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Bai bao trinh bay each tie'p c^n chl phi vong doll (Life Cycle Costs - LCC) trong viec tfnh toan chl phi s6 hOu cua h i thS'ng phiJc tap. Xac djnh cSu true pbSn chia chi phf eua he thOng phife tap trong qua trinh sol \\3u thiS't bj la rat quan trgng 0^ xae djnh eac thanh phan ehi phi eo ty trgng eao trong tong ehi phf sof hDu thii't bj. Ke't qui eho tha'y, cac thanh phS'n chi phi v|n hanh l$n hcin nhieu cac ehi phi mua sim ban dau eung nhiT chl phi bio dirfing hS thO'ng. Dira tren ke't qui nay, cac quyet dmh mua sim cac hi thing ky thuat, dac biit v6l cac he tho'ng phiJe tap ed yiu cau van hanh eao dUOc thi/c hiin.
Ngoai ra, dua tren viee phan tieh cac thanh phi'n chi phf, nha dau tiT eo thi ra quyi't djnh vi' viie l^a ehon thay doi, bo sung phifong an dS'u US ban dau d^ ti'i ifu qua trinh dau tir difa trin ehi phi sof hHu he tho'ng.
Dat v a n de
Phan ttch LCC la qua trinh phan tich kmh te de xem xet chi phi cho viec mua sam, s6 hOu va thanh ly (tieu huy) s4n phim, dUdo ap dung trong toan bd vdng ddi cua san pham hay trong mot hoac nhi^u giai doan l<hac nhau cCia vdng ddi san pham. Muc tieu cd ban cCia viec phan tich LCC la phan tich va dua ra ket quci tir cac dQ lieu dau vao, ho trd cho vi§c ra quyet dinh se dUdc thUc hien trong giai doan bat ky hoac trong ta't cS cac giai doan cCia vdng ddi san pham.
PhUdng phap LCC cd the dUdc ap dgng de ho trd qua trtnh ra quyet dinh trong nhOng trudng hdp nhu: 1) Danh gia va so sanh cac phuong an thiet k§' cd the CO va cac cong nghe duoc Ma chpn; 2) Xem xet tinh kh4 thi v^ mat kinh te cija cac du an/sJn pham; 3) Phat hien cac thanh phan chi phf gia tang va phUdng an ck\ tien higu qua chi phi; 4) Danh gia va so sanh cac each tiep can khac nhau doi vdi viec thay doi, hoi phuc/keo dai tudi tho hay loai bd trang bi da lac hau: 5} Lap kg' hoach tai chfnh dai han.
Cac giai doan trong vong iili va LCC s a n piiam
Trong phan tfch LCC, dieu mau chd't la hieu ban chat vdng ddi cua san pham va nhOng hoat ddng diln ra trong cac giai doan cua vdng ddi cung nhu mdi quan he cua nhiJng hoat dong nay ddi vdi nang suat, dp an tpan, tfnh khdng hdng hdc, bao dudng va ddi vdi nhOng dau hieu khac cd ddng gdp vao LCC.
Sau giai doan cua vdng ddi bao gdm: giai doan de xuat cac giai phap va xac dinh cac yeu cau; giai doan thiet ke va phat tnen; giai doan san xuat; giai doan trang bj; giai doan van hanh va bao dudng;
giai doan thanh ly (tieu huy).
