Ma Thi Ngoc Mai et al Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 82(06): 83 - 89
DIVERSITY OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN FORESTRY STATES IN NGOC THANH VILLAGE - PHUC YEN TOWN VINH PHUC PROVINCE
Ma Thj Ngoc Mai'*, Chu Van Bang', Le Dong Tan^
'College of Education - TNU, 'Institute of Biologycal Ecology and Resources SUMMARY
The results of the study show that there are 456 species of vascular plants that bjlong to 323 genus 114 families which were recorded in Ngoc Thanh Village, Phuc Yen Town, Vinh Phur provence. Among them, Lycopodiophytahas I family 1 genus2 species; Equisetophyta- I family I genus I species; Pinopphyta- 2 family 2 genus 4 species; Polypodiophyta - 6 families 19 genera 31 species; Magnophyta -104 families 300 genera 418 species including Dicotyledonaeae has 86 families 257 genera 358 speciea and Monocotyledoneae has 18 families 43 genera 60 species. Species rich farmilies (family has more than 10 species) are Eupborbiaceae, Aspleniaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae Fabaceae, Poaeeae, Lauraeeae, Annonaceae, Moraceae. There are 16 farmilies with more than 5 genera. They are Eupborbiaceae, Poaeeae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Rutaceae, Apocynaceae, Lauraeeae, Myrtaceae, Verbenaeeae, Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Sterculiaceae and Urticaceae. The number of species in genus are not much, the richest genus is Ficus (Moraceae) with 6 species, three genera including Glochidion, Phylanthus (Euphorrbiaceae) and Cyperus (Cyperaceae) have 5 species, the other genera only have less than 4 species. There are 5 plant forms with its spectrum is 45.39% Ph + 8.55% Ch + 14.47%
Hm + 8.77% Cr + 8.55 Th + 8.55Pp. Types of vegetation in area were defined. They are lowland tropical seasonal evergreen broad leaved forest, broad leaved evergreen shrub with or not tree, medium graminoid grassland and short not graminoid grassland.
Key y/ords: family, forest, genus, plant form, species, type of vegetation.
INTRODUCTION
Ngoc Thanh is a mountainous commune of Phuc Yen town, Vinh Phuc province, which is bounded by the buffer zone of Tam Dao National Park.
Most areas in the region previously covered by evergreen and tropical rain forest, but so far they have been destroyed and severe recession; many places have become bare hill or the state of scrub and grass. Due to geography and topography, the vegetation in Ngoc Thanh plays an important role for the protection and is the only water source for Dai Lai Lake - an irrigation work as well as a scenic tourist that is planned for development in the coming years. Therefore, the protection and development of forests is necessary. With that goal, we have made researches to assess the composition and status of vegetation for the planning and determining solutions for reforestation. In this paper, some achievements
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on the diversity of the rlora in the study area are presented.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Data collection in the field is done by the method of study in lines and plots. Survey scope is determined by the method that is typical for each type of vegetation. On survey scope, list all trees (diameter > 5cm) within 4m, tree with diameter
<5 cm in the range 2m, herbaceous plants and greenswards within 1 n on either side of study area. Plots has an area of 400m^ (20x20m) and 2000m^ (40x50m), depending on the type of vegetation. Collect templates for evaluation in the laboratory. The names of species are determined by Pham Hoang Ho (1999) [3] and was revised based on the book "Tiie name of forest trees in Vietnam" (2000) and "List of plants in Vietnam"
(2003). Using the classification framework of UNESCO (1973) [8] to classify vegetation. Using factors to distinguish species of the communities of plant (Thai Van Trung, 2000) [7].
Ma Thi Ngoc Mai et al T^p chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ 82(06):83 - 89 RESEARCH RESULTS
The natural conditions in study area
Ngoc Thanh commune is located on a mountain region in the northem part of Me Linh district (now it is Phuc Yen Town of Vinh Phuc province); the total natural land area is 7731.14 ha, of which 1832.22 ha of agricultural land, 4007.31 hectares of forest land, 866.53 ha of exclusively used land, 94.52 ha of residential land and 930.56 ha of unused land. Ngoc Thanh is neighbor of Pho Yen district. Thai Nguyen province in the North and the East, Soc Son district of Hanoi city in the East, Tam Dao National Park in the West and Xuan Hoa town in the South.
