Tgp chi Klioa hpc va Phat tnen 2012 T|p 10, so 3: 395-401 www.hua.edu.vn
DIEN BIEN MAT DO CUA RUOl DUG LA LQlN Chromatomy/a horticola {GimtZ}X]
(Diptera; Agromyzidae) TREN CAY DITA CHUOT TAI GIA LAM, HA NOI
Ho^ng Thi H5ng'*, Ho Thi Thu Giang^
Nghien cmt sinh tnrcmg Dai hoc Nong nghiep Ha Noi Khoa Nong hgc truong Dai hoc Nong nghiep Ha Not
*Email: duonghoang2006(@gmail,com
Ngay gui bai: 27.03.2012 Ngay chSp nhan: 12.05.2012
TOM T A T
Ruoi dye la I6n Chromatomyia horticola xuat hi^n tren 11 logi cay tr6ng nhu'. du'a chuOt, cS chua, d§u CO ve, d^u trgch, dgu dua, cai cue ..t?i Gia Lam, Ha Noi Trong mpt nam, ruoi dye la C.
horticola co muc dp pho bien nhieu vao mua xuan va miia ddng la cac thang tren dong ruging cd nguon thijc an phong phO va dieu ki^n thai tiet thu?n Igxi cho si/ phat trien cua chung. Trong vy ddng, mgt dg ruoi C, horticola va ty Ig la bj h?i tren dua chugt trdng a tra mugn la t h i p nhat, tren tra chinh vy va tra s6m khong co sy sai khac dang ke. Cay trong vy trudc cd anh hu'O'ng den mgt dg ruoi dye la tren du'a chugt. Wgt dg ruoi dye la C. horticola tren dua chugt thap khi vy trudc trdng bl xanh so vai rugng ma vy tru'dc trong cai cue, ca chua. Ruoi dye la C. horticola gay hgi tren eac giong du'a chugt lai manh hon tren giong dua chugt dja phuo-ng.
Tu khda: Chromatomyia horticola, giong dua chuot, mat dp, thdi vu, ty le hai.
Density Variation of the Leafminer Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera; Agromyzidae) on Cucumber at Gia Lam, Ha Noi
ABSTRACT
Chromatomyia hordeola (Diptera; Agromyzidae) were reared from the collected leaves. This leafminer was found infesting 11 vegetable species at Gia Lam, Ha Noi. C. horticola commonly infests tomato, cumcuber and garland chrysanthemum,being most abundant in spring and winter cropping season. The density of and the rate of damage by C. horticola were lowest in late winter season, but there was no significant difference between main and early season. Previous crops affect the density of C. horticola on cureumber. The density C. horticola was also lowest in the field that plants were not found hosts as wax gourd. The density of the leafminer in crossed cureumber higher than in local cureumber.
Keywords: Chromatomyia horticola. crop season, cucumber vanety, density, damage percentation.
l . D A T V A N D E mat do quan the tang cao (Nguyen V^n Cam va cong sU, 1979; Pham Van Lam, 1995). Cho DUa chugt thUdng bi nhieu loai sau hai den nay viec tham canh, tang vu va mcl rgng tan cong nhu (rep, bg phan, bg tri, ruoi due dien tich cay dUa chuot da co anh hUdng la v.v...), lam giam nghiem trgng nang suat manh me den he sinh thai von mang tinh va chat lUdng cua dUa chugt, dac biet khi ben vQng cd so lUdng quan the da dang.
Dien bien mat do cua ruoi due la lan... tren cay dua chuot tai Gia Lam, Ha Npi
thay vao do bang mdt he sinh thai mdi vdi mgt vai loai sinh vat tdn tai va kem ben viing, luon thay doi theo thdi gian. Trong nhiJng nam gan day ruoi due la 16n Chromatomyia horticola da dUdc phat hien b mgt so'nUdc nhU Trung Quoc (Chen & cs., 2003), Indonesia (Rauf & cs., 2000), Malaysia (Sivapragasam va Syed, 1999), Nhat (Saito, 2004), Pakistan (Seyed, 2010). 6 Viet Nam ruoi C. horticola trUdc day la loai gay hai thii yeu, khdng phd bien ngoai ddng rugng, nhUng hien nay chiing da xua't hicn tren nhieu loai cay trdng khac nhau (Dang Hoa Tran, 2009); (Hoang Thi Hang va cs., 2011). Trong so'cae cay trdng hi C. horticola gay hai, thi dUa chugt la mgt trong cac cay trdng bi hai kha nghiem trgng.