Nhin chung, cd the chia toan bd chi phf bo ra trong cac giai doan neu tren thanh cac chi phi cho viec mua sam, sd hufu va thanh ly. Chi phf mua sam la rd rang va cd the d l dang dUdc danh gia trudc khi ra quyet dinh ve viec mua skttt s§n pham va cd the (nhung khdng bat bupc) gdm cac chi phi lap dat. Chi phf sd hiJu thudng tap ra thanh phan chinh
oSotinamjniA Tapchi KHOIIHM 15
^"'""'"'"^'CONGNGHEVIETNISI:
KHOn HOC - CONG NGHG Vn DOI MOI
cua L C C . trong nhieu tradng hop vug't qua chi phi mua slim va khong d§ dang xac dmh Chi phi thanh ly (tieu huy) co the x e m nhu" mgt phan quan trong c u a toan bo L C C . Cac hoat dpng trong giai doan thanh ly ci nhOng dif an ldn, vi du cac nha may dien nguyen t u , co the can den cac khoan chi rat Idn, T i n h t o a n c h o h e t h o n g phijfc t a p
T r o n g vi du trinh bay sau day se mo ta trinh ty"
phan tich cac chl phi trong vong ddi cua " m a n g truyen d u lieu (DCN - Data Communication Networl<)"
IVIuctieu cua phan tfch la chi ra n h i j n g thanh phan chi phi trong tong chi phi sd hQu De ddn gian hoa, cac chi phi cho bien tap tai lieu, dao tao/giang day, c d sd ha tang, quan ly, lap dat va bao duo'ng thiet bl thLi nghiem i<;h6ng duoc xem xet den Tinh s i n sang dac triJng cua dang m a n g truyen du lieu nay la xap XI 9 9 , 9 9 4 % Qng vdi thdi gian tich luy trang thai [(hong SLf d u n g la gan 30 phut trong mot n a m ,
Cau true phan chia cac chi phi (CBS) C B S (Cost B r e a k d o w n Structure) la phuOng phap phan loai cac chi phi djnh hudng vao vdng d d i . T r o n g cau true C B S , cac chi phi khac nhau d J p c ket ndi sao cho chung dap ung duoc nhu cau phan tich (xem hinh 1)
Hinh ! cau true phan chia cac chi phi su dung
T u hinh 1 ta t h a y : t o n g chi phf v a n h a n h va bao d u o n g g o m ' t o n g chi p h i dau t i i c h o bao dudng Cl (Cl = chl p h i d a u tU c h o b a o dUdng t r o n g nam CIM);
to'ng chi p h i v a n hanh C O ( C O = 15 nam x chi phi cho van hanh t r o n g n a m C Y C ) va t o n g chi phi bao dudng C M (CM = 15 nam x chi phi cho bao dudng trong nam CYI\/I).
Phan tich thanh p h a n chi p h i v d i cap dp thap hon, ta c d :
Chi phi dau tU cho bao du'dng trong nam (CIIVJ) duoc tinh b a n g t o n g cac chi p h i c h o cac kh6\ thay the d u trU ( C I M S R U ) , cac chi phf cho trang bi de bao d u d n g tai ch6 ( C I M F S ) va cac chi phf cho trang bl de bao d u d n g trong x u d n g ( C I M F W ) . DUa tren thong s d dau v a o , ket q u a tinh t o a n CIM cho he thd'ng D C N bSng 5 8 6 3 0 C U .
Chi pill cho van hanh trong nam (CYO) dUdc tinh bang t d n g cac chi p h i t h u e m a n g t r u n g chuyen dO lieu ( C Y O L ) , chl phi nang c a p p h a n m e m (CYOS) va chi phi chiu phat do hau q u a c u a thdi gian trang thai khong sif d u n g ( C Y O U ) . Dua tren thong s d dau vao, tinh d u o c chi phi v a n h a n h trong nam (CYO) cho he t h d n g D C N b i n g 1 9 2 8 0 0 C U . Khi tinh toan chl phf v a n hanh trong nam C Y O , dieu quan trong la udc tinh dupc chi phi chiu phat do hau qua cua thdi gian trang thai k h o n g s u d u n g C Y O U dUa tren cac sd lieu thd'ng ke c h i c c h i n ve dp tin cay cua he thdng, Ke't qua tinh toan c h o tha'y, chi phi chiu phat C Y O U c h i e m den hon 4 0 % chi p h i v a n hanh C Y O .