Topography: The study area is mountainous land, the extension of the Tam Dao mountain range to the East; lower terrain from the North to the South; an average elevation is 100m and slope is from 15° to 20°
Soils: On the hills, there are two main t\ pes that are Feralit, developed on acid rock magma crystallized sour Riolit, Daxit, Gralit and red and yellow Feralit soil, developed on different parent rocks. There are also alluvial and slope convergence along the streams at elevations below 100 meters.
Ngoc Thanh has tropical monsoon climate with two seasons. The dry season is from November to March; rainy season lasts between April and October. The average rainfall is from 2000mm to 2100mm per year and mainly in July and August (accounting for approximately 60% of the total annual rainfall), and the average number of rainy days is 190 days/ year. The annual average temperature ranges from 27°-28T, minimum temperature is 10-12° C (Januan,), the highest temperature is 27-28° C (June). The average humidity is 80%. It is influenced directly by the northeast monsoon (from October to March) and South-East monsoon (from April to September).
In the areas, there are two main streams: Thanh Loc Stream, deriving from the area and flowing
through Thanh Loc, Dong Tam and Dong Tram village and into Dai Lai Lake. Quan Boong Stream derives from Quan Boong area, flows through Dong Tam and Dong Tram village and flows into Dai Lai Lake.
The diversity of species composition
In the final report presented at the seminar
"Planning the development of Me Linh Biodiversity Station in the period of 2010 - 2020 and orientation to 2030", Vu Xuan Phuong (2009) gave statistics on the system plant Me Linh biodiversity Station (Vinh Phuc) - a location with a 170.3ha area adjacent to Ngoc Thanh. It has 1165 species belonging 611 genera and 147 families, in which there are 71 species as vegetable, 66 species of edible fruits and seeds, 52 ornamental plants, 28 species of oil and 14 species used for knitting. This shows that the flora in the region is quite diverse and abundant.
Ngoc Thanh has an area of 4007.31 ha of forest land, as 23.52 times large as Me Linh Biodiversity Stations, but initially only 457 species, 324 genera and 115 families of vascular plants, is much lower (only 39.14% of the species, 52.86% of the genus and 77.55% of the family) than the flora of Me Linh Biodiversity Station (Vinh Phuc) as outlined in the report. To compare the list of species of two sites, we found that the statistical objects of Me Linh Biodiversity Station is larger, including crops, agricultural crops, forestry, gardens, forest gardens, etc ... With the flora in Ngoc Thanh, for the purpose of research for the forest development plan, so we limited the object that is the growing plant species in the state of vegetation, so less number of species is listed. We believe that if the object of research is expanded, the flora in Ngoc Thanh will be also more abundant and diverse than the number had been listed.
The data in Table 1 shows that since Ngoc Thanh is located in the plant geography, "the Northeast
Ma Thi Ngoc Mai et al Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 82(06):83 - 89 and North Central", the flora at the study sites
includes elements of indigenous flora of North Vietnam - South China with featured families:
Fabaceae, Burceraceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Clusiaceae, Fagaceae, Myristicaceae, Lauraeeae families, Sapindaceae, Myrtaceae, Dilleniaceae...
The components also have the elements that moved from the South like Dipterocarpaceae, Bombacaceae...
Table 1. The total number of taxons (family, genus and species) in the flora of Ngoc Thanh commune,
Phuc Yen town, Vinh Phuc province TT Tfen taxon So chi So loai
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Lycopodiophyta Selaginellaceae
Equisetophyta Equisetaceae
Polypodiophyta Adiantaceae Aspleniaceae Cyatheaceae Gleichenieaceae Polypodiaceae Shizaeaceae
Pinophyta Gnetaceae Pinaceae
Magnoliophyta Dicotyledoneae Acantbaceae Aceraceae
ActinidiaceaeCeltinidacea Alangiaceae
Altigiaceae Amaranthaceae Anacardiaceae Ancistroladaceae Annonaceae
ApiaceaeAPlACEAE Apocynaceae
AquifoliaceaeAQUlFOLL Araliaceae
Aristolochiaceae Asclepiadaceae Asteraceae Balsaminaceae Begoniaceae
1 1 3 7 2 1 3 2 1 1
4 1 2 2 1 5 5 1 9 3 7 1 4 2 2 13
1 1
2 1 8 19
2 1 5 4 2 2
6 1 3 2 1 7 6 1 10
3 7 2 6 2 2 17
1 3
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71.
