CHfNH TRI - AN NINH CHAU AU
r l i i i r i f^
K ; •.'•• i
l i O j f . ' O r !
;rrl LCijfi i c
MOT SO VnN D€ CHINH TRj NOI BRT CUR
^U€N AAINH CHHU RU (€U) GIRI DORN 2000 - 2010
. , M I . r P G S . T S . D i n h C o n g T u a n Vien Nghien cieu ChauAu 1. v i n dl md rong EU trong thap nien 2000
: . f ! i ; i r j ;; •:; j ^ M i l ; K M ; ; ; ; . , , • , . • • i : i i j ! f i O i l l f : j . : i . l V , j i i i i. i ; , ,n': .•>•. . ..• ;
Trong thap nien dau tien ciia the ky XXI (2000-2010). EU da dat dugc nhirng thanh tuu rat Idn trong viee xay dung mdt lien minh kinh te tien te, xay dung Hien phap chung. Dac biet, nam 2010 la nam danh dau giai doan 10 nam thuc hien Hiep ude Lisbon nham hinh thanh mdt khudn khd phdi hgp chinh sach ve chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi trong giai doan trung ban 10 nam de dua EU trd thanh mdt khu virc kinh te tri thirc cd kha nang canh tranh tren the gidi, cd viec lam day dii va su lien ket xa hdi rdng rai ban. So vdi thdi diem bat dau thuc hien Hiep udc Lisbon, EU ngay nay da cd nhieu thay ddi theo hudng Idn manh ban, md rdng ban. Tuy nhien. 10 nam dau ciia the ky XXI cung chirng kien nhirng khd khan, thach thirc ciia EU ca trong ITnh vuc chinh tri, kinh te va xa hdi, dien hinh la van tdn tai nhii'ng bat ddng quan diem giiia eae nudc Idn trong nhiing van de chung ciia xa hdi, nan nhap cu, mat an ninh phi truyen thdng. that nghiep. khimg hoang ng cdng... Nhii'ng vin dl nay se cd nhung anh hudng khdng nhd tdi sir phat triln cua EU trong thap nien thii hai ciia till ky XXI.
Hiep udc Nice dugc cac nha lanh dao EU ky ket vao ngay 26 thang 2 nam 2001 va cd hieu lire vao ngay 1/2/2003 da danh dau thdi diem Lien minh Chau Au tiep tuc ma rdng cac nude thanh vien. Hiep udc Nice da sira ddi Hiep udc Maastricht va Hiep udc Rome, tien hanh cai each co' cau the che ciia Lien minh Chau Au theo hudng md rpng cac nudc thanh vien sang phia Ddng vdn da dugc Hiep udc Amsterdam (1997) de cap trudc dd, nhung gap sai lam khi an dinh thdi gian md rdng cac nudc thanh vien.
So vdi quy md md rdng EU dien ra trong cac thap ky trudc do. sir md rdng cac nude thanh vien sau Hiep udc Nice da dien ra vdi quy md rdng ho'n nhieu. Cd the diem qua mdt sd thdi ky md rdng EU kc tir khi thanh lap den nay de thay rd quy md ma rdng cac nudc thanh vien trong thap ky 2000 dien ra manh me nhu sau:
- Nam 1952: Hinh thanh Cdng ddng Than va Thep Chau Au (ECSC) vdi 6 nudc
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
thanh vien la Bi, Dire. Phap, Italia, Luxemburg va Ha Lan.
+ Nam 1957: Hiep udc Rome thanh lap Cdng ddng Kinh te Chau Au (EEC), md rdng thi trudng ehung den tat ca cac nganh kinh te, hinh thanh Cdng ddng Nang lugng nguyen tu Chau Au (EURATOM).
+ Nam 1967 sap nhap 3 cdng ECSC, EEC, EURATOM dl thanh lap Cdng ddng Chau Au (EC).
+ Nam 1973 ket nap them Anh, Ailen va Dan Mach. nang cac nudc thanh vien EC len 9 nudc. Trong lan sdng md rdng dgt dau nay, EC phai mat 11 nam mdi ket nap them duge 3 nude thanh vien mdi. Trong dgt dau md rdng nay, cac nudc thanh vien EC da phai thuang thuyet rat nhieu ddi vdi cac nude Idn nhu Dire va Phap. bdi hai nudc nay deu mong mudn EC se xoay quanh true Phap - Dire va khdng mudn Anh duge ket nap vao EC. Sau khi Anh va hai nudc Ailen, Dan Macli dugc kit nap, EC cd 9 nudc thanh vien cd cimg mdt the che kinh te va trinh dp phat trien.
Lin md rdng thir hai xay ra vao nam 1981, kbi EC kit nap them Hy Lap. Nam 1986 da dien ra lin md rdng thir ba khi EC kit nap them Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha.
Nam 1993 EU hudng tdi thanh lap mdt thi trudng chung don nhit eho hau het eae hang hoa, dich vu. vdn va di chuyen con ngudi trong EU. Vao ngay 1 thang 1 nam 1993, Hiep udc Maastricht chinh thirc cd hieu lire.
thiet lap Lien minh Chau Au (bao gdm ca EU) vdi 3 tru edt chii ylu la: 1) Md rdng va cimg cd EC; 2) Thuc hien chinh sach an ninh va ddi ngoai chung; 3) Cac viec ddi ndi va tu phap. Hiep udc Masstricht cimg tao dieu kien dl thanh lap Lien minh Kinh te va Tien te (EMU) va hinh thanh mdt ddng tien chung chau Au. Cd thi ndi Hiep udc Maastricht da danh diu mdt budc tien quan trpng ciia EU theo hudng tir mdt cdng ddng kinh te trd thanh mdt khdi hgp tac kinh te va chinh tri rdng Idn ban. Lan md rdng thir 4 dien ra vao thang 1 nam 1995, EU ket nap them Ao.
Phan Lan va Thuy Dien, hinh thanh nen EU 15 nudc thanh vien. Cd the ndi vao nam 1995, EU CO ban da hoan thanh bdn lan md rdng cac nudc thanh vien nham hudng tdi mdt EU phat trien nang ddng, tang cudng vai trd lap phap ciia Nghi vien Chau Au, tang cudng ehinh sach ddi ngoai ciia EU, phat trien EU theo chien luge dam bao day dii viec lam va duy tri an ninh ndi Khdi theo diing nhu ndi dung ciia Hiep ude Amsterdam de ra vao nam 1997. '.\ - ••• n'^ii
So vdi ba lan md rdng trudc, d lan md rdng thir tu, cac tieu chuan de trd thanh thanh vien eiia EU da bat dau dugc ndi ldng.
Ba nudc ket nap lan thir hai, thu ba deu la nhirng nudc Nam Au, cd nhiing the ehe kinh te, dan chii va nhan quyen tuong ddi khae biet so vdi cac nudc Tay Au. Han nira, ba nudc Nam Au nay cd trinh dp phat trien kinh te thap ban ban so vdi cac nudc thanh vien cii. Viec ket nap lan thir tu them Ao, Phin
Jfiot if) ouit ite ehinh tei nf)i hdt...
Lan, Thuy Dien vao nam 1995 cho thay cac nudc trung lap da nhan thirc rd han ve nhirng Igi ich khi hdi nhap khu virc, ddng thdi day la nhiing qudc gia giau cd vimg Bac Au, cd khoang each dia ly gan giii vdi cac nudc thanh vien cii cua EU.