Bai bao nay eung cap nhuing dan lieu khoa hgc ve mgt so' dac diem sinh thai cd ban cua loai ruoi due la C. horticola tren rugng dua chugt, lam cd sd de tim ra bien phap quan ly chiing mgt each co hieu qua, van dam bao nang suat dUa chugt.
2. VAT LIEU VA P H U O N G PHAP 2.1. Vat lieu n g h i e n cijfu
Mot so' gio'ng dua chugt va mgt so' cay trong tai viing nghien ciiu. Ruoi due la Idn Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau), 2.2. Phifdng p h a p nghien cufu
- Dieu tra sU chu chuyen cua ruoi Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau)
Dieu tra, thu thap ruoi due la C.
horticola dugc tien hanh dieu tra theo phUdng phap tU do (ngliu nhien) cua Pham Van Lam (1997), tren cac loai cay trong va tren cay dUa chugt vdi phUdng cham so' mau dieu tra, so'lan dieu tra cang nhieu cang tdt de tang cd hgi bat gap doi tUdng c^n tim kic'm. Dac biet viec dieu tra, theo doi loai
ruoi due la C. horticola tren eac loai ky chu lien tuc qua cac thang trong nam:
Mytc do Tg'ng sQ'ign ^^^ g^p xuat hien = x 100
(B/\ Tong so'lan dieu tra - Dicu tra dien bie'n so' liidng cua gidi due la Idn C. horticola
Tien hanh dieu tra theo phUdng phap cua Vien Bao ve thuc vat (1997) dinh ky 7 ngay/1 lan theo 5 diem dUdng cheo gdc, mdi diem, dieu tra 5 cay theo 3 tang (tren, gida, dudi), moi ting ngSt nhau nhien 10 la cho vao tiii nilon mang ve phdng, dem sd dUdng due, so' gioi so'ng, gidi chet sau dd cho vao chai nhUa CO gan 6'ng nghiem de thu ruoi, xac dinh mat do gioi, ty le h a i .
- Anh hitdng cua miia vu va cac tra trong khac nhau
Tien hanh dieu tra dien bien mat do va ty le hai cua ruoi due la Idn C. horticola tren rugng dUa chugt d cac vu trong nam (xuan, he, thu va dong). Trong vu Ddng, tien hanh dieu tra cac rugng dUa chugt co thdi gian gieo khac nhau tra sdm (gieo ngay 05/9), chinh vu (gieo ngay 30/9) va tra mugn (gieo ngay 20/10).
- Anh hitdng cua gio'ng diia chugt Dieu tra dien bien mat do va ty le hai cua gidi due la Idn C. horticola gay ra tren 4 giong dUa chugt dang trong pho bie'n hien nay (Happy 02, Gauri 757, DV-027 va gio'ng dia phUdng Yen My). Thi nghiem dUde thiet ke theo kieu khdi ngau nhien (RGB) vdi 4 cong thiic va 4 lan nhac lai.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Su chu c h u y e n c u a r u o i d u e la 16n C. horticola t r e n cac cay ky c h u t a i Ha Ngi va p h u can
Cling vdi Liriomyza sativae, trong thdi gian gan day d nhiing viing trdng rau tai Ha
Hoang Thj Hing, Ho Thj Thu Giang
Ngi va phu can xua't hien loai ruoi due la Idn C. horticola vdi mdc do pho bien tUdng do'i cao. Loai ruoi nay ciing xua't hien quanh nam va gay hai tren nhieu loai cay trong thugc cac ho khac nhau. Ket qua bang 1 ghi nhan C. horticola xua't hien pho bie'n tren 11 loai cay trdng nhu: dUa chuot, ca chua, dau cd ve, dau trach, dau diia, cai ciic... Chiing duy tri so' lUdng ca the khi dieu kien so'ng khong thudn Idi tren cac cay ky chu phu la cay tam bdp, ddn buo't. Trong nam, C.
