dugc phe duyet cd 228 khu vdi dien tich 159,52 ha. Trong dd, ddt NTD ndm trong khu vyc dS cd quy hoach chi tiet cd chuc nang dat d dien tich 53,74 ha, dat NTD ndm uong khu vyc quy hogch chi lilt cd chitc nang khdc nhu dit cdng trinh cdng cgng, ddt cdng vifin cay xanh, ddt giao thdng cd dien tich 105,78 ha dugc de xudt thyc hifin theo mye dich su dyng ddt dd dugc phe duyet quy hoach.
- Logi 4; Cdc khu nghia dja chua giao cho chii dau tu, chua cd dy an va ndm Uong khu vyc chua cd quy hogch chi tiet cd 204 khu vai dien lich 219,77 ha. Doi vdi cac khu nghia dja ndy, cdn tdng cudng cdng tac quan ly, khoanh viing, gifl nguyfin quy md, cdm chdn cix chd thyc hifin theo quy hoach chi tifit se phe duyet.
3.2. Thirc trgng sir dung ddt NTD cda cdc hg dieu tra
De ddnh gia thyc trang sir dyng dat NTD tren dja bdn thdnh phd Hul, tdc gia dd tiln hdnh phdng van 100 hd dan thu^c 6 phudng vfi cac vdn dfi nhu tinh hinh xdy dyng kiln tnic ldng mg, dinh miirc difin tich ldng mg, dia difim chdn cdt, thyc trgng xen lan ddt NTD vdi cdc logi hinh sOr dung ddt khac, gid ddt.
a. Tmh hinh xdy dung kiin true lang, mg Kien tnic xay dyng lang mg frfin dia ban thanh phfl Hue chii ylu dya vao phong tuc lau ddi, tiiy difiu kien kinh tfi ciia moi hg gia dmh
.\.H. Nffi. S. T Qudc Tgp chi Klioa hgc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hgc Trdi ddi vd Mdi trudng. Tap 30. Sd 1 (2014) 41-49 45
khdc nhau ma kien tnic Idng md dugc xdy dyng khdc nhau nhu mg xay bo trdn, mg xay theo hinh con thuyen, mg xay theo kieu lang tdm cua vua chiia ngay xua. Do dd, khdng cd quy dinh cu the ndo ve kien tnic xay dyng. Tuy vdy, kfit qua dieu tra cilng cho thay cd mgt sd hg gia dinh an lang ngudi than tai nghia trang Bac, Nam thdnh phd Hue dd tham khdo mdt sd mdu do Cdng ty trdch nhiem hihi ban mdi trucmg va cdng trinh dd thi Hue dua ra.
Hinh 1. Xdy dyng kien tnic lang, mfi.
Ket qua d hinh 1 cho thdy, cd 19% hO dan cho rdng kifin trdc xdy dyng ldng mg la theo tap qudn Idu ddi cua dia phucmg. Cac kieu mg xay bo, xay Idng cung nhu binh phong dd cd sdn tir trudc den nay, dugc cdc chii thdu xdy thifit kl sdn. Cd 81% hO dan cho rang kiln tnic xay dyng Idng mg cua gia dinh la theo y kifin mong muon ciia ca nhdn. Hdu hit Id phy thudc vdo difiu kien kinh tl gia dmh dl chgn dja difim chdn cdt ciing nhu xdy dyng ldng mg, thanh qudch hodc la mg dat khflng xdy. Sy thifiu ddng bg vfi kiln Uiic nhu vay dd lao nen sy phiic tgp trong qudn 1;^ va Idm mdt my quan chung d cac khu nghia irang, nghTa dia.