Chien Iranh Lanh ket thiic nam 1989 va sir Slip dd ciia khdi Lien Xd - Ddng Au da budc cac nudc Trung va Ddng Au phai chuyen ddi md binh kinb te sang kinh te thi trudng va thiet lap cae nha nudc dan chii kieu phuo'ng Tay. Han the nira, eae nudc nay deu mong mudn dugc tham gia cac ca che kinh te, an ninh ciia Tay Au nhu EU, NATO.
Xet trong ndi bd EU, ngay sau khi Hiep udc Maastricht dugc ky ket, EU bat dau cd nhii'ng budc tien mdi trong tien trinh lien ket toan dien. ddng thdi mudn ket nap them eae nudc thanh vien mdi de tang cudng sire manh ciia Khdi. Do vay, vao thang 12 nam 2000, cac nha lanh dao EU bat dau xem xet va soan thao Hiep udc Nice vdi mong mudn trong tuong lai se md rdng cac nudc thanh vien EU len 27 nude. Day la thdi diem danh dau sir md rdng EU lan thir nam vdi quy md rdng Idn ban nhieu so vdi cac hiep udc trudc dd. Hiep udc Nice ehinh thuc cd hieu lire vao nam 2003. Vao thang 5 nam 2004, EU ket nap them 10 nudc thanh vien d Ddng Au, nang tdng sd nudc EU len 25 nudc. Cac nudc thanh vien mdi la Cyprus, CH Sec, Estonia, Hungari, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Ba Lan, Slovakia, Slovenia. Nam 2007 danh dau su md rdng EU lan thu sau khi EU kit
nap them Romania va Bungari, nang tdng so nudc thanh vien EU len 27 nudc.
cac lan sdng md rdng EU lan thir nam va thir sau dien ra trong tliap nien 2000 vd'i quy md va tdc dp Idn han nhieu so vdi cac lan md rdng trudc dd. Chi Irong vdng 4 nam ke tir khi Hiep ude Nice di vao hieu lire, EU da ket nap them 12 nudc thanh vien mdi, cd trinh dp kinh te va the ehe chinh tri khac biet rat nhieu so vdi cac nudc thanh vien eir. Xet ve y nghTa kinh te va chinh tri, lan sdng md rdng EU lan thu nam va thir sau da nang cao vai trd ciia EU tren trudng the gidi, bien EU trd thanh mdt khdi lien ket cd tiem luc kinh te hiing manh vdi dan sd khoang 501,2 trieu ngudi (nam 2010)', dien tich EU rdng them 34% va dan sd ddng hon 28%', GDP udc tinh khoang 16,7 nghin ty Euro (nam 2009 theo udc tinh ciia IMF) va khien thi trudng EU md rdng nhat the gidi vdi dien tich va dan sd Idn nhat trong sd cac td chirc khu virc tren the gidi, ed kha nang canh tranh manh me vdi cac khdi va nudc Idn nhu My, NAFTA, Ddng A, ddng thdi ciing cd vi thi ciia EU trong WTO, IMF. OECD. Xet vl mat chinh tri, viec md rdng sang phia Ddng mang y nghTa ehinh tri to Idn ddi vdi EU bdi nd tao nen mdt sire manh chinh tri va sir doan ket Idn manh cho EU, thuc diy qua trinh nhat the boa EU de nang cao vi thi dia ehinh tri eua khu vue nay tren thi gidi. Day
Wlkipedia.
Maystadt(2001).
NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).20 i 1
dugc danh dau la thdi diem lieh sii' de hpp nhat chau Au trong hda binh sau nhieu the he phan chia va xung dot. dua cac nude Trung va Ddng Au gia nhap mdt mai nha chung chau Au, tao nen sir dich chuyen dia chinh tri mdi lam thay ddi tuong quan luc lugng tai chau luc.
* Thuc trgng EU sau khi mff rpng:
+ igi ich cua viec ma rpng EU trong thgp nien 2000
Viee md rdng EU sang phia Ddng la mdt nd lire rat Idn ciia EU trong thap nien 2000 va day duge coi la mdt thanh cdng trong tien trinh lien ket khu vuc tren the gidi, la mdt mau hinh lien ket cho cae khdi khu vue khac. De cd dugc thanh cdng tren, trong 10 nam qua EU da phai cd gang rat nhieu trong viec tim kiem sir ddng thuan ciia cac nudc thanh vien cii, trong viee tiep nhan cac nudc thanh vien mdi, va trong nd lire thu hep khoang each chenh lech giira cac nude thanh vien eii va cac nudc thanh vien mdi. Theo nhu lap luan ciia cae nudc thanh vien cii, viee md rdng sang phia Ddng se dam bao cho EU phat trien theo hudng dan chii va thi trudng tu do, ngan chan tai dien cac cude xung dot lien quan den bien gidi lanh thd, sac tdc d Trung va Ddng Au do lich sir de lai. Nhirng xung dp nay neu xay ra se khien Tay Au bat dn va se gay ra lan sdng ty nan chay sang cac nudc Tay Au. Do vay, vi nhirng Igi ich chien luge, Igi ich chinh tri, cac nudc EU cii da quyet tam ldi keo cac
nudc Trung va Ddng Au gia nhap EU. Sir bat ddng y kiln vl viec md rdng thanh vien sang phia Ddng da xay ra d cac nudc EU. Trong khi Dire, Phap va Anh cd nhung quan diem ho trg, iing hd cac nudc thanh vien mdi gia nhap EU, thi mdt so nudc khac nhu Ao.
Thuy Diin, Ha Lan, Dan Mach td ra e ngai trudc lan sdng md rdng EU ra phia Ddng bdi hp lo sg lan sdng nhap cu ciia cac nudc Ddng Au vao nude minh ddng thdi e ngai vi tri ciia minh trong EU se bi sut giam. Tuy nhien, nhirng bat ddng tren cimg dugc thao gd dan dan va cac nha lanh dao EU da ciing nhau thdng nhat ky ket Hiep udc Nice vao nam 2001. ,,.,.,, , , ,-,. ,.,„ ,„,
+ Ngdn sdch EU cho viee md rpng EU sang phia Ddng tdng cao: •'• J'-'i--''^
De thu hep khoang each phat trien, EU da phai ehi mdt khoan ngan sach tuong ddi Idn. Chang ban, trong khudn khd Chinh sach Ndng nghiep chung (CAP), ed tdi 21,6% dan sd d cac nudc thanh vien mdi ciia EU sdng bang ndng nghiep, so vdi 4,3% d cac nudc thanh vien cii, va cac nudc EU budc phai eung cap cac quy phat trien ndng nghiep trpn gdi, trg cap true tiep cho cae nude thanh vien mdi vdi tri gia 10 ty Euro trong giai doan 2004-2006 dl thu hep khoang each phat trien ndng nghiep va thu nhap dau ngudi giira cac nude thanh vien mdi va eu. Chuang trinh trg cip trpn gdi nay dupe cam ket trong vdng 10 nam kl tir nam 2004. Ngoai CAP, nhung chuong trinh hd tr^ khac ciia EU cho 0
Jllf)t iS oxtit ite ehinh tei nt)i hdt..
nudc Ddng Au kl tii' diu thap nien 1990 cho den viec hd trg cho viec chuin bi gia nhap EU, tinh den nam 2006 EU cip cho 10 nudc Ddng Au tdng cdng 29,3 ty Euro. Neu tinh ca chi phi tir ngan sach Cdng ddng danh cho cac nudc nay vdi tu each la nha nudc thanh vien til' ngay 1/5/2004 din ngay 31/12/2006, thi tdng sd tien vien trg ciia EU cho 10 nudc Ddng Au la 69,5 ty Euro, ehilm 0,85% GDP hang nam ciia EU 1S'^. Theo udc tinh ciia cac chuyen gia nghien ciru, do cd viec md rdng EU, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cua EU se giam khoang 10-15% vi cae nude cii can phai hd trg tai ehinh cho cac nudc mdi cd trinh dp kinh te kem phat trien ban. Md rdng EU trong thdi gian qua khdng he gia tang ngan sach cho EU, trai lai nd tieu tdn ngan sach ciia EU cho cac van de trg cap cac nude thanh vien mdi de trg giiip cac viing, nganh khd khan.