72 73 74 75 76 77 78
Bignoniaceae Bombacaceae Boraginaceae
BurseraceaeBURSERACE Caesalpiniaeeae
Capparaceae Caprofoliaceae Celastraceae Chenopodiaceae Clusiaceae Connaraceae Convolliaceae Cucurbitaceae Cuscutaeeae
DaphniphyllaceaeHQ VAI Dilleniaceae
Di pterocarpaceae Ebenaceae Elaeocarpaceae Ericaceae Eupborbiaceae Fabaceae Fagaceae Hernandiaceae Hypericaceae Judlandaceae Lauraeeae Leaceae Logan iaceae Lorantbaceae
Magnoliaceae Malvaceae Melastomataeeae Meliaceae Menispermaeeae Mosaceae Moraceae Myristicaceae Myrsinaceae Myrtaceae
OleaceaeOLEACEAE Oxalidaceae
Pandaceae Passifloraceae Piperaceae Plantaginaceae Portulacaceae Proteaceae Ranunculiaceae Rhamnaceae
3 I 2 1 6 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 I 1 2 1 1 1 1 22 10 2
1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 4 4 6 2 3 3 I 3 6 2 3
3 1 2 2 8 3 2 1 2 3 1 6 3 I 1 3 1 2 2 2 42
16 5 2 2 2 11
1 1 1 1 4 6 6 2 5 10
2 7 6 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ma Thi Ngoc Mai et al 79 Rhizopboraeeae 80 Rosaceae 81 Rubiaceae 82 Rutaceae 83 Sapindaceae 84 Sapotaceac 85 Scrophulariaceae 86 Simaroubaceae 87 Solanaceae 88 Sterculiaceae 89 Styracaceae 90 \crbenaceae 91 Itaceae 92 Symplocaceae 93 Theaceae 94 Thymelaeaceae 95 Til iaceae
Monocotyledoneae 96 Araceae
97 Arecaceae 98 Commebnaceae 99 Ulmaceae
100 Urticaceae 101 Convallariaceae 102 Costaceae 103 Cyperaceae 104 Dioscoreaceae 105 Dracaenaceae 106 Hypocydaceae 107 Maranthaceae 108 Musaceae 109 Pandanaceae 110 Phormiaceae 111 Poaeeae 112 Smilacaceae 113 Stemonaceae 114 Taccaceae 115 Zingiberaceae
Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 82(06):83-89 I
2 10
8 4 I 3 2 2 5 1 6 2 I 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 5 1 2 3 I I I 1 1 1 I 14
I I I 3
I I 19
9 4 I 4 2 3 7 I 9 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 1 2 8 2 2 I 1 1 2 I 16
4 I I 4 The data in Table 2 shows that Magnophyta absolutely dominated at all levels of taxon with 105 families (accounting for 91.22% of all), 301 genera (up 92.88% of total genus), 419 species (representing 91.67% of total species), in which Dicotyledonaeae dominates with 87 families (accounting for 75.43% of all), 258 genera (up79.57% of total genus), 359 species (representing 78.51% of total species);
Monocotyledoneae has 18 families (accounting
for 15.79% of all), 43 genera (accounting for 13.31 % of total genus), 60 species (representing 13.16% of total species). Other branches only account for less than 10% of the species, specifically, Lycopodiophyta has one family (accounting for 0.88% of all), one genus (accounting for 0.31% of all) and 2 species (representing 0.44% of all). Similarly, Equisetophyta branch has one family (accounting for 0.88% of all), one genus (accounting for 0.31% of all) and one species (representing 0.22% of total species); Pinopphyta has two families (accounting for 1.75% of all). 2 genera (accounting for 0.62% of all) and 4 species (representing 0.88% of all); Polypodiophyta has 6 families (accounting for 5.27% of all). 19 genera (up 5.88% of total genus) and 31 species (representing 6.79% of total species).
There are 10 families with more than 10 species, including: Eupborbiaceae (42 species), Aspleniaceae and Rubiaceae (19 species), Asteraceae (17 species), Fabaceae and Poaeeae (16 species), Lauraeeae (11 species), Annonaceae and Moraceae (10 species).
The number of genus in one famil\ is not many;
the highest is Eupborbiaceae (22 genera), then Poaeeae (14 genera), Asteraceae (13 genera), Fabaceae and Rubiaceae (10 genera), Annonaceae (9 genera), Rutaceae (8 genera).
Apocynaceae (7 genera), Lauraeeae, Myrtaceae and Verbenaeeae (6 genera), Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Sterculiaceae and Urticaceae (5 genera).
