A-
rt Nouveau l i mdt triet Iy v i phong each trong nghe t h u i t tao hinh, nghe thuit flng dung, kiln true va die biet la ngh#thuat trang trf. Phong each niy cd ngudn gdc tfl Chiu Au v i die biet thjnh hinh trong giai doan 1890-1915. Phong each Art Nouveau ra ddi nhfl mpt phin flng chdng lai phong cich nghe thuat Kinh vien d the k]^ XIX. Cac tic pham thudc phong cich Art Nouveau dflpc lay cim hutig tfl hinh thai va cau true trong thien nhien, khdng chi l i nhijng loai ciy ed, hoa l i ma cdn la nhuTig dfldng cong uyin chuyin, m i m mai trong tfl nhi^n. Mac dii ehi thjnh hanh trong mpt giai doan tflOng ddi ngln, nhflng phong each Art Nouveau d i phat trien h i t sflc manh me d khip Chau Au va lan rpng tren binh dien toin cau, Sfl ra ddi eua phong each Art Nouveau da thdi mpt lan gid mdi vao trong triet Iy nghe thuat, dan giil phdng con ngfldi ra khdi nhflng y niem "giio dilu"cua chii nghTa Kinh vi^n, dfla eon ngfldi v i eae tie phim nghe thuat gan gui vdi thien nhien hon.
Cung trong thdi gian nay, vdi mue tidu biln Hi Npi thinhThu ddDdng Dfldng, ngfldi Phap da day manh vl|c md rdng khdng gian dd thi Ha Ndi vdi hinh thflcquy hoach v i kiln true theo kilu Phflong Tciy. Nhilu kiln trflc sfl Phap sang day lam cdng tie thiet ke cdng trinh nhfl A, Bussy, C, Delpech, C-G.
Lichtenfelder, F-C. Lagisquet, H. Vildieu, J. Bolssard, V. Halay... Phan Idn eae kiln true sU niy deu d i l i sinh vien ciia tcole des Beaux-Arts de Paris, do viy khdng cd gi ngac nhien khi hau het cic cong trinh kiln trflc cdng cdng Idn va nhilu bidt thfl dflpc xiy dyng is Hi NPI trong khoing 20 nam dau the k;^ XX deu theo phong cich Tin cd diln.Tuy nhien do inh hfldng ciia sy phat triln nghi thuat Art Nouveau dehinh qudc, nhieu kien true sUtrong sd dd da khdng ngan ngai du^ cic y l u td cua phong cich nghe thuit dflpc coi la hien dai Iflc bay gid vao trong cong trinh ma hp thiet ke.
QUA TRiNH HlNH T H A N H V A PHAT TRiiN CAC C 6 N G TRlNH Ki^N T R O C CO Y £ U T 6 ART NOUVEAU 6 H A N O I
Cdng trinh kiln true dau tien d Hi Ndi ed die bd phan v i chi t i l t trang tri theo phong each Art Nouveau chinh la try sd bio I'Avenir du Tonkin (Tda soan Bio Hi Ndi mdi ngiy nay) xiy dflng nim 1893 ben Hd Gflom vdi mil che Idi vio chinh bing kim loai - kfnh theo kilu mil Guimard cung nhieu hoa t i l t trang trf hinh hoa la.
VANBE mm
Tiep den l i mdt cdng trinh van hda Idn K>a lac d mpt vi tri quan trpng gan Hd Guom la Nha hat thanh phd (Nha hat Ldn ngiy nay) xiy dflng nam 1911 cung (» m i i che loi vao phy kilu Art Nouveau ma tror>g ban thiet k l ban dau cua V.
Hariay nam 1899 ehi tiet nay chua xuat hien, l>d phin nay d i i duoc dfla vao d b i n ve t h i l t ke cua F-C. Lagisquet nam 1907.