+ Md rpng EU ddi hdi nhieng no luc cdi cdch tic EU eii vd ede nudc thdnh vien mdi:
Trong sd 10 nudc thanh vien mdi, cd tdi 8 nude trudc day la nhirng nen kinh te hoat ddng theo ca ehe ke hoaeh hda tap trung, dang trong thdi ky chuyen ddi sang nen kinh te theo md hinh phuang Tay. Dieu nay keo theo thuc trang la miic dp phat trien khdng ddng deu ve trinh dp kinh te, tinh da dang ve
' 25 cdu hoi cho EU 25 thanh vien, Viet bao.vn, 29/5/2004.
" Hedi BCHIR (2003), The Impact of EU Enlargement on Member States: a CGE Approach, CEPII, No 2003, 10 August.
ehimg tde, ngdn ngii', van hda, md hinh the ehe. Vi vay, EU budc phai dat dugc su ddng thuan eao trong viec dua ra cac quyet sach ehung va ddi hdi phai cd sir cai each the che manh tay, dac biet la trong Nghi vien Chau Au, Uy ban Chau Au vdn trudc day chi danh eho EU15. Md rdng chau Au trong thap nien 2000 ddi hdi phai cd sir ddi mdi ve quan niem nen dan chii, ve the che. ve he thdng luat phap EU de phii hop vdi tinh hinh nidi.
Cdn ddi vdi cac nudc thanh vien mdi, viec gia nhap EU la dieu kien va co hdi de cai each the cbe kinb te, the che chinh tri theo dung yeu cau gia nhap EU. Chang ban d Ba Lan, viec gia nhap EU ddi hdi nudc nay phai cai each ndng nghiep va hdi nhap kinh te mdt each nhanh chdng de rut ngan khoang each phat trien vdi EU 15. Cdng hda Sec budc phai cai each tinh hinh tham nhiing, su phan biet ddi xir vdi ngudi Digan, han che ngheo ddi va that nghiep. Slovenia budc phai day nhanh tien trinh tu nhan hda khu virc tai ehinh va dd bd cac luat ban che dau tu trirc tiep nudc ngoai theo dimg yeu cau ciia Uy ban Chau Au. Uy ban Chau Au ciing yeu cau Slovakia, Hungary xda bd su phan biet ddi xir vdi ngudi Digan; Latvia budc phai cai each he thdng tu phap; Estonia budc phai chdng lai nan rira tien va cdng khai trong qua trinh bd nhiem cac quan chirc; Bungari va Romania budc phai eai each kinh te theo hudng thi trudng, cam ket chdng tham nhiing, eai each nhan quyen theo dimg yeu eau eua Uy ban Chau Au. Nhiing yeu ciu
NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
nay khien cac nudc thanh vien mdi manh tay cai each kinh te, the che chinh tri, he thdng luat phap dc hda nhap vdi EU 15.
Tinh den giira nam 2010, EU da di dugc lion 6 nam md rdng sang phia Ddng vdi 27 nudc thanh vien. Hien tai. cac nudc EU 27 chua cd nhirng tham vpng tiep tuc md rdng Khdi va dang quan tam den viee ciing cd ban sac va cac dinh che ciia minh. Tren thuc te, su md rdng EU sang phia Ddng da khien cac nudc thanh vien mdi dugc hudng sir tang trudng kinh te kha tdt va sd viec lam ciing da tang len, khoang each phat trien ngay cang dugc thu hep. Nhung trai lai, cac nudc thanh vien cii ciia EU dang phai ganh chiu nhii'ng chi phi hd trg Idn cho viee thu hep khoang each vdi cac nudc thanh vien mdi, ddng thdi chiu tae ddng rat Idn tir cude khiing hoang tai chinh kinh te toan cau nam 2008-2009, do vay nhiing toan tinh md rdng them cac nudc thanh vien mdi se bi tri hoan trong tuong lai gan. Tuy nhien, theo sd lieu thdng ke va nhirng cude tham dd du luan, viec md rdng EU dugc danh gia la "mpt thdnh edng lan nhdt cita EU trong thdp nien 2000", lam cho td chire nay manh len rat nhieu. Uy vien EC phu trach van de md rdng EU thira nhan:
'Nhin chung. md rpng EU ddng vai trd Id md neo cua sic dn dinh, ddn chit vd Id dpng lire eua phdt trien kinh te "^.
EU qua 1 nam day song gio nhung nhieu dau dn, http://\vvv\v.trivietics.com/vietnanT'k:inh-te/
2. Van de xay dung Hiep \xac Hien phap va Hiep \x6c Lisbon
a. Xdy dimg Hiep woe Hien phap
Hilp phap EU bat dau dugc cac nha lanh dao EU khai xudng ke tir nam 2002 sau khi cac nudc thanh vien da thao luan de cho ra ddi mdt ban Hien phap EU nham tao ra mdt vii khi chinh tri sac ben eho EU trong thi ky XXI. Du thao ban Hien phap nay dugc ra mat vao thang 7 nam 2003 va tai Hdi nghi thugng dinh EU nam 2003 td chuc d Brussels (Bi). Ban Hien phap nay da dugc cac nha lanh dao, nguyen thii ciia 25 qudc gia EU thdng qua. Tuy nhien, vao thang 5 va thang 6 nam 2005, cir tri Phap va Ha Lan lan lugt bac bd ban du thao Hien phap. Trong sd nhirng nudc phan ddi du thao Hien phap cd ca Dan Mach, Thuy Dien, Phan Lan, CH Sec, Ailen, Anh va Ba Lan, nang tdng sd nudc khdng ddng y vdi du thao Hien phap len 10 nudc. Nhu vay, ban du thao Hien phap nam 2004 ehi dugc 15 nudc thanh vien EU phe chuan la Ao, Bi, Cyprus, Estonia, Diic, Hy Lap, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Slovakia, Slovenia va Tay Ban Nha. Sir that bai eiia du thao Hiin phap sau nhirng cude trung cau dan y d hiu het cac nudc EU trong nam 2005 da khiln ban Hien phap EU di vao ngd cut va tao dilu kien eho viee ky ket Hiep udc Lisbon vao nam 2007 va Hiep udc Lisbon di vao hieu Tire thang 12 nam 2009 sau khi cd su nhit tri ciia toan the 27 nudc thanh vien.
./tLcf ii) od'n ite e/tinh ti>i niu Imt...
9
Tuy nhien, Hiep udc Lisbon ehi la sir danh dau qua trinh nhit thi hda EU trong thap nien dau tien ciia thi ky XXI, va Hiep udc nay khdng the thay thi Hiin phap EU.