b. Dinh mirc diin tich ldng. mo Djnh muc sir dung ddt NTD da dugc quy djnh tgi quylt djnh sd 1104/2006/QD-UBND ngay 25 thang 4 ndm 2006 cua UBND tinh Thira Thien Hul cho phfip ddt sir dyng cho hung tdng, mai tang 1 ldn khdng qud 9 m^, ddt sii dung cho cai tdng la 3 m". Tuy nhifin, trfin
thyc tfi ngudi dan van chira quan tam d e n ^ ^ ^ f dinh nay md tiiy theo quy dat hien cd tren dja ban, theo kha nang kinh te ciia gia dinh ^ | ngudi ddn xay dyng lang md gja dinh minh ldn hodc nhd. S6 li?u d hinh 2 cho thdy, chi cd 16%
hd ddn dieu Ua cho rang, xdy dyng ldng mg cd difin tich theo diing quy djnh. Ddy Id nhiing hg gia dinh cd nhan than chdn cat tai nghia Uang Bac hodc Nam ciia thdnh phd. Do dd, nhiitig gia dinh ndy chdn cdt theo quy dinh vfi quy hoach nghTa trang da de ra. Tuy nhien, cd 84% hg ddn cdn lai Id chdn cat tgi cdc dja diem ty phat, nghTa dia ddng hg hay nglila dia chung ma khdng cd quy hoach cu the nen dien lich ldng md, xdy cdt mgt each ty do. Kit qud phdng vdn cdn bO dja chinh cac phudng cho thdy, chinh quyln dia phuong van chua cd cac bifin phap can thifip hifiu qua de qudn ly viec chdn cat khflng theo quyet dinh dd ban hdnh d trfin.
Hinh 2. Djnh miic di?ii tich xay dung ISng mg.
c. Dia diim chdn cdt
Kfit qud nghien cim cho thay, trudc day do chinh quyln dja phuang chua tiln hanh cam mdc quy djnh cdm chdn cdt d mgt sd phudng nen ngudi dan thay cho nao trflng thi van tifip tuc chdn cat. Sd lieu dieu tra d hinh 3 cho thay, chi cd 39% hd dan chdn cdt tgi nghia uang, nghTa dja chung cda dja phucmg, 14% hd dan chdn cdt tai nghia dja ciia ddng hg, cd 12% hg dan chdn cat tai dat cua gia dinh, 35% hg ddn cdn Igi chdn cat lgi cdc dia diem ty chgn.
.\M Sgir. AT. Qudc Tap clii Khoa hoc DHQGHN. Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddi vd Mdi inrdng. Tgp 30. Sd 1 (2014) 41-49
nghifip. Dieu nay cho thay, dfi thyc hi?n tflt vi^c quy hoach di ddi ldng md, ddi hdi sy kifin Ui, nd lyc vdn dgng rat ldn tir phia chinh quyfin ddi vdi ngucri ddn bdi vi ben canh cac yen to lien quan din kinh tl thi yeu td tam linh ddng vai tro vd ciing quan ugng ddi vdi ngudi dan nudc la ndi chung va ngudi dan mien Trung ndi rifing.
e. Gid ddt
Ngodi cac hd gia dinh cd md ma dugc chdn cdt lai nghTa trang phia Bdc va Nam thdnh phd Hue vdi gid 990 ngdn ddng/9m^ tai thdi gian difiu tra (12/2012) thi gia cd cho viec mua m$l khoanh ddt dfi an tdng khdng cd sy thdng nhdt Tiiy theo timg dja dilm, theo thoa thuan hay khdng md gia ca ddt cho xdy dyng lang mg khdc nhau.
Hinh 3. Y kien cua ngudi dan ve dia diem chon cat.
K I I qua nghifin cuu dd tim ra nguyen nhdn dan den ly do vi sao cdc hg gia dinh khi cd ngudi thdn qua ddi an tang tgi nghTa Uang, nghia dja ciia dia phucmg chifim ty le thdp dd Id do cdc nghia trang phfa Bdc vd Nam thanh phfl Hufi d vi tri khd xa, Uong khi dd dilu ki?n gia dinh khdng cho phep, khdng dii kinh phi. Han nOa, cdc thu tyc lgi rudm ra. vi thi, raudn thugn tien cho viec di lai huong khdi, thdm vieng nfin nguiri ddn chgn cdc vj tri chfln cdt gdn nha, thara chf ngay ca trong dat d. Difiu ndy dd tao nfin hifin Ugng su dyng dat NTD phiic tgp, doi hdi cdc cdp chinh quyen can phai cd gidi phdp phii hgp dfi qudn ly cd hieu qua va ddm bdo vfi sinh mdi tnrdng quy ddt NTD trfin dja ban.
d. Thuc trang ddt NTD xen ldn cdc logi hinh sir ditng ddt khdc
Ket qud difiu tra cho thdy, day la van dfi dd xdy ra cd hdng trdm nam nay d thdnh phd Hufi.