horticola xua't hien phd bie'n nhat vao cac thang 2, 3, 4 va thang 10, 11, 12 hang nam, khi tren dong rugng co ngudn thiic an phong phii va dieu kien thdi tiet thuan Idi cho sii phat trien cua chung. Cac thang cdn lai chung xua't hien vdi mat do rat th&'p, dac biet la thang 1, 6, 7 va 8, day la cac thang tren ddng rugng khong cd cay ky chu Ua thich va dieu kien thdi tiet ndng khd khdng thich hdp cho su phat trien cua C. horticola.
Ket qua nghien ciiu ciia chiing tdi phii hdp vdi nhan xet eua Dang Hoa Tran (2009), loai ruoi C. horticola gay hai pho bie'n tren ca chua, rau cai tai mien Trung.
3.2. Anh hifcfng cua thdi vu trong diia chuot den mat do ruoi due la \&n C.
horticola
Qua bang 2 cho thay trong ca 4 vu trdng ruoi due la deu xua't hien sdm khi cay dUa chugt cd 2 la mam mat do ruoi tang dan va dat cao diem khi cay dUa chugt ra hoa- qua. O vu xuan, he, thu va dong cd mat do gidi due la tUdng iing la 3,05;
0,64; 2,53 vd 4,76 con/la, ty le la bi hai tang dan den cuo'i vu khi cay thu hoach tii 46,02- 78,26%. Qua cac ky dieu tra chung tdi tha'y mat do trung binh gidi due la va ty le la hi hai d vu ddng dat cao hdn so vdi cac vu khac trung binh la 2,35 con/la va 60,78.%. Mat dd gidi va ty le la hi hai tha'p nhat cl vu he. Tuy vu he va vu thu mat do gidi va ty la bi hai tha'p hdn nhUng ngudi san xua't van phai chu y trong quan ly rudi due la Idn C.
horticola vi day la hai vu dUa chugt trai vu, dieu kien thdi tiet khong thuan lgi cho sU phat trien cua cay dUa chugt nen chi can cd mgt tac dong rat nhd cua sau benh ciing cd the la nguyen nhan lam giam dang ke nang suat dUa chugt.
3.3. Anh hitcfng cua cac t r a trong dvia chuot vu ddng 2009 den mat do ruoi due la Idn
Bang 1. Sii chu chuyen ruoi due la Chromatomyia horticola tren mot so eay rau tai Ha Noi va phu can, nam 2008 - 2010
Cay ky chij Thang dieu tra Dipa chupl
Cai nggt Cai xanh Ca chua Dau cove D | u trgch Dau dua Cai cue Cue vgn Ihp Tam bop Dan buot
Cucumis sativus L.
Brassica chinensis L.
Brassica cernua Forbes.
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill Phaseolus vulgarus L.
Fhaseoius vulgaris L Vigna esquipedalis W.
Chrysanthenum coronanum L Tagetes erecta L.
Physalis ungulata L BIdens pilosa L.
Ghi chii- - Loiii xu&'t hien ngiu nhien (tan suat xua't hien <25%); + ioai xuat hicn khang thiidng xuyen (tan xu&'thien til 25 - 50%);-H-loki xu^'t hien thudng xuyen (tan sui't xuSi hi$n tit 51 - 75%); +++loai xuHt hiei throng xuyen (tin suat xuat hien > 75%).