Hien phap EU dugc ky tai Rome (Italia) nam 2004 day 341 trang, duge chia lam 4 phan chinh: Phdn 1 neu len nhiing khai niem va muc tieu cua Lien minh Chau Au, vach ra nhiing tham quyen va khudn khd the che ciia Lien minh; Phdn 2 de ra Hien chuang ve cac quyen co ban da dugc dua vao luat phap EU, cu the la gia tri chau Au, quyen tu do, binh dang, doan ket, quyen cdng dan, cdng bang ve mat phap ly; Phdn 3 de cap den cac chinh sach va chirc nang ciia EU, de cap chi tiet nhiing bien phap va each thirc de EU thuc hien cac quyet dinh ciia minh, cu the la trong cac ITnh vue chdng phan biet ehiing tde, chinh sach ddi ndi, ehinh sach thi trudng trong nudc, ehinh sach kinh te va tien te, eae chinh sach trong cac ITnh vuc khac nhu viec lam, ehinh sach xa hdi, chdng loai trir xa hdi, ndng nghiep va ngu nghiep, bao ve mdi trudng, bao ve ngudi tieu diing, van tai, he thdng viec lam lien qudc gia, nghien ciiu va phat trien cdng nghe; cac ITnh vue tu do, an ninh va cdng bang, cae ITnh vue can cd su phdi hgp hanh ddng hoac hd trg hanh ddng, chinh sach thuang mai chung, chinh sach hpp tac va vien trg nhan dao, cae mdi quan he qude tl ciia EU; cae dieu khoan vl thi ehl, vl tai chinh ciia EU; Phdn 4 ed tieu dl
"Cae dilu khoan chung va cudi cung", dl
cap den cac thii tuc phe chuan va sira ddi trong tuang lai .
Trong sd nhirng dieu khoan chii yeu ciia ban du thao Hien phap, cir tri cae nudc EU quan tam nhieu nhat den nhiing thay ddi ve the ehl dieu hanh, tien trinh ra quyet dinh va
cac chinh sach eiia EU, bao gdm: ,/
+ Chu tich mdi ciia EU: Hien phap buy bd nhiem ky 6 thang mdt lan lam chii tich eiia cac nudc thanh vien, dua vao nhiem ky mdi eho Chu tich EU 1 a tii' 2 nam den 2 nam rudi de dam bao sir dn dinh chinh sach va gia tang vi the ciia EU tren the gidi.
+ Ngogi trudng mdi eiia EU: Vi tri mdi nay du dinh lam tang vi the qudc te ciia EU, la vi tri tdng hgp ciia hai vi tri trudc dd la Dai dien eao cap ve ehinh sach Ddi ngoai va An ninh chung, va vi tri Uy vien ve quan he
Ddi ngoai. ^ i + Uy ban Chdu Au mdi: Uy ban nay
duge bd nhiem thdng qua Hien phap, mdi nude thanh vien la mdt uy vien trong Uy ban Chau Au. Sau nam 2014 sd luprig cac uy vien se giam xudng cdn 2/3 trong sd cae nudc thanh vien.
+ Tdng quyen lice eiia Nghi vien Chdu Au: Hien phap md rdng quyen lire ciia Nghi vien Chau Au trong mdt sd ITnb vuc chinh sach, bao gdm ca ITnh vuc ndng nghiep va quan he ddi ndi. Nghi vien Chau Au se ed
Jens-Peter Bonde, The EU Constitution, The Reader- Friendly Edition, 25/4/2004.
10
NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (1261.2011750 ghe va bao gdm ca mdt sd dieu khoan khac khuyen khich sir tang cudng hgp tac giiia Nghi vien EU vdi cae Qudc hdi cua cac nudc thanh vien.
+ Don gian hod thii tuc bo phieu: Hien phap da thuc hien he thdng bd phieu lay theo da sd (QMV). Bit diu tir nam 2009, mpi quyet dinh eiia EU chi can 55% nudc thanh vien thdng qua (it nhat la 15 trong sd 27 nudc, dai dien it nhat eho 65% dan sd EU).
+ Quyen riit ra khdi EU: Hien phap ciing de ra nhirng thii tuc, quy dinh de mdt nudc thanh vien dugc quyen rut ra khdi EU.
+ Quy dinh ve sic dodn ket: Hien phap de ra nhiing dieu khoan keu gpi tinh than doan ket eiia cac nudc thanh vien neu mdt nudc nao dd bi tan edng, khiing bd, gap tham boa nhan dao se dugc cac nudc thanh vien khae giiip dd ca ve mat quan sir va tai chinh.
+ Hudng tdi xdy dung mpt chinh sdch qudn sie ehung: Hien phap cho rang EU can tim kiem mdt chinh sach quan sir ehung va se ehi dinh ngudi lanh dao chinh sach quan sir ehung cho toan EU. Cac nudc thanh vien se cd trach nhiem "hd trg lan nhau", "dugc phep yeu cau sir hd trg quan sir tir cac nude thanh vien khac", "hgp tac co cau quan sir", thanh lap "Co quan lire lugng vii trang, nghien cim va nang lire quan sir Chau Au".
De ban Hien phap du thao tren di vao hieu luc, Hiep udc Hien phap cua EU can phai dugc 25 nude thanh vien phe chuan
thdng qua Nghi vien hoac thdng qua tham khao y kien quan chiing. Sau khi ban du thao Hien phap dugc dua ra, 12 nude thanh vien da ddng y phe chuan ngay, nhung tuong lai eiia ban Hien phap phu thupc nhieu vao y kien cir tri eiia Phap va Ha Lan trong thang 5 va thang 6 nam 2005 (55%) cir tri Phap bac bd Hien phap so vdi 45% eu tri ddng y: Tai Ha Lan, cd tdi 62%) cii' tri bac bd Hien phap so vdi 38% ddng y). 0 ca hai nudc na}', cac eir tri tranh luan rat nhieu den cac xu hudng tu do kinh te va bao trg xa bdi ma ban Hien phap dua ra. Han nira, nhieu cir tri Phap va Ha Lan khdng bang ldng vdi nhii'ng hanh ddng ciia chinh phii nudc hp. bat man vdi bd may dieu hanh ciia EU va lo lang ve viec Thd NhT Ky se ra nhap EU trong tuang lai.
Da sd dan sd Phap khdng chap nhan de Thd NhT Ky gia nhap EU vi ddi vdi hp, Thd NhT Ky la mdt qude gia Hdi giao nen khdng the cd chd dung trong mdt td chirc gdm toan nhiing qudc gia Thien Chiia giao. Mdt ly do khac khien Hien phap EU khdng duge phe chuan la da sd ngudi dan Phap e ngai ve su md rdng EU se anh hudng khdng tdt din vi tri cua Phap d EU, trong khi ngudi dan Ha Lan lai cho rang cac nudc Idn eiia EU da sin cd quyen lire qua Idn trong tay tir trudc va ban Hien phap cd nhieu dieu khoan lam tang them quyen lire cua cac nudc Idn.
Tiep theo viec eir tri Phap va Ha Lan ndi
"khdng" vdi ban Hien phap, vao ngay 6 thang 6 nam 2005, thu ky Ngoai trudng Anh Jack Straw thdng bao nudc Anh se hoan cude trung cau dan y ve ban Hien phap. Vao
Mt)t ii)oun ite ehinli tei ndi Imt. 11
ngay 16-17/6/2005, tai cude hpp thugng dinh EU, cac nha lanh dao EU da mdt lin nira cam ket xay dung Hiin phap nhung gia han ve mat thdi gian de moi nudc thanh vien phe chuan ban Flien phap vdi thdi han cudi eiing la vao thang 11 nam 2006 va se dir kiln thdng qua Hien phap it nhit la vao giira nam 2007, sau cude tdng tuyen cir d Phap. Tuy nhien, vao ngay 23/6/2007, cac nha lanh dao EU bat ngd thdng qua ban Hiep udc Lisbon va tien hanh cai td cae the ehl cua EU. Ban Hiep udc nay yeu cau phai cd 27 nudc thanh vien EU thdng qua va bat diu cd hieu lire vao thang 12 nam 2009 sau khi vugt qua cude trung cau dan y d Ailen.