Cdc khu mfl d mgt sd ncri hinh thdnh trudc khi ngudi ddn den sinh song. Khflng nhihig tren cdc viing ddt sdn xudt nflng nghiep ma ngay canh ben nhd d cQng dd tdn tgi nhiing ngdi rag cd tir ldu ddi. Kfit qua nghifin ciiu cho thdy, bfin cgnh 54% y kifin ngudi dan cho rang, lan can gia dinh hp khflng cd xen lan ddt NTD hodc cdc khu nghia dja ndm lap trung theo timg cym, khdng xem lan cac logi ddt khdc thi van cdn cd 23% y kien cho rdng canh gia dinh hg sinh sdng, ddt NTD cd xen ldn ddt d. Cd 19% y kien cho biet ddt NTD cd xen ldn ddt ndng nghifip.
Cd 4% y kifin nhan xet. cd xen lan dat lam
Hinh 4. Ca cau gid dat NTD.
Kit qua d hinh 4 cho thdy, c6 18% y kiln ciia cac h$ difiu tra cho rdng difin tfch hg chfln cat dugc mua theo gia quy djnh do Cflng ty trdch nhiem hiiu hgn mdi trudng vd dd thj Hufi dua ra. Cd 38% y kifin hg gia dinh cho rdng, gia dat dugc thda thudn giiia ngudi mua va ban dat, hogc giiia ngudi mua vdi cac "dau ngu" dat nghia dia. Cd 44% y kien cdn lai la chdn cat tgi mgt so nghia trang, nghTa dja, ddt ty phdt md khdng phai chi phi cho viec mua ddt
3.3. De xudt cdc gidi phdp su dt^ng vd qudn ly ddt nghia trang. nghia dia
Trong giai doan hien nay, nhu cau chdn ell khdng ngimg tdng d hdu hit cdc tinh. De ddp img nhu cau dd, mgt sfl thanh pho dS thyc hifin
SH .\gir. \.T-Qudc,Tap chi Klioa hpc DH(3GHS: Cdc Khoa hgc Trdi ddt vd Mdi trudng. Tgp 30. Sd 1 (2014) 41-49 47
vific xay dyng cac nha hda tang nhu thanh phd Hd Chl Minh (Binh Hung Hda), thanh phd Ha Ngi (van Diln, Mai Djch). Trong khi dd, Thira Thien Hufi la mgt trong cac tinh cd dan sd kha ddng, nhu cau sir dung ddt ngdy cdng Idn ma quy dat lgi cd han. Do do, viec xdy dyng nhd hda tang hifin nay Id rdt cdn thilt Tinh Thira Thifin Hue ciing dd cd dy an xdy dyng nhd hda ldng vdi ten "Cdng vien dja dang" do Cdng ly trdch nhi?m hiiu han Optivesl ThCra Thifin Hufi dua ra tir ndm 2008 dfin nay nhung vdn chua dugc trien khai. Dfi nghifin ciiu linh khd thi ciia vi?c xdy dyng nhd hda ldng trong tuong lai, lac gia dd tifin hanh dieu tra thdm do y kien cua cac can bfl dja chinh vd ngudi dan trfin dia bdn 6 phudng. Kel qua cho thay, cd 5/6 cdn bd ciia cdc phudng dugc dieu tra nhat tri vdi viec thay doi tgp tyc chdn cdt ngudi qua ddi bang hinh thuc hda thieu. Can bg phudng cdn lai cho rang, khflng can thay dfli tap tuc do bay gid, vi quy dat su dung cho viec chdn cdt van cdn, phong tyc, lgp qudn da an sdu trong tu tudng ciia ngudi dan nen rat khd de thay ddi.