Dign bien mat dg cua ruoi due la lan... tren cay dua chugt tai Gia Lam, Ha Ngi
Bang 2. Dien bien m a t do gidi due la Idn va ty le la hi h a i t r e n cac vu di^a chuot (Ha Noi, n a m 2009)
Giai doan sinh tn/ong Cay 2 \A mam Cay 1 la that
M$t do (con/la) V Vg Xuan
Mat dp 0.80 1.03 C a y 2 - 3 1 a t h a t 2,46 Cay vu'O'n cao
Cay ra lioa Hoa r$, qua Hoa rg, qua
2.75 3,05 2,87 1,68 Qua, thu hoach 1.50 Thu hoach
Thu ho^ch Thu hoach Tnjng binh
0,74 0,42 0,34 1,60
Ty 1$ hgi 22,89 26,67 28,56 30,44 34,04 38,67 45,56 50,28 60,03 64,33 66,20 42.52
• H T y I^ hai t i a sdm - * — M a t do t i a sdm
a ly 1? hgi (%) Vy He Ugt do
0,78 1,34 0,13 0,21 0,64 0,48 0,28 0,15 0,09 0,04 0.04 0.38
i . Ty 1$ hgi
18,24 26,53 28,87 30.23 33,12 35,48 39.72 41,16 42.37 45,63 46,02 35,22
CLia njoi dye la Idn C. horticola V y T h u Mgt dp
0,59 1,05 1,31 1.42 1,71 2,53 1,84 1,69 1,25 0,65 0,16 1.29
T y l e hai t i a chinh
Ty 1$ hgi 20,36 28,72 32,14 39,67 43,52 48,24 51.12 56,74 61,14 63,78 66.84 46,57
^ B T y le h a i t i Vg Dong Mat do
1,22 1.58 2,68 3,84 4,76 4,12 3.26 2,14 1.05 0,68 0,52 2,35
a m u o n H B - M a t do tra chinh )K M a t do t i a m u o n
Ty 1? hgi 26,24 36,00 45,72 50,48 62,02 68,74 72,36 74,42 76,54 77,74 78,26 60,78
Cav 2 Cay 1 03y 2 Ca^ Cdj/ ra Hcd la l a l h a t - 3 l a w o n hoa fo, mam that cao qua
Hcid Oua, Thu Thu Thu id, thu hoach hoach hoach qua hoach
Giai doan sinh inrdtig
H i n h 1. Dien bien m a t do gioi due la Idn va ty IS h a i t r e n eay dUa c h u o t vu dong n a m 2009 tai Gia L a m - Ha Noi
Hoang Thj Hang, Ho Thj Thu Giang
Thdi vu gieo trong dUa chugt khac nhau, dien bifi'n mat do rudi due la Idn C.
horticola cd sU khac nhau. O thdi ky dau ngay sau khi cay mgc dUde 2 la mam, mat do ruoi due la cao nhat d tra chinh vu vdi mat do ruoi dat 1,22 cori/la, tiep theo la tren dua chugt trdng tra sdm vdi mat do ruoi la 0,98 con/la va tra muon mat do ta 0,79 con/la. Mat do rudi tang dan theo giai doan sinh trUdng ciia cay dua chugt ca d 3 tra.
Mat do rudi dat dinh cao d tra sdm vao giai doan cay ra hoa rg, qua dat 4,87con/la, b tra chinh vu va tra muon mat do dat dinh cao d giai doan cay ra hoa tUdng iing dat 4,12 con/la va 2,08 con/la.
Tuy nhien, nen trdng dUa chugt sdm de ban ehe' sU gay hai manh cua ruoi due la Idn C. horticola d giai doan ddu khi cay dUa chugt CO 2 la mam vi day la giai doan mSn cam eua dUa chugt doi vdi rudi due la. Hdn niia, thdi vu sdm cd dieu kien thdi tiet Km nen tao dieu kidn cho dUa chugt phat trien than la nhanh, den khi dUa chugt ra hoa
Cling vita luc trdi lanh rat thuan Idi cho qua trinh phat trien tie'p theo eua cay. Vi vdy, dii giai doan sau cd bi ruoi due la xuat hien nhieu hdn mdt chut cung khong dang ngai vi sU chenh lech d6 anh hudng khong dang kd den nang su&'t dUa chugt.