Nhu vay cd the thay, trai qua sudt qua trinh tii' nam 2003 den tan nhiing thang cudi ciing ciia nam 2010, Hiin phap EU van chua duge phe chuan. Ban Hiep udc Lisbon mac dii cd nhieu dieu khoan giong nhu dir thao Hien phap EU nam 2004 (dac biet la vl co cau td chirc), nhung nd khdng thi thay thi cho ban Hien phap EU bdi Hiep udc nay chira cd nhirng dieu khoan dl cap din la cd va bai hat ehung eiia Khoi, Hiin chuang Nhan quyen cdn cho Anh va Ba Lan sir dung quyen bao luu... Theo nhu ldi Tdng thdng Sec, Hiep udc Lisbon da trao qua nhilu quyen luc cho Uy ban Chau Au va day la van ban the hien su ehuyen ddi mdt chau Au tir nhieu qudc gia thanh mdt chau Au nhit the boa^ Cd the ndi, viec ky kit Hiep uisc
'' Tli- Lisbon chdu Au khoi ddu ky nguyen mai v&i gidc ma mdi, littp://iiome.vnn.vn/ 1/12/2009.
Lisbon la mdt budc ngoat quan trpng cho ban Hien phap EU. Tat ea nhirng thay ddi trong ban Hien phap deu dai dien cho sir thoa hiep giira cac nudc thanh vien de nham dua EU trd thanh mdt khdi hgp tae kinh tl va ehinh tri Idn ban, nang cao the che lien chinh phii va tao dieu kien cho cac nudc thanh vien ed the bao ve tdt han quyen tu chii qudc gia ciia minh. Ban Hien phap ciing cd nhieu dieu khoan thoa hiep giiia cac nudc Idn va cae nudc nhd trong EU. Tuy nhien, theo nhilu nha nghien cim va y kien ciia dai da sd cir tri cac nude khdng phe chuan Hiin phap, ban Hien phap nay khdng cd tac dung lam don gian hoa EU. Nhirng thay ddi ma ban Hiin phap dua ra khd cd the di vao hieu lire trong giai doan 2009-2014 bdi nhilu vin dl eiia ban Hien phap van rit khd giai quylt, chic chan se gap su phii quyet ciia cae qude gia, dac biet trong ehinh sach ddi ngoai va thul.
b. Lich sir ra dffi Hiep w&c Lisbon
Chuang trinh Lisbon chinh thiie dugc EU de nghi xem xet trong Hdi nghi Lisbon nam 2000 vdi muc tieu diy tham vpng la se tao dilu kien de EU phat triln mdt nin kinh te nang ddng, tri thiic, ed tinh canh tranh cao tren the gidi, tang trudng kinb tl bin virng ket hgp vdi tao viee lam diy dii va lien kit xa hdi rdng ldm ban vao nam 2010. Cd thi ndi, Hdi nghi Lisbon nam 2000 danh diu mdt giai doan cai each mdi eiia EU nhim dat dugc su phat triln bin vimg vao nam 2010 tren 3 khia eanh: canh tranh kinh tl, phat
12
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011trien xa hdi, bao ve mdi trudng. Sau nhilu lan dam phan, Hiep udc Lisbon chinh thuc dugc tat ca cac nudc thanh vien EU ky kit vao thang 12 nam 2007 va chinh thirc cd hieu lire vao thang 12 nam 2009. Hiep udc Lisbon da sua ddi nhiing thieu sdt ciia Hiep udc Maastricht (hay cdn gpi la Hiep udc ve Lien minh Chau Au)^ va Hiep udc Rome^
(hay cdn gpi la Hiep udc thiet lap Cdng ddng Chau Au) va cimg vdi tien trinh nay, Hiep udc Rome dugc thay the bang mdt ten gpi khac la Hiep udc ve chirc nang ciia Lien minh Chau Au(TFEU) 10
Hiep udc Lisbon da chinh thirc buy bd 3 tru cot CO ban cua Hiep udc Maastricht de tao ra mdt khudn khd phap ly ehung eho Lien minh Chau Au. Ba trii cot ciia Lien minh Chau Au theo nhu Hiep udc Maastricht la: Cdng ddng Chau Au; Chinh sach Ddi ngoai va An ninh chung; Cac viec Ddi ndi va Tu phap. 0 trii cot Cdng ddng Chau Au, cac CO quan the che sieu qudc gia nhu Uy ban, Nghi vien va Toa an cd quyen hanh Idn nhat.
Try cot nay chu yeu dua vao viec hinh thanh Cdng ddng Kiiili te Chau Au trudc do, tuy nhien chii' "kinh te" dugc bd di de the hien nen tang chinh sach rdng Idn ban do Hiep udc Maastricht dem lai. Trong khi do, tru edt
* Hiep udc Masstricht duoc ky ket nam 1992 tai Masstricht (Ha Lan) d^ thanh lap Lien minh Chau Au va dua toi viec thiet lap dong Euro.
' Hiep uac Rome ky kk nam 1957 dua den viec thanh lap Cong dong Kinh te Chau Au (EEC).
'° The EU Lisbon Treat}>: What Implications for anti- racism^. European Network Againt Racism.
Chinh sach Ddi ngoai va An ninh chung va tru cot Cac viec Ddi ndi va Tu phap chu yeu dua vao cac ca che lien chinh phu. trong dd cae nudc thanh vien budc phai cd su ddng thuan khi giai quyet mdt van de nao do, hay ndi mdt each khac la cac nudc deu cd quyen phii quyet eae van de do EU dua ra trong cac chinh sach an ninh chung. ddi ngoai chung.
quan sir, xet xir tdi pham, hgp tac tu phap giiia cac nudc thanh vien. Do cd nhieu van de khd dat dugc tieng ndi chung, dac biet la d hai tru edt sau, Hiep udc Maastricht dugc phe chuan mdt each het sii'c khd khan sau khi cd sir phan ddi ciia Dan Mach, Phap va Anh vao nam 1992 va Hiep udc nay chinh thirc cd hieu lire thang 11 nam 1993 vdi rat nhieu ban che. Hiep udc Maastricht da dupe cac hiep udc sau dd bd sung, sua ehii'a rat nhieu.
dac biet la vao nam 2004 kbi EU dua ra ban Du thao Hiep udc Hien phap va ban du thao nay da khdng dugc phe chuan do khdng vupt qua dugc cude trung cau dan y d Ha Lan va Phap vao nam 2005. Nhu vay cd the ndi, trudc khi Hiep udc Lisbon dugc soan thao vao nam 2007, qua trinh nhat the hoa EU ludn gap nhirng khd khan, bat ddng y kien va mdt van ban phap ly ehung cho toan EU van chua dugc ky ket.
Song song vdi viec nd lire tim kiem mdt van ban phap ly chung cho toan khdi EU la viec thay ddi nhiing tieu chi cai each ciia Hdi nghi Lisbon ke tir nam 2000 de tien tdi viec ky kit Hiep udc Lisbon vao nam 2007. Nam 2000, tai Hdi nghi Lisbon, cac nudc EU da
Jliiii id od'n ite ehinh ti'i ndi hut...