M$c dii mudn cd sy thay dfli trong viec an lang song hdu het cdc y kiln dfiu cho rdng, dk thay ddi tgp tyc an ldng ldu ddi ciia ngudi dan trong Ihdi gian nay la rdt khd khan. Do dd, trudc radt can cd cdc gidi phap cu thfi nhu di ddi md rad den nai tap trung dl tao quy ddt sach phuc vy cho nhu cdu dan sinh vd phat trien ciia thdnh phd. Kit qud nghien cuu qua vific phdng vdn ngudi dan cho thay, trfin dia ban thanh phd Hufi chua cd he thdng hda thifiu nfin khi ngudi dan qua ddi, todn bg dfiu su dung hinh thuc an tang Id dja tdng. Khi hoi vl viec thay ddi tap tyc chdn cat bdng hoa tang khi co ngudi qua ddi thi 33% y kiln ddng y vdi hinh ihiic raai tang mdi nay bdi vi hinh thuc nay viia tilt kiera kinh tl gia dinh, vira ddm bdo quy dat sgch. Mdt sd hd ddn td ra lo nggi ve viec thifiu quy ddt dl chdn cdt
trong tuong Iai, nfin rat iing hg. Cd 18% y kifin cho rang, nfiu sau ndy tinh, thdnh pho cd xay dyng nhd hda tang dfi phuc vu viec an tang thi cd thi hg se thay ddi tap tuc chdn cdt bang hda tdng, song dieu nay con phy thudc vdo nhiing ngudi trong gia dinh. Cd 49% y kifin khdng ddng tinh vdi viec thay ddi hinh thuc an tang mdi ndy, hg cho rang nhu the la di trdi iai vdi luong tdm ciia minh, Id rdt cd tdi, hg raufln nhirng ngudi than ciia minh khi qua dcri sfi dugc chdn cdt thi the nguyfin ven.
Cd thfi ndi, do lich sur de lgi ldu ddi, phong tuc tap qudn anh hudng ldn dfin Ifli suy nghT vfi vific an tdng trong ngudi dan nen rdt khd thay ddi tap tyc chdn cat ciia hg. Song, Uong giai dogn hifin nay, cimg vdi sy phat triln ciia thdng tin dai chiing va vdn hda - xd hfli thi mdt lugng ldn ngudi ddn vdn iing hg hinh thiic an ldng mdi. Nfiu dua ra cdc giai phap ho trg cung nhu tuyen truyen, khuyfin khich hgp Iy thi dan dan cd thfi phan nao thay ddi dugc ldi suy nghT cua ngudi dan trong vific an tdng ngudi qua ddi.
De vi?c sir dyng ddt NTD hgp ly vd dam bao sy quan ly hieu qua ciia Nhd nudc ve ddt dai, tdc gia kien nghi mgt so van dfi sau ddi vdi chinh quyfin dja phucmg:
- Cdn cd cdc quy djnh cy thfi, nghiem ng^t vl vific xii ly cdc trudng hgp chdn cdt trdi nai quy dinh. Thudng xuyen thyc hien cdng tdc thanh Ua, kifim tra viec thuc hifin cdng tdc qudn ly, sir dyng, quy hoach nghia trang tren dia ban cac phudng; dong thdi kifim tra tifin Uinh, chat lugng ciia cac dy an quy hogch vfi nghTa trang, nghTa dja.
- Mdi ggi cdc thanh phan kinh lfi khdc nhau tham gia di ddi vd dau tu xdy dyng cac nghia Uang. Cdn bfl sung cdc quy hoach chi tilt ke hoach cu the ve viec di ddi, giai tda md ma trfin dja ban thdnh phfl dl viec di ddi dam bao hieu qua.
48 -\ H- Sgfi. S. T. Quoc Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHOGHS. Cdc Khoa hgc Trdi ddt vd Mdi trudng. Tgp 30. So I (2014) 41-49
- Ddi vdi nghia Uang nhdn dan chua dugc quy hoach xdy dyng ddng bO, Uy ban nhdn dan phudng phdi xac dinh lai ranh gidi, phan khu chuc ndng, khu md, hang md trong cdc nghTa trang do dja phucmg qudn ly. Trifin khai thdng bdo cdng khai nhihig khu vyc dd dugc quy hoach cho nhdn dan dugc bill. Tdng cuong cdng tdc tuyen tniyfin vfi vdn de sir dyng va quan ly ddt NTD hgp ly cho ngudi dan, ddng thdi khuyin khich ngudi dan thay ddi tap tuc an lang bdng hinh thuc mdi la hda tang.
4. Ket lu^n
Thyc trgng sii dung dat NTD trfin dja ban thdnh phd Hufi la do ljch sir dfi lgi Idu ddi nfin hien nay dat NTD khflng tap trung theo timg nghTa trang, nghia dia chung md phdn bfl rai rac khdp d 20 phudng. Todn thanh phd cd 449 khu nghia Uang, nghia dja vdi 4 logi hinh sii dung ddt NDT, tflng difin tich Id 696,64 ha. Co 3 khu nghia Uang phii hgp vdi quy hoach, 64 khu nghia dja dang thyc hifin dy an hofic giao cho chii ddu tu, 228 khu nghia dia chua cd dy an nhung ndm trong khu vyc dd cd quy hogch chi tiet dugc phfi duyfit, 204 khu nghia dia ndm trong khu vyc chua cd quy hoach chi tilt.