3.4. Anh huldfng cua cay t r o n g vu tri^de den m a t do ruoi due la Idn C, horticola Rudi due la Idn C. horticola la loai da thUe, chiing gay hai tren nhieu loai cay trdng thugc cac hg khac nhau. Tai diem nghien cdu, ngoai dong rugng ba con nong dan ed sU luan canh cay trong, lieu cay trdng vu trudc cd anh hudng gi den sU gay hai ciia rudi due la Idn tren rugng trong dUa chugt d vu tiep theo?. Ke't qua di^u tra cho tha'y mSt do ruoi due la Idn C.
horticola tren dUa chugt chiu anh hudng r&'t Idn cua eay trdng vu trUde. Tren tat ca cac rugng trong dUa chuot, rudi due la C. horticola deu xua't hien ngay tii giai doan
Dfiu trach ---Caic
1 la 2-3 la that that
ViroTi cao
Gi Cay ra
hoa ai doan
Hoa ro, qua
Hoa qua inh Irironj"
Tliu ho^cli
Thu hoach
Thu hoach
Thu hoach
Hinh 2. Anh hifdng cua cay trong vu trif6c den mat do ruoi due la 16n C. horticola tren dita chuot vu xuan 2010
Dien bien m§t dp cua ruoi dgc la Idn... tren cSy du'a chuOt tgi Gia Lam, Ha Npi
dau khi cay mdi mgc 2 la mam nhUng vdi mat do khac nhau. Trong dd, mat do rudi due la Idn C. horticola trcn rugng vu trUde trdng cac cay ky chu cua chung deu cd mat do cao hdn tren rugng ddi chiing (trong bl xanh khdng phai la cay ky chu).
Dac biet mat do rudi due la xuS't hien vdi mat do cao nhat tren rugng vu trUdc trdng cay cai cue, ngay tii khi cay 2 la m^m mat do rudi da dat tdi 1,42 con/la, gay hidn tUdng chet ra't nhieu cay con va dat dinh cao khi cay ra hoa rg, qua vdi mat do 6,02 con/la eao hdn rS't nhieu so vdi rugng dd'i chiing. Mdt do eung giam rat cham vc cud'i vu til 6,02 xud'ng 4,02 con/ la. Tiep theo la rugng vu trUdc trdng cay ca chua. Mat do rudi due la tren rugng vu trUde trdng dau trach hoac dau cd ve cd mat do tha'p hdn tren rugng vu trUdc trong ca chua hay cai cue va mat do chenh lech khdng dang ke giiia hai rugng nay nhung ciing tUOng do'i cao so vdi rugng ddi chiing (Hinh 2). Vific luan canh cay trdng cho ph6p ngudi trdng rau da
dang hda pho ky chu va giam kha nang tai lap dich hai khi ket hdp vdi viec v$
sinh dong rugng sau thu hoach. Day la mdt trong nhi2ng xu hUdng ngan each cd hieu qua cho nhiing cay trdng eung hoac gan nhdm cd chung loai dich hai.
3.5. Anh hifdng c u a gio'ng di^a c h u o t den m a t do ruoi due la Idn C. horticola Cay ky chii la mdt trong cac ydu to' cd anh hUdng den mat do qudn the rudi due la Idn C. horticola. Khdng nhiing chi giiia cae cay ky chu khac nhau, ma mat dd cua loai rudi nay cdn dien bien khac nhau ngay tren cac gio'ng khac nhau. Tren cac gidng dUa chugt lai, mat do rudi due cao hdn so vdi gidng dia phUdng (Yen My). Mat do gidi tren gio'ng dUa chudt Happy 02 la cao nha't trung binh qua cae ky dieu tra la 2,33 con/la vdi ty le hai la 60,43%. Tren gio'ng dua chugt Yen My cd mat do trung binh la 1,17 con/la va ty le la bi hai la 39,12% (Bang 3).