Chl phi cho bao dudng trong nam (CYlVl) dUdc tinh bang t o n g chi phi cho bao d u d n g d u phdng (CYMP) va chl phi bao d u d n g sau h o n g hdc ( C Y M C ) , Chi phi cho bao d u d n g y e u c a u cac t h d n g tin d a n g tin cay ve thdi gian sLfa chOa t r u n g binh c u n g n h u chi p l i i vat t u tieu hao t r u n g binh D u a tren thdng so dau vao, tinh dUdc chi p h i c h o b a o dUdng trong nam ( C Y M ) c h o he thd'ng D C N b a n g 19122 C U .
N h u vay, t o n g chi phi tfnh c h o 15 n a m van hanh va bao d u d n g (COM) = C I M + 15 x C Y O + 15 x C Y M ^ 3 2 3 7 4 6 0 C U .
Ta c d the thay, chi p h i v a n h a n h va bao dudng trong 15 n a m c u a he t h d n g g a p hdn 55 lan so vdi chi phi dau tU ban d a u . T r o n g d d c h u ye'u la chi phi cho v a n h a n h he thd'ng.
^ So s a n h cac chi p h i c h o d a u t u , v a n h a n h va b a o d u d n g ca n a m dUdc t r i n h b a y t r e n h i n h 2.
HHOR HOC - CONG NGHG VR BOI MOI
Chi phi ca nam cho v'gn tianh
Hinh 2. so sanh cac chl phi cho dau tU, van hanh va bao dUdng ca nam
Thay ddi cac li^a chpn dan ti^ ban dau
Dua tr§n phan tfch chi phi neu tren, chCi d^u tU cd thi can nhac den viec thay doi mot so thong so ky thuat cDa cac phan tif trong he thong nham cai thien chi phi sd hOu thiet bj. Vf du nhu, chi phf chju ph^t CYO chiem den hdn 40% chi phf van hanh CYO.
Chu dSu tu cd thi quy§'t djnh ck\ thien chi phf nay bang each tang tinh khong hong bp nhd dQ lieu.
Trang bj bo nhd duf lieu tin cay nhat lam cho thong so dong h6ng hoc cua md dun DS gi^m 50%. Cac chi phi de mua bo nhd mdi DS dUdc gik thiet d mifc lOOOCUthayviSOOCU. Nhd tinh khdng hdng dUdc cSithien, tdng so cac khoi thay the dli trOf(RU5) giam xuo'ng cdn 4 doi tUdng.
Tiet kiem chinh cCia viec dau tU se la trong ITnh vUc cac chi phf chju phat (mat mat) do khong cd s i n san pham (CYOU), vi the ma can phk\ tang tfnh sSn cd cua vi mgch chfnh len. DU doan ring, gia trj cua he so AIWP se la 99,998% thay vi 99,995%. Nd tao ra tong gia trj cua he so' sSn sang cua he thd'ng la 99,987%, lam cho thdi gian tich luy trang thai khong SLf dung cija he thd'ng truyen thdng la 68,3 phut/
nam va chi phi chju phat (ton that) do hau qua cua thdi gian trang thai khdng sCr dung san pham hay do tinh khdng cd s i n cua nd (CYOU) se 6 mifc 70950 CU/namsovdi 192800 CU ban dau. Gia trj thu dUdc
trong vong ddi 15 nam la rat dang ke va gci'p khoang 6 lan chi phi dau tU bo ra. Tii dd, nha d^u tU cd th^ ra quyet djnh lUa chon dUa tren ket quk tinh toan nay.
TUdng tu nhu vay, nang cap phan mem tis xa se ha chi phi chju phgt do hau qua cua thdi gian trang thai khdng sCf dung (CYOU) xudng 54000 CU moi nam. Trong khi dd, dau tu vao thiet bj mdi cho chUc nang nang cap tii xa se gia djnh d miJc 1500 CU cho mdt he thd'ng truyen thdng va 100000 CU cho thiet bi dQ lieu trung tam. Dau tu ban dau nhu vay se tang them (30 x 1500) + 100000 = 145000 CU.