I Bin ve mat chirth Nha hat thanh pho do j f~CLagiSQuei thac hien nam 1907
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Art Nouveau van dupc dung rai rac d cac cdng trinh thdi ky nay. Dien hinh la tni sd Ngan hang Phip-Hoa (Toi sd Bp Cdng thuong ngay nay) xay dung khoing dau nhflng nim 1930 tren phd Paul Bert la tuyen phd ndi ti^Hd Guam tdi quang trnPng Nha hit thanh phd. Cdng trinh mang phmg each Art Deco nay lai CO mang trang tri hinh hoa la kieu Art Nouveau rat Idn phia tren rrwt chinh, cfla vao chinh aing dflpc trang tri theo kieu Art Nouveau Ngoai ra, cac hoa t i l t trang tri Art Nouwau con thay d mpt sd cong trinh cdng cdng v i biet thfl thdi ky n ^ .
Cong trinh co nhieu bo phan va chi tilt trang tri Art Nouveau bac nhat a hla Npl dupc xay dflng trong 20 nam diu t h i ky XX la Dinh Thdng sfl Bic Ky (Nhi khich Chinh phu ngay nay) xay dung nam 1917 do A Bussy thiet k l , Trong bin ve thiet ke tian dau cdng trinh hoan toan theo piwng each lan cd dien, tuy n h i ^ sau khi hoan thinh thi ta thay d diy khi nhieu bp phar} v i ehi tilt trang tri Art Nouveau nhU mil che lot cac Idi vio F^ia trUdc, phia sau, cau tttang va nhilu hoa tilt trang tri trong r>di that
Ngoii ra, trong thdj ky nay eon co ntpt sd biet thu co cac bd phan va chi tilt trang tri Art ^touveau dupt xay dung d khu vuc gan hid Guam, nhmg c6 khoing each xa han so vot cac cdng tfWi cdng cdng neu trSn,
Trong nhflrig nim 1930-1940, phong cich Art Oeco v i phong cich Oorig Duong ehilm uu the trong cic rang trinh kiln true xiy dung d hia Npi. tuy nhi§n cic bp phan v i chi tilt trang tri
Nhu vay, chung ta co the thay eae t>d fjhin va chi tiet trang tri Art Nouveau dflpc sfldung p kiii nhieu cong trinh xiy dung d Ha Npi tror>g khoing 30 nam cudi the ky XIX dau the ky XX. Cac cong trinh CO sfl dyng cac bp phan v i chi tilt trang tri Art Nouveau kha da dang ve mat chflc ning v i quy mdv tfl nhflng cong trinh hanh diinh, van hda, thflong mai cd quy mo kin va tnjng trinh tdi cac biet thfl 2,3 tang. Ngiie thuat Art Nouveau dflde sfl dung chu yeu d nhflng cong trinh mang phong each kien tnJc lan ed dtea tuy nhien cung cd mpt sd nhd cac cong trinh mang phong each Art Deco, ngoai cung CO cdng trinh hoan toan theo phong each kiln true Art Nouveau.
CAC HlNH THtrc AKT NOUVEAU CH/OC Sir DUNG TRONG Kl&i TRUC HA NOIOAUTH^KYXX
• Mai kinh-ldm loai
Oiy la yeu td Art Nouveau dupc sfl dung dau tien va cung nhilu nhat trong cac cdng trinh kiln trflc nhflng nam dau the ky XX d Ha Ndi, Ban dau chung cd hinh dang tuong ddi ddn gian gan nhfl ehi la mpt bin cung nhflPTba soan bao TAvenir du Tonkin, cung vpi the* gian bp phan nay ngay cang ttd nen phong phu ve htnh dang cung nhfl cac hoa van trang tti. Loai mil nay cung dflpc sfl dung 6 kha nhilu cong trinh vcS quy mo va chflt nang khac nhau, tfl nhflng cdng ftinh hanh chinh, van hoa IPn tdi cac biet i h f l
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• Loctib
Cic cfla hinh bin nguyet trang tn bdi eae hpa t i l t hinh hoa licdttiethay d mdt sd cdng trinh cong cdng va biet thu x i y dflng trong khoing 30 n i m d i u the ky XX d khu vflcxung quanh Hd Guom vdi nhieu hinh thUc phong phu.