Bang 3. Dien hien m a t do gioi due la 16n va ty le la hi h a i t r e n cac gio'ng dUa c h u o t vu x u a n (Ha Noi, n a m 2010)
Giai dogn sinh tru'dng
c a y 2 15 m i m Cay 1 \A thgl c a y 2 - 3 [a that CSy v y e n cao Cay ra hoa Hoa r9, qua Hoa r!f, qua Qua, Ihuhogch Thu hoach Thu h09Ch Thu hogch Trung binh
Mgt dO (con/ia) va ty 1? hgi (%) cua Happy 02
M$ld<i 1,22 1,48 2,68 3.84 4,76 4,12 3.26 2,14 1,06 0,68 0,34 2.33
T y l ^ h g i 26,40 30,00 45,72 50.48 62,02 68,74 72,36 74,42 76.64 78,74 79,26 60,43
Gauri 757 MatdO
1,02 1,26 1,84 2,76 3,62 3,12 2,46 1,38 0,92 0,54 0,12 1,73
Ty 1$ hgi 24,02 28,34 36,76 43,84 52,15 58,72 62,24 68,16 71,38 73,43 74,19 53.93
C horticola trgn 4 giong D V 0 2 7 MatdO
0,98 1,14 2,36 2,84 3,42 3,58 2.04 1.62 1,28 0,86 0,42 1,87
T y l ^ h g i 20,04 26,38 30,76 42,54 50,79 56,62 63,78 66,74 72,81 73,98 75.16 52,69
du'a chupl Y6n Matd$
0,82 0,94 1,52 1,96 2,37 1,84 . 1,26 1,02 0,78 0,24 0,12 1,17
My T y l ^ h g i
18,26 21,04 25,22 32,46 35,78 41,92 44,76 49,03 52,72 54,26 54,92 39,12
Hoang Thj Hing, Ho Thj Thu Giang
4. KET LUAN
Rudi due la Idn C. horticola phat sinh gay hai manh vao eac thang miia xuan va mua ddng
Trong 4 vu dUa chugt, rudi due la Idn C. horticola gay hai nang nhat tren dUa chugt trdng vu ddng va tha'p nh^t tren dUa chugt trdng b vu he.
Tren cay dUa chugt vu dong, mat do va ty IS hai cua C. horticola tren tra mugn la tha'p nha't, tra chinh va tra sdm cd sU chenh tdch khdng dang kd.
Mat do rudi due la Idn C. horticola tha'p nha't tren rugng cd cay trdng vu trUde khdng phai la ky chii cua chung nhu hi dao.
Cac gio'ng dua chugt lai hi rudi due la Idn C. horticola gay hai nSng hdn tren gidng dua chugt dia phUdng.
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Kk quh digu tra sau b?nh hai cay trdng d cdc tinh phia Nam 1977-1979, Nha xuSt ban Ndng nghiep. Ha Ndi.
Chen. X X., X.Y. Lang, Z.H. Xu, J H. He and Y.
Ma. (2003). The occurrence of leafminers and their parasitoids on vegetables and weeds in Hangzhou area. Southeast China B i o C o n t r o U S : 515-527.
Dang Hoa Tran (2009), Agromyzid leafininers and their parasitoids on vegetables in central VietNam J. ISSAAS Vol. 15, No. 2:21-33 Hoang Thi HSng, Nguyin Viet Timg va Hd Thj Thu Giang (2011). Nghien ciru mgt sd dac diem hinh thai, sinh hgc cua loai mdi due la Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau. T^p chi Nong nghiSp va phat triSn Nong thdn sd 22, tr 31-36.
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Pham Binh QuySn (1994). Sinh thai hgc cdn tning, NXB Giao due, 120 trang.
Rauf. A., B.M. Shepard and M . W . Johnson.
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257-266.
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Kae Amano, Ai Suzuki, Hajime Hiromori va Tsulomu Saito (201J7), "Relative abundance of parasitoids reared during field exposure of sendnel larvae of the leafminers Liriomyza tnfolii (Burgess), L. sativae Blanchard, and Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera:
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