Ket luan
Bai bao trinh bay tdm tat viec ap dung phUdng phap LCC 6i ho trd qua trinh ra quyet dinh dau tU.
Thdng qua viec xac djnh cac thanh phan chi phi trong qua trinh sd hOu, nha dau tU cd the can nhac de'n cac kha nang lUa chon phuong an dau tU phu hdp diia tren cac danh gia djnh IUdng ve chi phi dau tti ban dau, chi phi van hanh va bko dudng. Ngoai ra, phuong phap LCC dupc si!f dung khdng chl cho viec so sanh, lua chon cac phUPng an dau tu khac nhau ma cdn la cdng cu hieu quk ho trd cho qua trinh bd sung, cai tien cac phuong an dSu tU da dupc Ilia chon de tdi Uu hda qua trinh dau tu. Dieu nay cd y nghTa dac biet quan trpng dd'i vdi viec dau tU cac he thong phifc tap .e^
Tai lieu tham khae
1. H. Paul Barringer. Life Cycle Cost Tutorial, 1996.
2. CSN lEC 60300-3-3. Management spolehlivosti. Navod k pouzitf - Analyza nakladij 2ivotnfho cyklu. Praha: C N I , 2005
3. B.S. Dhillon. Life Cycle Costing. Techniques, Models and Applications, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1988.
4 B S. Dhillon. Life Cycle Costing for Engineers, CRC Press, 2010.
5. U Dinesh Kumar. Tutonals on Life Cycle Costing and Reliability Engineenng, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore 2000.
6 Guangbin Yang Life Cycle Reliability Engineenng, John Wiley & Sons, inc., Hoboken, New Jersey 2007.
So 20 nam 2014 . TapchlKHOftHM 17 CONG NGHE VIET N M T
KHOR HOC - C O N G NGHG VR £)6l M O I
Song ctie Gioi phdp liOu icti
TEN SANG CH£ Q O T T R K H XlI IY DAI fflfli> fflAl, BAIVC CACH C R A C K K G XlIC TAC DE SAX XIIAT DAC DIEZEN
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ang che dS cap den quy trinh xut ly dau nhdn thai bang each cracking xuc tac de skn xuat d^u diezen bao gom cac cong doan'd^ iang; gia nhiSt d i loai nudc; xH l> loai IUu huynh va cac hdp chat cd cue bang each sil dung h6n hop cCia mdt hdp chat kilm vdi metanoi hoac chat dong tu; cracking xuc t4c trong dilu kien nhiet do khoing 300-450°C vdi su co mat cua chat xuc tic ia zeoiit Y; chung cat thu hoi phan doan diezen dudi ap suat khi quyen bang each gia nhiet tii ttl vdi toe dp 2°C/phut den nhiet dp khoang 200-350°C;t^y mau, miii cua phin doan diezen thu dUdc bang chat hap phy. Quy trinh theo sang ch^ eho phep xii ly dau nhdn thai mot each triet de, cho hieu suit thu diezen cao, phii hdp dilu kien Viet Nam, ap dung dUdc 6 cac quy m6 san xuit td nhd i§ tdi cdng nghiep. Ngoai ra, quy trinh theo sang ehe co the ap dung dU(?e chd cic d^u nhdn thii nhe va ca eac diu nhdn thai chda nhieu thinh phan n|ng.