• Cau thang
Nhdm nghien cflu sau khi khio sa:
rat nhieu cdng trinh kien tnjc Phap thupc d Ha Ndi mdi chi phat h i ^ dupc duy nhat mpt cdng trinh cd cau thang theo phong each Art Nouveau l i Dinh Thdng sflBicKy Cau thang gom bave bang go, lan can lam bing thep nofi udn lupn kha cau ky.
r, Dtnh ThdngsiJBacKy
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Day la hinh thflc trang tri CO the thajt duoc d nhieu cdng trinh kien tnjccong cdng. d c i ngoai that lan npi that Cic
4 0 HQCVifNCANBOQUANLYXAVDUNGVADdTH!
^ ^
Cac hinh ddp noi trong Dinh Thong sii Bic Ky hinh dap ndi ngoai thit thudng nim d mat chinh cdng trinh, mang tinh chit trang tri nhurig vj tri trang trpng nhat n§n khi noi bit, ngoii ra chiing cdn dflpc sfl dpng trong vlfc trang tri xung quanh Id cfla. Cic hinh d i p ndi trong ndi thIt thudng l i cic hinh hoa l i trang trf ming tudng, trang tri cic bd phan ben trong cdng trinh nhfl m i tfldng, gia den.
• Chi t i l t trang tri bing thdp udn Thep udn dflpc sfl dung rIt nhieu 64 trang trf cic b l m i t kinh, trang tri cac bp ph|ln b§n ngoai cdng trinh. Cic chi t i l t trang tri bSng th^p udn rat da dang v l mat hinh thflc v i xuat hi^n d nhilu t h i loai cdng trinh, mflc dd cich dieu cOa cic hoa vin cung rIt khic nhau.
HliN Tl/ONG C 6 N G SINH TRONG K I I N TROC ART NOUVEAU 6 H A NOI Trong tien trinh tham nhap vao cic cdng trinh kiln true d Ha Npi diu t h i kj' XX, cic bd phin va chi tiet trang tri Art Nouveau cung dan dan Viet Nam hoa d mflc dd nhit djnh, Ben canh cic hinh hoa l i kilu Chau Au, ta cung cd the thay nhiirig chi tiet lay cim hflng tfl nhflng hoa tilt, hoa vin thfldng thay d cic cdng trinh kiln trflc truyen thdng Viet Nam. Dilu niy cho thay sau mpt thcri gian sdng va lam viec d Vi^t Nam, cac kien tmc sfl Phap da tlm hieu kha ky kiln true truyin thdng ban dja va trong q u i trinh thilt ke cac bp phin va chi t i l t trang tri theo phong each Art Nouveau, hp d i dua vao khi nhilu ylu td kiln triie bin dia va chinh sfl kit hpp tinh t l gifla hai nen van hPa A - Au nhfl viy da tao ra dflpc nhflng tie phIm hoan hio, co gii trj nhin vin siu sac
NhiJtig hinh inh dfldi diy cho thay sy tflOng hdp gifla mdt sd chi tiet Art Nouveau d Hi Npi vdi cic hoa tiet truyen thdng Viet Nam,
• Hinh trang tri m|t san Mat sin trang tri theo phong cich Art Nouveau dflpc thay d nhilu cdng trinh kiln trflc phong cich Beaux Arts. Cic mat sin kilu nay dflpc t h i hien bing nghe thuit ghip gdm miu, mang hinh hoa la, cic con vat, t h i m chi la cic hoa van theo kieu t r t ^ l n thdng Viet Nam, do viy rit f phnng phu ve mJthinU lllUc,
Mar san ghep gom mau f
7&a so^n bio I'Avenir du Tonkin Trangtn'mSti • --•. <iimWngtShinh rdng ddi Nguyen
M37 TOM X ^ V DyNG & OO T>fl 4 1
VANDE
T H 6 N G K £ - P H A N L O W
B3ng 1 iTliong te va ph3n loai cac cong trinh kien tnic CO yeu to Art Nouveau ft Ha Nor