13
tan tbanh viee day nhanh cai each ca eau kinh te, nhan manh den khia canh phat trien xa hdi, dat muc tieu tao ra 70% viec lam, tang chi tieu R&D len 3% GDP, diy nhanh tdc dd tang truong kinh te. Tuy nhien, nhung tieu chi tren dat ra rat khd thuc hien ngay ca d nhirng nudc Idn trong EU nhu Phap. Dire, Italia. Do vay tai Hdi nghi Lisbon nam 2005, nhiing tieu chi de ra trong Hdi nghi Lisbon nam 2000 da dugc sii'a ddi cho phii hgp ban.
Hdi nghi Lisbon nam 2005 khang dinh khdng cd dau hieu kha quan eho sir tang trirdng kinh te va tao viee lam cao ban cho toan khu vuc EU, vi vay can phai cd nhii'ng cai each va dieu chinh nidi trong cac ITnh vuc rdng ban nhu tbiet lap thi trudng lao ddng linh boat, thiic day eanh tranh va eae boat ddng kinh te tri thirc. thirc hien cac chinh sach kinh te vT md phii hgp. Ngay 23/3/2005, Cdng ddng Chau Au da tiln tdi sira ddi nhiing ndi dung ciia Hdi nghi Lisbon nam 2000 d hai diem chinh: Tap trung vao tang trudng va tao viee Mm; Thuc day cac nudc thanh vien mdi cai each the che.
Chien luge "Viec lam va Tang trudng"
(hay cdn gpi la Chien luge Lisbon) ma Hdi nghi Lisbon de ra nam 2005 bao gdm nhieu ITnh virc: tang cudng sir tham gia ciia lao ddng nir tren thi trudng lao ddng, tang chi tieu R&D, ap dung phuang phap phdi hgp md doi vdi giao diie, cai each he thdng huii tri. Do nhirng tieu chi dat ra mang tinh chit eai td toan dien, Hdi nghi Lisbon nam 2005 dugc danh gia la mdt Hdi nghi "eai each".
Tuy nhien, viec thirc hien Chien luge Tang trudng va Viec lam ciia Hdi nghi Lisbon nam 2005 van gap rat nhieu khd khan do nhirng y kien chia re ciia cae nudc thanh vien.
Vao nam 2007. trong Hdi nghi thugng dinh Chau Au td chirc tai Lisbon, Chien luge Lisbon nam 2005 chinh thirc dugc lay ten la Hiep udc Lisbon vdi cac ndi dung ma rdng ban nira, ddng thdi coi day la mdt khung phap ly chung cho toan khdi EU. Tai Hdi nghi lan nay, cac nha lanh dao EU da tien hanh xem xet ban du thao Hiep udc Lisbon day 145 trang ed ten gpi la "Hiep ude du thao thay ddi Hiep udc Lien minb Chau Au va Hiep udc thiet lap Cdng ddng Chau Au".
Tuy nhien, trong Hdi nghi tiep tuc cd sir chia re ve ndi dung ban Fliep udc du thao nay.
cac nudc Ba Lan, Italia, Anh, Ao van tiep tue theo dudi nhirng giai phap rieng cho minh. Ba Lan phan ddi ve quy cbe ban cir trong EU. Italia khdng tan thanh bd phieu ddi vdi viec "phan phdi chd ngdi" trong Nghi vien Chau Au. Anh bat ddng ve quyen Igi co- ban ciia cac thanh vien EU ve van de ndi bd, chii quyen. an ninh. Ao yeu cau cd mpt quy ehe phii hpp ban de tang sd sinh vien cac nude thanh vien EU den nghien ciiu va hpc tap tai cac trudng dai hpc d nude nay. Trude nhii'ng sir chia re dd, cac nha lanh dao EU da budc phai tim giai phap dung boa cac mau thuan, theo do Italia se cd them mdt sd ghe dai bieu d Nghi vien Chau Au, Ba Lan se duge dam bao rang cac nude nhd cd the tri hoan cac quyet dinh ciia EU neu khdng ddng
14
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011y. Ao dugc >'eu cau gia ban sinh vien nudc ngoai. Ngay 19 thang 10 nam 2007, cac nha lanh dao EU da can ban thdng nhit mdt Hiep udc Cai each nham thay thi Hiin phap Chau Au cii (ky ngay 29 thang 10 nam 2004 tai Rome). Le ky ket Hiep udc Lisbon dugc tien hanh tai Lisbon ngay 13 thang 12 nam 2007 vdi sir tham gia cua cac nguyen thii qudc gia va ngoai truang ciia 27 nude thanh vien. Anh la qudc gia cudi ciing ky Hiep udc na\'. Day la ban Hiep udc da\' 250 trang. dugc dich ra 23 thil' tieng chinh thire ciia EU. Hiep udc Lisbon chinh thirc cd hieu lire ke tir ngay 1 thang 12 nam 2009 sau khi da sua ddi mdt sd ndi dung cua ban Hiep udc da soan thao vao nam 2007 de vupt qua cude trung eau dan y tai Ailen nam 2008 va den phut chdt dupe Cdng boa Sec phe chuan vao cudi nam 2009.
Hiep ude Lisbon sau mdt hanh trinh gian nan da chinh thirc dugc khai thdng sau 10 nam sdng gid. Hiep udc Lisbon khdng chi thay ddi CO che hoaeh dinh chinh sach lien quan den ban 70 dieu luat, trong dd bd sung them nhieu ndi dung tir luat sd hirii tri tue, nang lugng. vii trii. nghien cii'u khoa hpc cdng nghe. du lieh, the thao. ngan ehan tdi pbam, bao ve dan sir, hgp tac quan ly hanh chinh, hd trg nhan dao. Cd the thay rang sau 10 nam lien nd luc cai each (ke tir nam 2000), Hiep irdc Lisbon cudi ciing da chinh thirc cd hieu lire, the hien sir nhat the boa Lien minh Chau Au tren cac khia canh: cai each the che va hoaeh dinh chinh sach; tang cudng dan chii va minh bach hoa trong hoaeh dinh
ehinh sach: thdng nhat chinh sach an ninh \'a ddi ngoai chung eua toan EU; thay ddi trong hoaeh dinh chinh sach thuong mai cua toan EU ddi vdi cac nudc ngoai Khdi; qu\en han ehung ciia Khdi dugc tang cudng rd ret.
c. Nhi'rng thay doi ehu yiu trong Hiep iiffc Lisbon 2007
- Hiep udc Lisbon khdng phai Id mpt ban Hien phdp: , ,
Hiep udc Lisbon khdng phai la mdt ban Hien phap danh cho EU. boi mpi cd gang de dua ra mdt ban Hien phap chung eho EU (nam 2004) vdi h> vpng thay the cac hiep udc chii chdt ciia EU nhu Hiep ude Rome (1957), Hiep ude Maastricht (1992), Hiep udc Amsterdam (1996). Hiep ude Nice (2000) deu khdng thanh boi cac cu tri cua Phap, Ha Lan phan ddi manh me trong cude trung eau dan v nam 2005. ' •' •- I'.'l -..' L Nhicng quyen lai mdi cho cdng ddn EU:
Hiep ude Lisbon qu\' dinh nhirng dieu bat budc trong Chuang \'e cac Qu\en Co' ban, dii Anh va Ba Lan dugc giir quyen khdng tham gia \'a Cdng hoa Sec gan nhu'
-, ' . - ' . ; . . / ddi!
' Lisbon Treaty, wlkipedia
'" 7776 EU Lisbon Treaty: What Implications for anti- Racism?, sdd.
