NGHIEN Clhl - TRAO DOI
Phap luat lao dong-nhin lai Trong ITnh vuc lao ddng viec lam, viec the che hda cac chinh sach lao ddng theo dudng Idi eiia Dang, dupc b i t d i u tu s u thay ddi t u duy, nhan thuc; t u Iy luan den tdng ket thuc tidn lam CO sd cho s u ddi mdi he thdng phap luat lao ddng, ca che quan Iy, tao dieu kien va mdi trudng de phat trien kinh te, phat trien thj trudng lao ddng, md rdng quyen lam viec, tu do lao ddng va thu nhap theo ket qua lao d d n g c u a m i n h . Trong qua trinh xay dung va hoan thien he thdng van ban phap luat lao ddng da g i n vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te, phat trien thi trudng lao d d n g t h e o p h u o n g cham: tien hanh tung budc vung c h i c tU don hanh den tdng hop, nhU trinh Qud'c hpi thdng qua Phap lenh Hpp ddng lao ddng, Phap lenh Bao hp lao d d n g , Lao d d n g Viet N a m l a m v i e c t r o n g d o a n h n g h i e p cd vd'n d i u t u n u d e ngoai, Luat d i u t u nude ngodi, Oe an cai each Tien luong va Bao hiem xa hdi. TU dd tien den trinh phe chuan van ban phap Iy d mue dp cao hon, dd la Bd luat Lao ddng dupe Qud'c hdi khda 8 thdng qua vao ngay 23/6/1994 va cd hieu luc tU 1/1/1995.
Viec Qud'c hdi thdng qua Bd luat Lao d d n g la mdt t h a n h cdng Idn ve phap Iy trong ITnh vuc lao dpng- viec lam. Day la mdt trong nhung bd luat quan trpng dupc ban hanh trong giai doan chuye'n ddi t u hanh chinh bao cap sang co che thj trudng.
Bd luat da the hien rd nhung van de ca ban trong quan he lao dpng va da dupc the hien ngay trong Idi ndi d i u ciia Bd luat. dd la:
- Xac dinh rd vj tri, vai trd cua ngudi iao ddng ddi vdi s u p h a t t r i e n c i i a dat n u d c va quyen con ngudi;
T S . LE D U Y D O N G Nguyen Thti tru&ng
Bo Lao dong-Thuong binh vd Xd hoi
- Quy djnh quyen vd nghTa vu CLia ngudi lao ddng va ngudi s i i d u n g lao d p n g , cac tieu chuan lao ddng, cac nguyen tac sii dung va quan Iy lao ddng;
- Ke thua va phat trien phap luat lao ddng cua nude ta t u sau Cach mang thang 8 nam 1945 d e n nay, cu the h d a dudng Idi ddi mdi cua Dang va Nha nudc va cac quy dinh ve lao ddng trong Hien phap 1992;
- Bao ve quyen lam viec, Ipi ich va cac q u y e n khac c i i a ngudi lao ddng, ddng thdi bao ve quyen va Ipi ich hpp phap ciia ngudi s u dung lao ddng (Luat sua ddi bd sung mdt sd dieu ciia Bd luat Lao ddng nam 2002).
Giai doan thuc hien Bd luat Lao ddng (1995-2002) cho'thay, ngudi lao dpng dupc dat vao vj tri trung tam ciia phat huy nhan td con ngudi vdi tu each vua la ddng luc, vua la mue tieu cua each mang. Sue lao ddng dupc giai phdng, hp dupe quyen t u do va chii ddng tao viec lam cho minh va cho ngudi khac trong cac thanh phan kinh te;
hp khdng bj phan biet ddi x u ve d i a vi xa h d i , ve chinh sach che dp, khdng cdn thu d d n g , trdng chd vao s u bd tri viec lam ciia Nha nudc; s u binh d i n g t r o n g q u a n he lao ddng g i u a n g u d i lao d d n g va ngudi s i i d u n g lao ddng t h e o n g u y e n t a c t h d a thuan, vai trd quan Iy Nha n u d c ve lao d d n g tUng b u d c d u o c nang cao va t a n g c u d n g . Tuy nhien, cung da chi ra mdt sd han che, dd la:
- Mdt sd CO che chinh sach mang tinh thj trudng rd ret ddi hdi phai dupc lupng hda. Nhu tang cudng vai trd t u quyet djnh eiia eae ben trong quan he lao ddng thdng qua thda thuan, thuang lupng, ky ket hpp ddng lao ddng, thda udc lao d d n g tap the, nhung chua dupe lupng hda d i y dii, hoac khdng cdn phii hap vdi tinh hinh thuc te phat trien ciia thj trudng lao ddng.
