/ HOAN THIEN P t l A P LUAT VE A N TREO • CAN TINtl T d i ^ CAC N t l A N T O LAM CHO N O U d l B l KET A N T A I P H A M
n o A c P H A M TOI M d i
ThS. Nguyin Vdn Bu&ng'
A
n treo la mdt ehd djnh phdp ly dugc quy djnh tai Didu 60 Bd ludt Hinh su (BLHS), the hign bdn chdt tdt dgp vd tinh nhdn dgo cao ea trong dudng ldi lanh dgo cita Dang Cpng sdn Viet Nam duge the che hda bang phdp ludt.Khong phdi bdy gid chiing ta mdi ed chd djnh dn treo ma ngay sau khi Cdeh mang thang 8 nam 1954 thanh cdng. Nha nude Viet Nam dan chu cpng hoa ra ddi da ban hdnh phap ludt ve an treo. neu ro tinh nhan dao va khoan hdng eua Nhd nude Viet Nam ddn chit cdng hda ddi vdi ngudi phgm tgi. Cu thd tai Didu 10 Sde lenh sd 21 ngay 14/02/1946 cua Chu tjch Chinh phu ldm thdi Viet Nam ddn chu cdng hda quy djnh:
"Khi phgt tu, Tda an cd the cho tdi nhdn dugc hudng an treo ndu cd nhung ly do ddng dugc khoan hdng". Ngoai ra, Didu IV Sac lenh sd 33C nam 1945 ciing quy djnh ve an treo.
Sau ehang dudng Ijeh sft gdn 70 ndm kd tu khi dugc ban hdnh, chd djnh an treo khdng ngung dugc phat tridn, sfta ddi, bd sung va hodn thidn thdng qua thyc tien dp dung phap lugt vd dn treo, mgt yeu to quydt dinh sy hoan thidn cua phdp lugt vd dn treo. Ap dung phap ludt ve an treo la mdt dgng hogt ddng cfta phdp ludt trong thyc tien. Theo chidu ddi Ijch sft cua no dd thu duge nhieu thanh tyu to Idn; gdp phdn tich cyc ndng cao hieu qua ddu tranh phong, chong tgi phgm, giao due ngudi pham tpi; chiirig minh sy dftng ddn vd tinh nhan dgo, khoan hdng cua phdp ludt Viet Nam, gid tri xd hdi ciia an treo dugc thye tien kiem nghidm.
Song ben canh nhirng gia trj to Idn efta an treo doi vdi ddi song xa hdi thdng qua hogt dpng dp dung phdp ludt; cdn cd nhiing tdn tai, ban chd tdc dpng tidu eye ddn tinh uu viet cfta an treo.
Cu thd nhidu trudng hgp ngudi duge hudng dn tt-eo phgm tdi trong thdi gian chdp hdnh hinh phgt hodc sau khi chdp hanh xong hinh phgt lai phgm tdi mdi, tai phgm; nguydn nhan vi sao.
nhftng nhdn td ndo tdc ddng dan ddn vide tdi phgm. Dudi gdc dp xd hpi hoc vd xd hgi hgc phap lugt, chiing tdi th^y cae nhdn to sau day tac dpng tidu euc den ngudi bj ket dn dupe hudng dn treo gdm:
i . Doi vdi nhirng nguoi thuc hien ap dung phap luat ve an treo (nhung ngvoi tiln hanh to tung)
i.l.Trinh dp chuyin mon, nghiep vu cua ngu&i dp dung phdp lupt ve dn treo
Theo quy dinh tai Didu 60 BLHS thi: "Khi xu phgt tft khdng qua 03 ndm, edn eft vdo nhan thdn cfta ngudi phgm tpi yd cac tinh tidt gijun nhg, ndu xet thdy khdng cdn thidt phdi bat ehdp hddi hinh phat tft, thi Tda an cho hudng dn fteo vd an djnh thdi gian thft thdch tft 01 nam den 05 ndm". Nhu vdy, ngoai trft didu kidn hinh phgt tu khdng qua 03 nam the hidn djnh lugng rd rdng md Hdi ddng xet xft khdng tiie sai lam thj vdn dd nhdn than ngudi pham tdi vd ede tinh tidt gidm nhg la dieu kidn dugc dp dung cho hudng an treo hay khdng cdn tfty thugc vao khd nang ddnh gid cua ngudi dp dyng phap ludt, vi thd nd lien quan ddn tririh do chuydn mdn nghiep vu cfta hp. Thuc tien dp dyng phj^
ludt vd dn treo cho thdy phan Idn cdc trudng hop cho hudng an treo, Hdi ddng xet xft deu ndm viing cac vdn ban hudng dan ciia Tda an nhan dan tdi cao, danh gid tuong ddi ehinh xac '.