The number of species in a genus is very few; the highest species belong to Ficus genus of Moraceae family (6 species); Glochidion, Phyllanthus genera of Euphorrbiaceae family and Cyperus genus of Cyperceae family have 5 species. Furthermore, Litsea of Lauraeeae family, Ardisia of Myrsinaceae, Psychotria of Rubiaceae, Clerodendrum of Verberaceae) and Smilax of Smilacaceae have 4 species. There are 11 genera that have 3 species, including Lygodium of
Ma Thi Ngoc Mai et al Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 82(06):83 - 89 Schizaeaceae, Schefflera of Araliaceae, Bauhinia
of Caesalpinaceae, Alchornea, Croton and Mallotus of Euphorrbiaceae, Lithocarpus of Fabaceae, Phoebe of Lauraeeae, Rubus of Rosaceae, and Hedyotis and Morind of Rubiaceae. The remaining genera only have from
1 to 2 species.
Diversity of life forms
There are five groups of life forms that buds on the ground (Ph), grounded bud trees (Ch), half- hidden buds (Hm), hidden buds (Cr), one- year- trees (Th) and epiphyte (pp). Number and percentage of the group are presented in table 3 and figure 1.
From the data collected, the group of tree buds on the ground and grounded buds is majority with 45.39%, but due to mining depletion, large timber trees (Meg) decreased only 14 species, accounting for 3.07%. While small groups of trees that are mostly shrubs and pioneer trees dominate with 134 species, accounting for 29.38%. The half- hidden buds accounts for 14.47%, ranking the third after the group of medium and small timber trees, which shows the degradation of habitat is mainly due to vegetation destruction and soil degradation due to erosion. In fact, most forest land in the area is barren hills.
Groups of epiphyte and one- year- tree are in the same proportion of 8.55%.
Diversity of vegetation
According to the classification framework of UNESCO (1973), the vegetation in areas includes types as follows:
I.A.la (1). Evergreen rain tropical forest in the low topography and seasonal lower montanebroad leaf trees. This type is mainly secondary forest recovery after extraction and
after shifting cultivation, distribution on the slopes in the area of Thanh Loc and Gioi cave.
I.A.lb (1). Pure bamboo forest. This kind of forest is represented Ampelocalamus patellris, recovering from overexploiting,with small areas (including those parcels 5-6 ha) scattered on the hillsides at elevations below 400 meters.
I.A.lb (2). Bamboo forest and mixed broadleaf trees. Representatives is Neohouzeana dui loa, mixed broadleaf trees on forest land restoration after overcutting at the distribution height of 200 - 400m.
Il.A.la (1). Tropical shrub is mainly evergreen and broadleaf trees on land with dicotyledonous scattered. This type of vegetation covers a large area in the region as a result of timber harvesting firewood, fuel forest clearance for agriculture and food processor packaging but not the forest plantation.
IV.Al a. The average lawn as tropical rice with or without drought-resistant trees. It is characterized by the combination of Saccharum spontaneum + Thysanolaenamaxima + Imperata cylimdrica.
This vegetation style is not popular in the region.
The existence today is primarily as a result of exploitation and shifting cultivation in the past and the fire now.
IV.B.la. Low grasses as rice with or without drought-tolerant trees. The representative in this kind of plant is the combination of Dicranopteris linearis formed in the soil after cultivation and failed reforestation or places where fires often happen. This type of vegetation is very popular in the area and distribution on the mountainside from 300 400m or less.
Ma Thi Ngoc Mai cl al lap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ 82(06):83 - 89 Table 2. Distribution of
Taxon's name Lycopodiophyta Iquiscltiiilivta PoUpcHlicipinla (i\ muisi"icniiac Mamiolio|tli\t;i Mamioliiipsicia Liliopsida Total
Table 3. I'hc group of life forms Life forms
Tree buds on the ground Big timber trees
- Medium timber trees - Small timber trees
Vine
Grounded bud trees Half- hidden buds Hidden buds One- N ear- trees epiphyte
Total
Id.yons in the fields offlora in Ngoc Thanh Vinh Phuc province
Fam ilv Quantity
1 1 6 2
105 87
18 115 of vegetation
Signal Ph Meg Mcs Mi Lp Ch Hm Cr Th Pp
in Ng 0.88 0.88 5.27 1.75 91.22 75.43 15.79 100 oc Thanh
Genus Quanti
1 1 19 2 301 258 43
"324 commune
No of 208 15 69 134 16 39 66 40 39 39 457
UL
commune, Phuc Yen town,
% 0.31 0.31 5.88 0.62 92.88 79.57 13.31 100 Phuc Yen species
Species Quantity 2
1 31 4 419 358 60 457 Town, Vinh Ph
% 45.39 3.07
15.13 29.38 3.51 8.55 14.47 8.77 8.55 8.55 100
% 0.44 0.22 6.79 0.88 91.67 78.51 13.16 100 ic province
8,55%
8,77%
14.47%
8,55%
8,55%
4 5 . 3 9 %
D Ph • Ch D Hm D Cr • Th • Pp Figure I. Life forms of vegetation in S\ioc Thanh commune
Phuc )'cn town, linh Phuc province
Ma Thi Ngoc Mai et al Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 82(06):83 - 89 REFERENCE
[1]. Nguyen Tien Ban and assistants, 2003-2005, List of plant species in Vietnam, vol. II and III, Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi.