'" D6 Thanh Binh - Pham Anh (2008): Tic Hiin phap chung den Hiep itac Lisbon: cpid trinh tien ten Lien minh Chdu Au thong nhdt. hien dai va ndng dong trong thi ky XXI. Tap chi Nghien cuu Chau Au. s6 2'2008.
'"* Lisbon Treaty,
http:// europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/glance/index_en.htm
IlUtt io tutu ite eltinh ti'i ui)i Imt.
15
duge hudng sir dam bao tuong tir. Theo do, Hiep udc Lisbon cd dieu khoan quy dinh ve viec cdng dan EU cd the duge "mdi" den Uy ban Chau Au (EC) de dua ra nhiing de xuat phap ly trong mdt sd ITnh vuc nhat dinh.
- Cdc chinh sdch mdi: -' '• '
Hiep udc dua ra mdt sd ndi dung mdi nhu chinh sach nang lugng chung, chien lupc ddi phd vdi sir ndng len ciia trai dat. Ve thuang mai, sir canh tranh binh dang trd thanh yen cau bat budc nham dam bao eho thi trudng ndi dia dugc van hanh theo dung chirc nang dich thuc ciia nd. Trong van de an ninh, dieu khoan "doan ket" dugc dua ra trong trudng hgp bi tan cdng khiing bd. Mdt thanh vien trong trudng hgp trd thanh mue tieu tan cdng hoac tham boa neu cd de nghi se nhan dugc sir trg giiip ciia thanh vien khae.
- The che vd cdc chiec vu lanh dao:
I J V l U
Thay eho nude Chii tich Luan phien dugc chi dinh 6 thang 1 lan, mdt chirc vu Chii tich Hdi ddng Lien minh Chau Au se dugc cac nha lanh dao bau ra, nhiem ky 2 nam rudi. Chii tich Hdi ddng Lien minh Chau Au se dieu hanh cac cude hpp thugng dinh va thay mat EU tren trudng qude te.
Ngoai ra, se cd chirc danh "Dai dien cao cap ve chinh sach Ddi ngoai va An ninh". Vi tri na)- la tdng hgp ciia 2 chirc \'u eii la Dai dien cao cap ve chinh sach Ddi ngoai va An ninh chung va Uy vien ve Quan be ddi ngoai. Uy ban Chau Au - co quan thuc thi chinh sach
ciia EU, vdn dugc ehpn ra khdng qua ban cir - se duge rut gpn sd lugng thanh vien tir nam 2014 nham nang cao ban nira hieu qua.
Hiep udc Lisbon cimg tang them cac ITnh vue ehinb sach can dugc Nghi vien Chau Au thdng qua, dae biet la ddi vdi mdt sd van de nhay cam nhu tu phap. an ninh.
nhap cu. Qudc hdi cae nude thanh vien lan dau tien duge ed tieng ndi Idn ban trong viec hoaeh dinh chinh saeb ciia EU.
- He thdng bieu quyet:
Quy tac bieu quyet theo da sd se dugc ap dung tdi da thay eho cac ITnh vue trirde day bat buge phai ed sir ddng thuan, dac biet la trong tu phap va canh sat. Anh, Ailen dugc giii quyen bao luu trong mdt sd ITnh vue nhung khdng duge ngan can cae thanh vien khae. Hiep udc ciing dua ra he thdng bd phieu mdi ggi la "He thdng da sd kep", theo dd chi can it nhat 55% sd nudc thanh vien (15 tren 27), dai dien eho it nhat 65% dan sd EU bieu quyet thdng qua mdt van ban phap luat. Hiep ude eung dua ra dieu khoan ra khdi EU, theo dd dua ra kha nang mdt nudc thanh vien ra khdi EU theo mdt sd dieu kien can dugc thoa thuan vdi cae nude thanh vien khae.
- Nhiing thay ddi lien quan den thuang mgi vd ddu tu:
Hiep ude Lisbon dua ra 3 thay ddi ehii yeu dd la: tham quyen ciia EU dugc tang cudng va xac dinh rd ban; Vai trd Idn han
16
NGHIEN COu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011ciia Nghi Men EU (EP); \a Hop nhit cac chinh sach ngoai thuong \a diu tu. ddi ngoai Mi an ninh. mdi trudng. phat trien \ a trg giiip nhan dao thanh boat ddng ddi ngoai.
d. y nghia cua Hiep irde Lisbon
Cd the tha\- rang \-iec di den mot Hiep uac de tao ra mot Lien minh Chau Au thdng iiliat. hien dai. dan chu \a hieu qua hon la mdt thanh tuu dang tu hao cua EU trong sudt 10 nam dau cua the ky XXI. Hiep udc Lisbon \-a tien trinh nhat the hoa Chau Au da giiip EL' tang cudng sire canli traiili \-di cac nudc \ a khu \ uc Ion kliac tren the gidi nhu My. Ddng .V. NAFTA... Nhung no lire nhit the hoa do the hien qua nliirng khia canh cu the sau:
Thic nhdt. Hiep icdc Lisbon tgo ra mpt chdu All trong sdng. minh bgch vd ddn chu han. \'di mot khudn klid phap ly chung.
Hiep udc Lisbon se cd tac dung tang cudng
\ai trd cua Nghi \ien Chau Au \-a Qudc hdi cua cac nudc thanh \-ien, trao nhieu co hdi han cho ngudi dan cac nudc EL", ddng thdi de hp cd y thirc rd rang hon \-e \-iec ai chiu trach nhiem \-e \iec nao o chau Au \ a cap qudc gia. Ngoai ra. nhd ed Sang kien cua Cdng dan (the Citizen's Initiati\ei. mot trieu ngudi dan tir nhieu nudc thanh \ien cd kha nang >eu cau Hdi ddng Chau Au dua ra nhimg ke hoaeh. chinh sach mdi. Nghi xien Chau .A.U dugc tang cudng \'ai trd lanh dao.
dugc giao nhimg qu\-en luc mdi quan trpng ddi ^•di Hien phap EU. ngan sach EL^ \a
nhimg thoa thuan qudc te. Qudc hdi cac nude thanh \ien cimg cd nhimg co hdi Idn ban de tham gia \-ao edng \-iec eua EL', cd dieu kien de nang cao tinh dan chu \ a tang cudng cac boat ddng lap phap trong EL'. Hiep udc Lisbon cimg cd nliirng qu}- dinh \ e qu}-en riit khoi Lien minh cua cac nudc thanh xien. tao dieu kien phat trien mot EU nang ddng xa khdng cimg nhae.
Thic Iiai. Hiep udc Lisbon tgo ra mpt chdu Au cd ndng luc han. \6i nil ii'ng each thirc hoat ddng va nliirng ngu>en tac ho phieu dan gian. Hiep udc Lisbon se tao dieu kien de EU cd dugc mot qu>- trinli ra qu}-et dinh phii hpp va hieu qua. Hinh thirc bo phieu ia>' theo da so se co tac dimg thiic da\
x'iec ra qu\-et dinh nhanh hon va hieu qua hon. Hon nira. theo Hiep irdc Lisbon. EL' se cd mdt ca cau td chirc hop Iy \ a dn dinh ban.
Hiep udc Lisbon trao trach nhiem cho Chu tich Hdi ddng Chau Au. trirc tiep gioi thieu mdi lien he giiia MCC bau Chu tich U> ban Chau Au \d\ ket qua cac cude bau cu o Chau Au. dua ra nhung thoa thuan mdi cho co cau tuang lai cua Nghi xien Chau Au. tinh din ca nhumg qu}- dinh tang cudng hop tac \-a du trir tai chinh minh bach hem.