vd nhdn thdn cua ngudi phgm tgi cung nhu cae tinh tiet gidm nhe, song cung khdng it trudi^ ' hgp do ban che ve chuydn mdn nghidp vu ndn Hpi ddng xet xft cd nhung ddnh gid vd dp dung sai ldm, khdng ddy du vd nhdn thdn ngudi pham tpi va cae tii^ tidt gidm nhe, tu do din den cho ngudi phgm tdi hudiig an treo khong dung phdp ludt. Bdi le cac didu kien bdt bupc quy djnh tai Didu 60 BLHS Id cdc quy djnh chung, cdn hidu nd vd dp dyng trong thyc tien Id mdt vide khac. Chdng hgn, mgt ngudi phgm
' T6a in nhan dan cap cao lai Qk NSng
o
tdi cd nhdn than tdt dugc hidu nhu the ndo cho diing nghTa ddi hdi phdi cd qud trinh tu duy; dd phai Id n^udi khdng ed tidn dn, tidn sy, phgm tpi lan ddu va thupc trudng hgp it nghiem ti^ong; ddng thdi phai that thd khai bdo, dn ndn hdi cdi. Thuc tien dp dyng phdp lugt vd dn treo cho thdy cd trudng hgp bj cdo cd nhidu tidn sy hodc cd tien an nhung Tda an van eho hudng an treo, cd trudng hgp bj cao tuy cd nhdn thdn tot nhung phgm tdi thugc trudng hgp rdt nghiem trpng van dugc hudng an treo hogc cd trudng hgp bj edo cd nhan thdn tdt, pham tdi Idn dau thudc trudng hop it nghidm trgng nhung hi cao lai khdng td ra dn nan hdi edi van duofc hudng dn treo... Nhftng sai ldm nay ddu xuat phat tft vigc ddnh gia khdng todn dien cac didu kidn dugc hudng dn treo, khdng ddt ede i didu kien trong mdi lidn ket cua nd md xem xet I mgt each phidn didn, tdch rdi, tu dd quydt djnh I cho bi cdo hudng an treo khdng dung phdp I lugt. Hdu qud phap ly efta viec cho hudng an i treo khdng dung phap ludt do hgn che vd I chuyen mdn nghidp vu cfta ngudi dp dung phdp , ludt vd dn treo dan den khdng ed tde dung cdi j tgo, gido dye vd khd ndng tai phgm hodc pham J tgi trong thdi gian chap hanh dn treo cd nguy . CO xay ra.
1.2. Y thiec phap lugt va su tdc dpng ciia , nhimg tieu cue ddi v&i ngudi dp dung phdp , lugt ve dn treo
J Quy dinh phdp ludt vd an treo khdng thd tu , no di vdo eudc sdng, khdng thd trd thdnh mdt , gia tri xd hdi ndu khdng thdng qua y thftc chap I hanh phdp ludt efta eon ngudi. Mdt van bdn
phap ludt thyc dinh dft cd hoan thidn ddn b'ao ,. nhidu nhung khdng dugc td chuc thyc hidn tot ' thi vdn ban phdp ludt dd khdng thd di vdo eude
sdng, khdng dugc thyc tien kidm nghiem.
|. Co thd ndi rang y thftc phdp ludt la mdt ', trong nhiing nhdn to quan trgng tac ddng ddn -. hanh vi cua mgi ngudi, trong dd cd cd nhftng ' ngudi cd thdm quydn dp dyng phdp ludt. Mdt
^ ngudi CO f thftc phdp ludt tdt, than trpng, chat ' ehe thi hidu qud vide dp dyng phdp ludt se cao
hon, ehinh xdc hon; ngugc lgi sd ddn ddn vigc . tiiy tign trong vide dp duiig phdp ludt, gay hdu qua tidu cyc trong ddi sdng xd hpi cung nhu gay tac hai trong cdng tde ddu tranh phdng.
9inl|c Hunt chong tdi phgm. D6i vdi nhung ngudi tidn hdnh td tung cang hilu sdu sdc ve y nghTa cfta dn treo cung nhu tdc dung cua an treo ddi vdi ngudi pham tdi va ddi vdi xd hgi thi ehde chdn ho sd edn nhdc mgt each thgn trpng cdc tidu ehi, didu kidn do phdp ludt quy djnh de lam edn eft cho vide dp dyng dn treo. H^ qua efta nd sd dan den vide dp dyng dn treo dftng phdp ludt, cho hudng an treo diing ddi tugng, ldm cho ngudi dugc hudng an treo thdy dugc sy khoan dung dp lugng ciia phdp ludt, an tdm cdi tao, loai trft dugc ydu td tdi phgm; ndng cao higu qua dau tranh phdng, chdng tpi phgm, gid trj thye tidn cfta dn treo ddi vdi xd hdi duge khdng djnh.