- Mdt so quy djnh cdn duy tri s u bao trp xa hdi va quan Iy chat vdi mong mudn lam cho viec thuc hien Bd luat Lao ddng tdt hon, nhung thuc te lai lam khd khan cho ngudi lao ddng va doanh nghiep nhat la thii tuc hanh chinh.
- Mdt sd van de chua chin mudi, chua dupc kiem nghiem qua thue tien, nen edn quy djnh d dang khung, nguyen t i e va djnh hudng cung lam khd khan trong qua trinh thuc hien. TU thue te tren va xua't phat tU yeu c i u phat trien kinh te, trong thdi gian nay, Qudc hdi da thdng qua nhieu van ban phap luat lien quan d e n p h a p luat lao ddng nhu Bd Luat Dan su, Luat Doanh nghiep, Luat Hop tac xa, Luat D i u t u Nudc ngoai... va v i e c m d r d n g q u a n he doi ngoai, nhu la thanh vien chinh thUc c u a A S E A N , t h a m gia AFTA, ky ket hiep dinh thuong mai Viet - My.v.v...; ddi hdi phai
So' 351+352 (tu 16/1-15/2/2009) - LD&XH
NGHIEN ClhJ - TRAO 001
sua ddi bd sung Bd luat Lao ddng.
Vi vay, tai Ky hop thu 11, ngay 2/4/2002, Qudc hdi khoa X da thdng qua Luat sua ddi bd sung mdt sd dieu eiia Bd luat Lao ddng vdi cac dieu khoan cua 56 dieu tren tdng sd 198 dieu.
Cac dieu khoan tren dupe sua d d i b d sung t h e o d j n h hudng: chi siia ddi bd sung mdt sd dieu cua bd luat tren co sd can cu vao cac nguyen t i e co ban da the hien trong Bd luat Lao ddng, dd la:
- Chi sua ddi bd sung cac dieu khoan cu the khdng cdn phii hop, thieu hoac ehua rd rang;
- Hoan thien mdt budc ca che chinh s a c h de t a o mdi trudng phap Iy binh d i n g bao ve Ipi ich ciia ngudi lao ddng va ngudi s i i dung lao ddng, thuc day thi trudng lao ddng phat trie'n dap Ung yeu c i u hdi nhap khu vuc va the gidi.
- Viec sua ddi, bd sung p h i i Cling vdi cai each hanh chinh, tang cudng hieu luc, hieu qua ve lao ddng, viec Idm. Ke tiep Luat siia ddi bd sung mdt sd dieu cua Bd luat Lao d d n g , nhung nam sau dd Qud'c hdi da thdng qua Luat Bao hiem xa hdi, Luat Day nghe, Luat Ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam lam viec d nude ngoai, Luat sua ddi mdt sd dieu ve tranh chap lao ddng, Chinh phu ban hanh nhieu nghj dinh hudng dan cac luat va 2 chuang trinh qud'c gia: Chuong trinh mue tieu qud'c gia ve viec lam va Chuong trinh mue tieu qudc gia ve bao hd lao ddng va an toan ve sinh lao ddng giai doan 2006- 2010.
Nhu vay, cho den nay he thdng van ban phap luat lao ddng da ban hanh, ve co ban bao dam hanh lang phap Iy thdng nhat, cdng khai, minh bach phuc vu phat trien thi trudng lao d d n g , cho s u hdi nhap qud'c te va thiic day cai
each hanh chinh trong ITnh vuc lao ddng.