Hiep udc Lisbon cung gdp phan cai thien ddi sdng ciia ngudi chau .A,u: Hiep udc Lisbon cai thien nang lire cho EU trong \iec ra chinh sach \ a thuc hien chinh sach trons mpt sd ITnh \-uc uu tien cd Igi cho cdna dan EU, dien hinh la trong cae ITnh \-uc lien quan
JILi)t iff Oil n ite ehinh tei ndi hdt...
17
den quyen tu do, an ninh, cdng bang, chdng tdi pham, khung bd, ehinh sach nang lugng, su-c khoe cdng cdng, bao ve dan sir, dich vu xa hdi, nghien cim, ehinh saeb thuang mai, vien trg nhan dao. the thao, du lich, hpp tac hanh chinh...
Thie ba, Hiep udc Lisbon tgo ra mpt chdu Au cd nhicng quyen Igi vd gid tri rieng, tic do, dodn ket, vd an ninh. Nhiing gia tri dan chii ciia ngudi dan chau Au dugc dam bao bdi EU ludn hudng tdi nhirng gia tri va muc tieu nay ke tir khi thanh lap. Hon the nira, Hiep udc Lisbon cd mdt phan ndi ve Quyen Cdng dan va Hien chuang cae Quyen eo ban, cu the la bao tdn va ciing cd "4 tu do" va ty do ve chinh tri, kinh te va xa hdi ciia cdng dan chau Au. Hiep ude Lisbon cung se tao ra sir thdng nhat giiia eae nudc thanh vien bang nhirng quy dinh cimg nhau hanh ddng trong tinh than doan ket khi mdt nudc thanh vien la muc tieu tan cdng ciia ehii nghTa khung bd hay nan nhan eiia cac tham hpa thien tao va nhan tao. Su doan ket trong ITnh vuc nang lugng ciing dugc nhan manh.
Hiep udc Lisbon cd tac dung tang cudng an ninh cho tat ea mpi ngudi. Thdng qua Lisbon, Lien minh Chau Au dugc trao nang lue hanh ddng vi tu do, an ninh va cdng bang, chdng tdi pham va chii nghTa khiing bd. Nhung dieu khoan mdi eiia Hiep udc Lisbon ve bao ve cdng dan, vien trp nhan dao, cham sdc sue khoe cdng edng ciing hudng muc tieu tang cudng kha nang ciia
Lien minh de ddi phd vdi nhirng de dpa an ninh ddi vdi cdng dan chau Au.
Thie tu, Hiep ude Lisbon da cdi thien vi the ciia EU tren tnedng qudc te. Hiep udc nay ra ddi nham dinh hudng viec hoaeh dinh chinh sach chung cho EU theo hudng md rdng va tang cudng vai trd ciia EU tren trudng qude te. Sau kbi Hiep udc Lisbon cd hieu lire, EU se xuat hien tren vii dai qudc te vdi "hinh anh chung" va "tieng ndi chung".
Ciing vdi viec bau ra chiic Chu tich Hpi ddng Lien minh Chau Au, Hiep udc Lisbon ciing bau ra mdt ngudi dung dau co quan ddi ngoai va an ninh - mdt Bd trudng Ngoai giao ciia EU, ddng thdi ciing dam nhan vi tri Phd chii tich Hpi ddng Lien minh Chau Au. Nhu vay, Hiep ude Lisbon da danh dau sir thay ddi quan trpng eiia EU trong quan he qudc te. Vdi mpt vi Chu tich Chau Au thudng true va Bd trudng Ngoai giao Chau Au, vdi su tham gia phe chuan eua Qudc hdi Chau Au.
EU se cd tieng ndi thdng nhat vdi cac ddi tac va cac td chuc qudc te. Hiep udc Lisbon mang lai cho EU mpt tieng ndi rd rang ban trong cac mdi quan he vdi cac ddi tac, ddng thdi khai thac siic manh ngoai giao, chinh tri, 'nhan dao va kinh te ciia chau Au de nang cao quyen Igi va gia tri ciia ngudi chau Au tren the gidi, trong khi tdn trgng nhirng Igi ich rieng ciia eae nudc thanh vien trong ngoai giao. Cd the ndi Hiep udc Lisbon da tao ra mdt dien mao mdi cho EU, chim dirt mdt
"cude khiing hoang ehinh tri" keo dai nhilu nam qua giiia cae nudc Idn nhit EU, ddng thdi md ra mdt chuong mdi trong lich sir
18
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011EU. Chu lich Uy ban Chau Au (EC) Manuel Baroso tuyen bd: "Tren luc dia chdu Au gid coi, mpt chdu Au mdi se dugc sinh ra " ' \
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Quang Thuan - Biii Nhat Quang (chu bien) (2009), Gido trinh quan he kinh le qudc te cua Lien minh Chdu Au, NXB Dai hpc quoc gia TP Hd Chi Minh.
2. Nguyen Quang Thuan (2009), Quan he kinh le Viet Nam - Lien minh Chdu Au:
thuc trgng vd trien vong, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
3. Dd Hoai Nam (chii bien) (2010), Khung hoang tdi chinh todn cdu vd icng phd chinh sdch cua Viet Nam: mpt ndm nhin Igi, NXB Khoa hpc Xa bdi. Ha Ndi
4. Vien Kinh te va Chinh tri the gidi (2009), Kinh tU vd chinh tri the gidi hai thdp nien ddu the ky XXI: nhieng thay doi ddt ra lie cuoc khung huang kinh le ldi chinh todn cdu, Ky ylu hdi thao. Ha Ndi, 27/11/2009.
5. TTXVN, Vai fro cua Chdu Au tren the gidi. Tai lieu Tham khao dac biet,
13/10/2008.
6. Nguyen An Ha, Mpt so vdn de chinh tri. kinh le ndi hdt cua EU ndm 2009 vd tdc dpng din Viet Nam, Tap chi Nghien cim ChauAu, sd 1,2010.
7. Dd rhanh Binh - Pham Anh, Tie Hien phdp chung din Hiep udc Lisbon: qud trinh
tiin tdi Lien minh Chdu Au thdng nhdt. hien dgi vd ndng dpng Irong the ky XXL Tap chi Nghien cim Chau Au, sd 2. 2008. ---• '"••
8. The Spanish Presidency, Prospects for the European Union, .lanuary to June 2010. • -'''-""^ "'•'•'•
9. European Comission (2010), European 2020: Integrated Guidelines for the Economic and Employment Policies oj the Member States. ... .' - . '
10. Daniel Keohane and Tomas Valasek, Willing and Able? EU Defence in 2020.
Centre for European Reform.
11. European Council, Europe 2020: a New Europe Strategy for Jobs and Growth.
Conclutions, 25/26 March 2010.
12. Commision of the European Countries, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Paliament, Brussels, 13/6/2006.
13. Wim Boonstra, The Stability anf Growth Pact in Need of Reform.
Intereeonomics, 1/2/2005.
14 Katinka Barysch, A Pact for Stability and Growth, Cantre for European Reform.
Policy Brief, ww^w.cer.ora.uk
'"^ Hiep if&c Lisbon vd dien mao mai cho EU, http://
www.vietnamplus.vn/home/hiep-uoc-lisbon-va ...
; 1 ••
1 ;
' ;.•; ::.•:;.:
•' • , ' • ' • : : : ; ^ i l i ; j '• ' H ; '
'J':-'
l i ' j i )
. ! : :•• n l . - i 1
'<-• 'Ki::!' Jlii
^..un.: .-illid
1 •;/ .(KKir'iJ
r i U i d ' j ..••:/u jum ' y i j ' ; i j r l