TSn ctiu sd hSu: Vifn Hoa hqc cdng nghiep Vl$t Nam
Dia ctil: so 2 Pham Ngu Lao, phi/dng Phan Chu Trinh, qugn Hoan KiS'm, HaN$i
D^i di$n chO sd hUu: Dinh Van Kha Sdbing: 1-0011256; ng^y cap.-26.3.2013
T^NGH PHflP HOu i(H: CHE P M J i H l l A T;I rtm m m m XIIAI BAII M CAY, MAMGPHlWMGDpG
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he ph^m nhifa tiJ phan huy theo giSi phap hQu ich co thanh phan (tinh theo % trpng lifpng) gom; polyetylen t^ trpng th^p (LDPE) 60-70%, tmh b6t s^n 10-20%, CaCOg 7-13%, axit beo cua d^u thi/c vat da este hoa 4-8%, chat PE- g-MA 0,6-1,2%, polycaprolacton (PCL) 1 -5% va chat quang hoa 0,01 -0,4%. Che pham nhi^a theo gik\ phap hOu ich thich hop d l skn xuat bau lidm cay va mang phiJ ndng dyng.Tin chu sd hdu: Vien Hoa hpc cong nghidp Vi^t Nam
Dia chi: so 2 Pham Ngu Lao, qu|n Hoan Kjg'm, Ha Npi
D^i diin chO sd hdu: Pham The Trinh, Mai Van Ti^n, Le Thj Thu Ha S6 b^ng: 2-0001160; ngay cap: 24.3.2014
TGN SANG rf VAT U i l l XAY DlSVC BlffllC SA1\ XIAT it? iVfiUYEI^ UEli T A I V t l V G ^ l H i M m
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at lieu xay di/ng dupc de cap trong sang che g6m ckc thanh phan (tinh theo % I<h6i li/0ng):xi mang vdi lifpng nam trong l<hoctng 10-16%, da tgi cho chiem khocing 55-59%, dat nam trong khoSng 13,2-15%, c^t vdi liJ0ng nam trong khoang 8,8-10%, nudc nhiem m§n chiem 6,99-8,5% v^ ch&'t phy gia CSB hole CSSB vdi lU(?ng nam trong kholing 0,01-1,5%.
Ten chii sd hQu: Nguyen Hong Binh Dia chl: 226/40 Le Van Sy, phirdng 1, qu|[n Tan Binh, TP Ho Chi Minh So bang,-1-0012251 ing^yc^p; 7.1.2014
tW GIfll PHRP HOU iCH: P H l f M PHAP SA!^ XUAT
ETANOL S \ m HQC TJIPH^ L l | l Gd CllNG
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iai phap hOu ich de cap den phifdng phap skn xu^t etanol sinh hoc tif phe lieu g5 ctfng bao gom 6 budc: (1) Ttien xii Vj phe lieu gobang each nghien nho de thu dUqJc b6t go, sau do thdy phan bpt g6 trong nudc nong, Ipc va tach rieng phan ba va djch tien thuy phan; (2) Thuy ph&n djch tien thuy phan thu dUdc d bUdc 1 trong thiet bi u d nhiet dp 100°C, sau dd bd sung th§m bazd de logi bo cac tap chat va Ipc tach can; (3) XCf ly phan ba thu dUdc 6 bUdc 1 bang kiem, sau do tach rieng phan ba ra khoi dich kiem den; (4) Nghien mjn phan ba thu duqc sau budc 3 va thuy ph§n ph^n ba sau khi da dUdc nghien bang hdn hdp enzym xenlulaza, p-glucosidaza va hemixenlulaza; (5) Len men dung dich thu dupc d bUdc 2 bing Chung Pichia stipitis va len men dung djch thu dUpc d bUdc 4 bang chunp Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sau do gop chung hai dung djch lai de thUc hienjen men tiep; (6) Chung c^t dung djch l§n men thu dUdc 6 budc Sde thu hoi etanol. PhUdng phap nay kha higu quIi, cho phep thu hoi etanol vdl hi§u suat cao, tiet kiem nguon nguyen lieu g6 va it gay dpc hai cho moi trudng.Tin chii sd hdu: Trirdng Dai hgc Bach khoa Ha Npi Dia chi: so 1 Dai C6 Vi^t, Hai Ba TrOng, Ha Npi
Dai dien chO sd hdu: Doan Thai Hoa, Le Quang Dien, Tran Dinh Man, Nguyen The Trang
Sd bang: 2-0001161; ngay cap: 24.3.2014