Tuy nhien, trong thye tidn khdng it trudng hgp nhung ngudi cd thdm quyhn dp dyng phdp lugt ve an treo cdn thidu sdu sac trong vide nghidn cftu cdc quy djnh cfta phap ludt, cdc didu kign, tidu chi khi quydt dinh cho hudng an treo, dan ddn vide dp dung an treo khdng chinh xdc. Ben canh do, mdt nhan td tde dgng lam cho nhiing ngudi dp dung phap ludt vd an ti-eo co tinh hidu khdng dftng ve bdn chdt, y nghTa eua an treo, van dung khdng ehinh xac cdc tieu chi, dieu kidn cua an treo dd quyet djnh cho hudng an tireo khdng dung phdp ludt la sy tde dpng cua nhdn td xd hpi, dugc bidu hign tren cac mgt sau ddy:
- Sy tdc ddng efta cdp trdn, nhihig n^udi cd chftc vu, quydn ban cd anh hudng den vi tri cdng tdc cua ngudi dp dung phdp ludt vd an treo.
- Sy tac dpng cua ngudi thdn, nhiing ngudi trong CO quan hodc nhiing ngudi d cdc co quan, don vj khdc.
- Su tdc dgng cfta yeu td vgt chdt do cac ddi tugng "ehgy mdnh", hdi Id, mua chupc hodc do ngudi pham tdi thye hidn. Ddy la nhdn td tac ddng thudng xuyen, phd bidn ldm cho ngudi dg dung phdp ludt vd dn treo sa ngd, xidu long dan ddn quydt djnh khdng dung phdp lugt.
Trong thye tien qua trinh dp dyng phap ludt vd an treo dd xdy ra khdng it vu an Hdi ddng xet xft cho bi cdo hudng dn treo do sy tde ddng cfta nhdn td tidu cue nay va phai trd gia cho viec ldm, y thftc phdp lugt kem cdi eua minh, thdm chi ed nhiing Thdm phdn bj truy cftu trach nhigm hinh su do cd y eho bi cdo hudng dn treo
o
trai phdp lugt (ra ban dn trai phdp ludt), dieu tat ydu la nguy co tai pham cua ngudi dugc hudng an treo rdt eao.
2. Y thftc p h a p lu?t cua ngirdi dirffc hu'dng an treo
Dgi da sd nhung ngudi dugc hudng an treo ddu CO y thftc phap ludt tdt, chdp hanh nghidm tuc ede quy dinh eiia phdp ludt vd thi hanh an treo, loai tru nguy co tdi phgm. Song khdng it trudng hgp sau khi duge hudng an treo trd ve CO quan noi cong tac hoac dia phuong noi cu tru da khdng tuan thu dftng ede quy djrih cua phdp ludt vd thi hdnh dn treo, trdn tranh su qudn ly cua eo quan bode ehinh quydn dja phuang. Tu viec coi thudng phdp ludt, coi thudng CO quan, to chftc, chinh quydn dia phuang, ngudi bj kdt dn khdng bj phdp ludt rang bupc ndn cdng cd co hdi quan he, tiep xuc voi cac nhan td tidu cyc nay sinh trong ddi song xd hgi, lam cho ngudi dugc hudng dn treo khdng ty cai tao dugc minh ddn ddn tdi pham, lam mdt y nghia vd tdc dung cua an treo.