Han che va djnh hu'ong Tuy nhien, ben canh nhung thanh cdng da dat dupc trong viec xay dung va hoan thien he thdng chinh sach phap luat lao ddng, da den liie c i n nhin nhan rd han nhUng van de cdn ban che khi ma cac van ban trong he thdng nay ciing tdn tai cung cd hieu luc, bao gdm: Bd luat Lao ddng, cac luat con, cac nghj dinh, cac thdng tu, cac quye't d i n h d a n g n a y s i n h nhung van de vudng m i c trong qua trinh td chUe thuc hien, dd la:
van cdn mdt sd dieu khoan ciia cac dieu khac dang Iy cung c i n phai dupc Qud'c hdi thdng qua nhung phai de lai nhu: Mdt sd quy dinh bao ve quyen loi cho ngudi lao ddng qua cao gay khd khan cho ngudi su dung lao ddng dac biet la eae doanh nghiep vUa va nhd trong viec thu hiit lao ddng va tao md viec lam; van de chii the ba ben de giai quyet tranh chap bj ddng;
van de dinh cdng hpp phap va khdng hpp phap, vai trd cua td chUe cdng doan va dai dien cua tap the ngudi lao ddng trong khdi xudng dinh cdng; van de phan ca'p quan Iy Nha nudc ve lao ddng; van de tda an lao
Bo luat Lao dong dd xde dinh ro vi tri, vai tro cua ngudi lao dong.
- Vi tri, vai trd cua Bd luat Lao ddng, ke ca Luat sua ddi bd sung mdt sd dieu ciia Bd luat Lao ddng, khi cd nhieu luat con thudc Bd luat Lao ddng dupe ban hanh. Mdi lien quan he giua bd luat va luat con, tac dung eiia cac luat con trong thue te cd phat huy dupe nhu mong mudn hay chdng cheo, anh hudng den viec thi hanh.
- Cd tiep tuc sua ddi bd sung mdt sd dieu ciia Bd luat Lao ddng nua^ hay khdng, bdi sau khi sua ddi, bd sung nam 2002,
ddng giai quye't tranh chap lao ddng...
- Khi Bd luat Lao dpng va cac luat eon deu ed hieu luc va song hanh ap dung thi khi tranh chap lao ddng xay ra, neu cung mdt van de dupe quy dinh d ca Bp luat Lao dpng va luat eon, thi cai nao se chi phdi cai nao?
hoac ed van de luat eon quy djnh nhung bd luat khdng quy dinh hoac ehua lupng hda thi giai quye't the nao...
(Xem tiep trang 38)
LD & A7/ - So 351+352 (lu 16/1-15/2/2009)
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
dinh cdng, neu dinh cdng xay ra thi quy dinh nhung trinh tu thu tuc cho hanh ddng nay.
2. Nhung chinh sach cd lien quan tdi quan he lao dong
Nhung chinh sach loai nay bao gdm hai nhdm. Nhdm thU nhat la ve tieu chuan lao ddng, tuc la cac npi dung t h u d n g dupc de cap den trong quan he lao dpng va ed tac ddng true tiep den quyen Ipi cua mdi ben trong quan he lao ddng. Nhdm thU hai la ve cac yeu td mdi trudng ciia quan he lao ddng Ve cac chinh sach lien quan tdi tieu chuan lao ddng: Cac tieu chuan do luat phap quy djnh dupc coi la nhUng dieu kien nen cho su thda thuan giua hai ben trong quan he lao ddng. Day la nhung dieu kien ma ngudi thue lao ddng bat budc phai danh cho n g u d i lao d d n g , g p i la q u y e n c i i a n g u d i lao d d n g . Trong sd nhung quyen ndy thi van de dupc hai ben quan tam nhat va dupc de cap den nhieu nhat trong quan he lao ddng tren the gidi cung nhu d Viet Nam hien nay la van de tien luang. Tru mot sd qud'c gia ma su thda thuan giua hai ben da d mue qua cao, hoac nudc dd theo dudi chinh sach thj trudng
t u do tuyet ddi khdng quy djnh luang tdi thieu, edn phan idn chinh phii cac nudc deu dua ra tieu chua'n nen la luong td'i thieu. Tupng tu ddi vdi cac tieu chuan nen ve van de bao hiem xa hdi, gid lam viec va gid lam t h e m , an t o a n ve s i n h lao ddng,... Can nhac lai nhUng van de cu the dupe luat phap qu^
djnh nhu vay gpi la tieu chuan lao dpng chU khdng phai quan he lao ddng.