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cong trinh
Tda soan Bao H i Npl Mdi Nha hat Ldn Ha Noi
Nha khach Chinh phu
Tru sd Bo Cdng thuong Nha n e n g d a i sU Hoa Ky Try sdcong ty Alphanam
Chflc nang gdc
T6a soan b i o I'Avenir du Ton kin Nha h a t t h a n h phd (Theatre municipal) Dinh Thdng sfl Bic Ky (Hotel de la Residence Superieuredu Tonkin) Ngan hang Phap-Hoa (Banque Franco-Chinoise) Biet t h u
Biet t h u
Nam x i y difng
1893
1911
1917
Khdng ro
Khong ro
Khong rd Kien trflc sfl
t h i e t k l
Khdng ro
V.Halay F.Lagisquet
A.Bussy
Khdng rd
Khong ro
K h d n g r o Phong each chd
d a o
Beaux Arts
Beaux Arts
Beaux Arts
Art Deco
Art Nouveau Beaux Arts
C i c y l u t d Art Nouveau
- M i l kinh-kim loai ^ - S i t udn trang tri ban cdng M S - Sin ghep gdm m i u ' ? J - M a i ki'nh-kim loai
- M a i kfnh-kim loai - C a u t h a n g
- Sat udn trang tri cfla, gia den - Cac hinh dap ndi trong noi that -San g h e p g o m mau - Hinh dap noi tren mat chinh - Sat udn t r a n g trf cfla
- Hinh khdi, mat dflng - H i n h dang va trang trf cfla - M a i kinh-kjm loai - M a i kfnh-kim loai
Kit luan
- Nhflng bd phan, hoa tiet dfloc sang tie va thiet ke theo phong cich Art Nouveau ludn ndi bat vdi sfl uyen chuyen, tmh tenhUng cung ngap tran sflc song Viec sfl dung cac yeu to Art Nouveau d nhieu cdng trinh kien true d Hi Npi dau the ky XX da gdp phan tao ra nhflng gii tri tham my mang tinh Iich sfl ciia nhflng cdng trinh nay.
- Cac yeu to Art Nouveau dcac cdng trinh kien trued Ha Mpi dau the ky XX khong chi mang cac dac trUng ciia nghe thuat Art Nouveau d Phap va Chau Au ma cdn co sU ket hpp vdi cac yeu to kien true ban dia,va chi'nh sU cdng sinh gifla hai nen van hdanhUvaydataoradactrUng rieng bietciia Art Nouveau Ha Npi.
-Viec nghien cflu va nam vflng ngon ngflco ban cua nghe thuat Art Nouveau se tao dieu kien cho cac kien true sutranh dfloc viec dua vao nhflng ehi tiet lam hong ngdn ngfl bieu cam die trUng cua phong each nghe thuat nay trong qui trinh duy tu, bao dudng cic cdng trinh kien true ed cac yeu td Art Nouveau d Hi Npi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tieng Viet
l.Oao Ngoc Nghiem (2010)," Bio ton - phat huy gia tn ve quy hoach - kien tmc khuphdPhapciiaHiNpi". Tham luan tai hoi nghl ve bao ton di sin khu phd Phap ciia Ha Ndi.
2. Dang Thai Hoang (1995):" Kien true Hi Ndi the ky XIX - XX". NXB Hi Noi.
3.Tran Huy Lieu (1960):" Lich sflThii do Ha Npi". NXB Ha Ndi. I 4.Tran Qudc Bao, Nguyen Vin Dinh (2011):" Kien true va quy hoach Ha Npi thoi I
Pi'^apthugc". Nha xuat ban Xay dung.
Tieng Phap
5. A. Le Brusq, L Selva (2011):" Vietnam a traver 1'architecture eoloniar'. Le-
; Editions del'Amateur, Paris.
\ 6. C, Pedelahore (2007):" L'angle de la ville Hanoi 1873 - 2006". These di I doctoral Paris.
^ 7, P. Papin (2001):"Histoire d'Hanoi': Fayard Pans.