3. Trach nhiem cua co* quan, td chirc va chinh quyen dia phirong noi quan ly, giam sat, giao diic ngudi dugc h u d n g an treo
Theo quy dinh cua Lugt Thi hanh an hinh su, Nghj djnh"s6 61 ngdy 30/10/2000 cua Chinh phu hudng dan thi hdnh hinh phat tit cho hudng dn treo thi trdch nhidm va nghTa vy eiia ede CO quan, to chftc, chinh quyen dja phuang, cac cd nhdri vd ngudi dugc hudng an treo duoc quy djnh rdt eu thd, chat ehe va ro rang. Ndu thyc hien dftng theo cac quy djnh phap ludt nay thi chdc chdn vide thi hdnh an treo dat hieu qud eao, hgn che thap nhat nguy eo tdi phgm, muc dich cua an treo se dat duge. Song trong thyc tien thi hdnh dn treo, khong it trudng hgp sau khi chdp hdnh xong bdn an treo hoge dang thi hdnh dn treo ngudi bj kdt an lgi pham tgi mdi;
nguydn nhdn xudt phdt tft nhieu phia:
- Trude hdt Id eac eo quan, td ehftc, chinh quyen dia phuong da khdng thuc hidn nghiem tuc quydn hgn, trdch^nhiem, nghTa vu ciia minh, cd noi cdn coi nhe vide thi hanh dn treo, thyc hien chi la hinh thftc; tft do buong long vide qudn ly, gidm sat, gido dye, giup dd ngudi bj kdt dn... Tinh trang nay lam cho ngudi bi kdt dn thidu ddng luc edi tao, thieu nidm tin, thgm
A
chi cdn xem thudng vai trd cua cdc ea quan,f chftc va ehinh quyen dja phuang, hdu qua la ngudi bi kdt an khdng thue hidn nghidm tie ban dn treo, cd biet cd trudng hgp trdn tranh vigc thi hanh ban an treo. Ddy la nguyen nhan khien ngudi bi ket dn dd pham tpi mdi.
- Nhdn thftc va y thftc phdp ludt, trach nhidm khi cdc ca nhdn thupc cae co quan, t^
chftc, chinh quyen dja phuong dugc phan c5rtg gidm sat, giao dye ngudi bj kdt dn: Thd hien khong cao, ehua lam hdt trdeh nhidm cua minh dugc phdp lugt quy djnh; trong nhidu truong hgp cdn qua loa, lay le, budng Idng cdng tac to chftc thi hdnh an, Ihidu trdch nhidm vdi nguoi bj kdt an. Didu ndy dnh hudng den vide thuc thi phdp ludt vd thi hanh an treo khong duoc day dft vd nghiem tftc. Ddy eung la mot trong nhiing nhdn td tdc ddng su tai phgm cua nguoi bi ket dn.
- Vai trd cua edng ddng khu ddn cu, ck to chftc doan the tai dja phuong:
Trong thuc tidn ddi sdng xa hdi, thudng thi nhiing ngudi pham tdi vd dja phuong it duoc ddi xft cong bang, it duge edng ddng ddn cu, cae to ehftc dodn thd tgo didu kien thugn lgi de tdi hda nhdp cupc song.. Thue td ndy lam cho ngudi bi ket an mac cam, budn chdn va dl dali den tai phgm.
- Vai tro eua gia dinh ngudi bj kdt dn ciing ehua lam tdt trach nhidm phdi hgp vdi eo quafl, td chuc, chinh quydn dja phuang trong viee gidm sat, gido dye ngudi bj ket an.
Ngoai ra cdn nhidu nguydn nhdn khdc nhu:
Phap ludt ve an treo chua theo kjp ddi songxa hdi, ehua cd co ehd giam sdt cdng tac to chiic thi hanh an treo; cac lihdn td vd gidi tinh, d&
tudi, ddn tdc, tdn giao, dja ly, kinh td, xa hpi...
ciing tac dpng khdng nhd den nguy co tdi phaift cua ngudi bi kdt an.
Nhu vdy, nhin tu gdc dp xd hdi hpc ya >^
hdi hpc phap ludt chftng ta liidy ro ban chdtt8t dep cua an treo, thd hidn tinh nhdn dgo, khoan hong cua Dang va nhd nude ddi vdi nguoi 1^
ket an, thdy dugc y nghTa vd gid tri to Idn cua phdp ludt vd an treo ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hoi Song ddng thdi eung thdy dugc nhftng tont^j, nhiing nhdn td tieu eye tdc ddng ddn qua trinh dp dung phdp lugt vd dn treo, lam eho qua trinh
ap dung phdp ludt vd an treo khdng duge chinh xde, thdm ehi cd nhftng sai ldm nghiem trgng, hdu qud cfta nd Id Tda dn cho ngudi pham tdi hudng dn ti-eo trong khi hg khdng du didu kign, gay ra nguy co ngudi dugc hudng an treo tdi pham hodc pham tdi trong qua trinh chdp hdnh an treo. Khdng chi cd nhftng sai ldm eua nhung ngudi ed trdch nhiem dp dung phap ludt vd dn treo dan ddn ngudi dugc hudng dn treo tdi phgm hodc pham tdi mdi trong thdi gian chdp hdnh an treo, ma hau qua ndy cdn cd nhiing nguyen nhdn den tft ngudi dugc hudng an treo;
ddn tft cdc CO quan, td chftc. chinh quydn dja phuong. gia dinh va nhftng cd nhdn ed trdch nhidm trong cdc co quan, td chftc. chinh quydn
dia pbuOTig dd, cung nhu den tft c^ng ddng dan eu, cdc to chftc dodn thd nai ngudi dugc hudng dn treo edng tdc, sinh sdng. Danh gid nhung nhdn td nay qua Idng kinh xd hpi hgc vd xa hpi hgc phdp ludt se giup chung ta cd duoc nhiing giai phap, bien phdp loai trft nhung yeu td tidu cue dd. Ddng thdi gdp phdn han ehe viec tdi pham hoac pham tdi mdi trong thdi gian chap hdnh an treo; nang cao hdu qua ddu tranh phdng, chdng tdi phgm; khdng djnh vj thd efta an treo trong chinh sdch hinh sy cfta Nha nude ta. Phdp ludt vd dn treo khdng chi tdn tai md cdn phat tridn, hodn thien de lam sang td ban nfta tinh khoa hgc gifta ly ludn ve an treo vd thyc tien xd hdi eua an treo./.