Ve eae ehinh sach lien quan tdi mdi trudng ciia quan he lao ddng. Nhu tren da neu, day la nhUng ehinh sach kinh te vT md nhu tang trudng, d i u tu, lam p h a t , q u y t a o v i e c l a m , di chuyen lao ddng, dieu hanh tien te va tai k h d a , xua't - n h a p khau... Tat ca nhUng yeu td nay deu cd anh hudng tdi mUc thda thuan cua hai ben trong quan he lao ddng. Vi du nhu khi kinh te tang trudng kha, kim ngach xuat khau cao, tang trudng viec lam cao thi ngudi lao ddng cd xu hudng ddi tang quyen Ipi.
Trong trudng hpp ngupe lai thi hp lai chap nhan nhung quyen Ipi thap ban. Ngoai cac chinh sach dieu hanh vT md, nhieu chinh sach kinh te - xa hdi khac cung cd anh hudng tich cue hoac tieu cue tdi quan he lao
ddng nhu chinh sach ve phat trien khu cdng nghiep, ve nha d cho cdng nhan, phat trien ca sd y te, van hda, giao due cho c d n g n h a n . . . D a y la nhu'ng chinh sach ed tac ddng den quan he lao ddng, nhung ban than nhung ndi dung nay khdng phai ndi ham ciia quan he lao ddng.
Doi dieu ket luan
T u s u phan tich tren, ta co the tha'y khi xay d u n g chinh sach ve quan he lao ddng thi hai ndi dung quan trpng nhat can phai de cap den la hai chii the trong quan he lao ddng va su tuong tac giua hai chii the nay. Vi du nhu gan mudi nam qua, ve q u a n he lao dpng, Trung qud'c chi tap trung vao hai ndi dung nay, cu the la van de cdng doan va thda udc lao ddng tap the. Luat ve quan he lao ddng ciia eae nudc cung chi xoay quanh hai ndi dung tren.
C d n neu cac chinh sach, giai phap ve phat trien quan he lao ddng bj dan trai qua nhieu sang cac npi dung tuy cd lien q u a n t d i q u a n he lao dpng nhung lai khdng phai la ndi ham eiia quan he lao ddng thi e rang hieu qua cua ehinh sach se khdng c a o . l
PHAP LUAT LAO DONG...
(Tiep theo trang 35)
Tu nhung van de neu tren, de tiep tuc hoan thien he thdng phap luat lao ddng trong nhUng nam tdi, can dinh hudng vao nhUng van de sau:
Mdt la, tdng ket danh gia mdt each khach quan, toan dien viec xay dung hoan thien va td chuc thuc hien phap luat lao ddng, xac dinh dupe nhung mat tich cue, uu diem eP ban, nhung khuyet diem, han che ciing cac nguyen nhan cua nd, tU dd nit ra bai hpc kinh nghiem.
Hai la, xay d u n g c h u a n g trinh cu the tiep tue hoan thien
he thdng phap luat lao ddng thue hien cho den nam 2020, lam tien de de xay dung he thdng phap luat mdi khi nude ta t r d t h a n h m d t n u d e c d n g nghiep.
Ba la, c a n cd nhUng giai phap kjp thdi, khan truang trude het la chinh sach de giai quyet nhUng van de bUc xiic, nhung lai la nhung va'n de cd tinh dot pha de khac phuc nhUng khd khan trong tinh hinh phat trien kinh te hien nay nhu van de tien luong va thu nhap cCia ngudi lao d p n g , n e u k h d n g d u p c g i a i quyet tdt, ddi sdng rai vao khd khan thi se rria't ddng luc trong viec thuc day san xuat, nang cao nang s u i t lao ddng, hieu
qua san xua't kinh doanh; van de thieu viec lam a ndng thon va ndng dan trong qua trinh phat trie'n kinh te va chuyen doi ca cau lao ddng; van de dinh cdng va giai quyet dinh cdng, dinh cdng lien tiep xay ra va keo dai qua cac nam se la nguy cP d i n den bat dn djnh kinh te-xa hdi.
Bd'n la, d a n h gia cac tac dpng den lao dpng viec lam khi nudc ta hda nhap vao khu vUC va the gidi, nhat la sau khi gia nhap Td chUe Thuong mai The gidi (WTQ); s u phat trien thi trudng lao ddng nude ta hi§n nay va xu the nhung nam tdi.l