Van de hgn muc ddt su dyng cho nghia trang, nghTa dja vdn chua dugc quan ly chdt chfi. Ngudi dan van chdn cat mgt cdch tiiy lien, khdng theo quy djnh ve difin tich cho timg phdn rag. Do khdng quan ly chat chfi nen mgt sd ddi tugng "ddu ngu" van tiln hdnh tao mg gid, gay khd khdn trong viec xac dinh hifin trgng quj dit NTD.
Viec thyc hifin cdng lac qudn ly nha nirdc vfi ddt NTD tuy d3 dugc chinh quyln linh vd
thanh phd budc dau quan tam, song van chua loan difin. Cdng tac ban hanh cdc vdn bdn phap luat dl quan ly ddt NTD cdn hgn chl, thifiu sy quan ly chdt che cua chlnh quyln. Cdng tac lgp quy hogch, ke hoach su: dung dat NTD chua cd cac kl hogch cu the cho timg vi tri, theo thdi 1^
hay theo cdc nam. Hdu het cac nghia trang, nghia dia kliong cd quy hoach chi tifit thdng nhdt. Do do, van de qudn ly ddt NTD khdng dam bao hifiu qud.
Vdn de xay dung nha hda tang den nay la rat can thifit. Song ket qud dieu Ua, tham dd y kien ngudi dan vfi vific xdy dyng nha hda ldng tren dia ban thanh pho Hufi cho thdy, ngudi dan cdn e de khi lya chgn phuang thitc dua lien ngudi than dfin tugng ddi hda thieu.
Tiki lifiu tham khao
[1] Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thira Thien Hul. Bao cdo so IIO/BC-UBND ciia Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thita Thien Hul vl linh hinh quan ly, sii dyng dat lam nghia trang, nghta dia tren dja bdn linh Thira Thien Hue. 2011.
[2) Tran Thifn Phong. Thyc trgng va ^ a i phdp qu>' hoach quan ly sii dgng dit nghia trang nghta dja d thanh phfi Hfi Chi Minh. Tgp chi ly lugn. khoa h^c va nghiep vy cua Bp Tdi Nguyen vd Mfii Tnr£mg, s6 22. tr.64-66,2012.
[3] Hpi dfing nhan dan tinh Thira Thien Hue. Nghj quylt 01/2012/NQ-HDND ngay 10 thang 4 nSm 2012 ve vifc thfing qua quy hoach sii dyng d^t den nam 2020 va kc ho^ch sit dung dSt 5 n5m (2011 -2015) tinh Thita Thien Hue. 2012.
[4] Chi cue Quan ly Ddt dai tinh ThCra Thien Hul.
Dy in nghien curu tien kha thi vl di ddi giai toa cdc khu nghia dja khflng phii hgp quy hoach 2011.
[5] Phfing Tai nguyen va Moi tnrcmg thanh pho Hul. B&> cao ket qua thong ke ddt dai nSm 2011 thanh phfi Hue. 2011.
S.H..\gir S.T.Qudc Tap chi Khoa hgc DHOGHS: Cdc Khoa hoc Trdi ddt vd Moitntdng. Tdp 30. So I (2014) 41-49 49
Assessing Current Land Use for Cemetery in Hue city
Nguyen HOu NgO'. Nguyen Thanh Quoc^
Faculty of Land Resources and Agricultural Environment, Hue College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University
^Registration office for land use right. Cam Le district. Da Nang city Abstract: This paper presented results on current land use for cemetery in Hul City. Results showed that land for cemetery has not been concenUated and it was distributed all 20 wards of Hue City with 696,64 ha in total. 81% of surveyed households answered that grave was built by each family's opinion. Only 16% of surveyed households answered that they obeyed the local government rule. State management on land although has been paid attention to by government levels, but it was not comprehensive. Issuing legal documents for cemetery land was shortage and lack of close conUol of local government Land use planning for cemetery has not detailed plans for each position, period or year. In Hue city, there were 449 cemeteries area but it was only 3 cemeteries area that suited land use planning. 49% of surveyed households were not agreeing with change of way of incinerator.
Keywords: cemetery, land use planning, management, Hufi city, incenerator.