(Tiip theo trang 41) Tuy nhidn, quy dinh tuyen the khdng dp dung ddi vdi trudng hgp ngudi khai la ngudi chua thdnh nidn.'''
Trong trudng hgp ngudi lam chftng cd tinh khong hgp tdc vdi cac co quan tidn hdnh td tyng nhu ed ddu hidu bd trdn..., cac ca quan tidn hdnh to tung cd the dp dung cae bidn phdp nhu tgm gift." Ndu ngudi Idm chftng khdng hgp tdc vi sg bi ngudi pham tdi hay bdn thft 3 tra thu, thi ede co quan tien hanh td tung phai cd bidn phap bao vd an toan tinh mgng, sftc khoe, tdi sdn cho ngudi lam chftng tft khi vide tgm gift ngudi lam ehung dugc ban hanh.
Hai Id. hinh sy hda vide de dpa. trd thu ddi vdi ngudi ldm chftng hogc can trd ngudi lam chftng cung cdp chung eft."' Chi cdn xudt hidn cae hdnh vi de dga, tra thu hogc can trd ngudi ldm chftng cung cdp chftng eft la phdi chju trdeh nhidm hinh su, ma khdng cdn hdu qud xdy ra, chdng han nhu thuong tich 11 % trong Tgi ed y gdy thuang tich. Didu nay mdi dft sftc phdng ngfta vd rdn de nhung hdnh vi gdy
dnh hudng tdi quyen vd lgi ich ngudi ldm chftng.
Ba Id, tuy tftng trudng hgp cy the ma cac ehft thd ed lien quan dp dung linh hoat ede bidn phdp nhu dd phdn tieh d Mue 3. Cd nhung trudng hgp ehi edn mpt hign phap, nhung co nhftng trudng hgp phdi kdt hgp ede bidn phdp, each thftc khdc nhau dd bdo vd an todn tinh mang, sftc khde, tai san cfta ngudi ldm chftng, cung nhu ngudi than cfta hp. Trong thai gian trude mdt, khi mdt dao ludt ridng vd bao ve ngudi lam chftng chua dugc xdy dung thi cd le vide sua ddi, bd sung cac quy djnh trong Bp ludt Td tung hinh su lien quan ddn ngudi lam chiing, dac bidt la quy trinh bao ve ngudi Idm chung la bet sftc cdn thidt.''
Cd nhu vgy, mdi thyc su bdo vd dugc tinh mang, sftc khde vd tdi sdn eua ngudi lam chftng, giup ngudi lam chiing an tdm khi hgp tdc vdi ede eo quan tidn hanh td tung trong eac vu an hinh sy, dac bidt Id cdc vy dn phftc tap, cd td ehftc./.
, " Xem them: Karim A. A. Khan, Caroline Bosman, Christophel Gosnell, Principles of Evidence in International CriminalJustice. (Oxford. 2010), trang 538.
" Mpt s6 qu6c gia trao quy€n quy^t djnh tam giS d6i vdi ngudi lam chiing cho T6a an, theo yeu cau ciia ca quan ' Cong t6.
! '^ Can tro ngu6i l^m chicng cung cap chiing cix durpc nhi6u quoc gia xem nhu cSn tro vi?c thyc thi cong ly j (obstruction of justice).
j " Bo lu^t T6 tung Hinh sy nam 2003, sau gSn 10 nam co hieu luc dS boc 10 nhieu bat cap \k dang dirpc Vifn Ki^m I sat nhan dan T6i cao chu tri. nghifin ciiu siia doi, b6 sung.