[2]. Nguyen Tien Ban and assistants, 2005, List of plant species in Vietnam, vol. Ill, Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi.
[3]. Pham Hoang Ho, 1999, Vietnam, Trees vol. I, II and III. Youth Publishing House in Ho chi Minh, Ho Chi Minh City.
[4]. Ma Thi Ngoc Mai and Le Dong Tan, 2004,
"Studying the current status of vegetation at Me Linh biodiversity station - Vinh Phuc and adjacent areas".
Issues of basic research in life sciences. Science and Technology Publishing House: 818-821.
[5]. Le Dong Tan, Ma Thi Ngoc Mai, 2006: "The factors affecting the recovery processes of natural forest biodiversity at the station Me Linh - Vinh Phuc"
Journal of Agriculture andRural Development, 21 : 80- 84.
[6]. Le Dong Tan, Ma Thi Ngoc Mai, 2008: "Changes in physical and chemical properties of land in the recovery of vegetation at Me Linh biodiversity station
Vinh Phuc province" Journal of Biology, 30 (2): 35- 39.
[7], Thai Van Trung, 2000, The ecology of tropical forest in Vietnam. Publishing House of Science and technology, Hanoi.
[8].
UNESCO, 1973. Intemational classification of vegetat ion and mopping. UNESCO Paris: 14-37.
TOM TAT
TINH DA DANG THl/C VAT B^C CAO CO MACH
TRONG CAC TRANG THAI THAM THl/C VAT PHUC HOI TU" NHIEN TAI XA NGQC THANH, THI XA PHUC YEN, TINH VINH PHUC
Ma Thj Ngoc Mai'*, Chu Van BSng', Le D6ng T3n^
'Tru&ng DH Suphgm - DH Thdi Nguyen,' Vien Sinh thdi vd Tdi nguyen sinh vat Da ghi nhan he thuc vat tai xa Ngoc Thanh thj xa Phuc Yen tinh VTnh Phiic co 457 loai, thuoc 324 chi va
115 hg thuc vat bac cao c6 mach. Trong do Nganh Thong dat (Lycopodiophyta) co 1 ho 1 chi 2 loai, nganh Moc tac (Equisetophyta) co 1 ho 1 chi 1 loai; nganh Duong xi (Polypodiophyta) co 6 ho 19 chi 31 loai;
nganh Hat tran (Pinophyta) co 2 ho 2 chi 4 loai; nganh Hat kin (Magnoliophyta) co 105 ho 301 chi 419 loai, trong do lop Moc lan (Magnoliopsida) co 87 ho 258 chi 359 loai, lop Hanh (Liliopsida) co 18 ho 43 chi 60 loai.
Co 10 ho giau loai (ho co tir 10 loai tro len, 16 ho dat tij 5 chi tro len, va 4 chi co tu 5 loai tro len. Da xac djnh 6 nhom dang s6ng voi ph6 dang s6ng nhu sau: 45,39% Ph + 8,55% Ch + 14,47% Hm + 8,77% Cr + 8,55 Th + 8,55Pp.
Tham thuc vat trong khu vuc nghien cuu gom co: rung nhiet doi thuong xanh cay la rong mua miia o dia hinh thap va niji thap; rimg tre nira thuan loai; rung tre ntia h6n giao vai cay go la rong; tham cay bui nhiet doi chii yeu thudng xanh cay la rong tren dat dja doi co cay go hai la mam moc rai rac; tham co dang liia trung binh nhiet doi c6 hay khong co cay go chiu ban; tham co thap khong dang liia co hay khong co cay go chju ban.
Til' khoa: da dgng thtrc vdt bac cao, cdc kieu thdm thirc vdt, thdm thuc vdt xd Ngoc Thanh, da dgng thdnh phdn lodi.
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