ASEAN V6l TIEN TRJNH CAI CACH DAN CHU 6 MIANMA
LE VAN ANH*
TRAN HtTU TRUNG**
1. A S E A N vdri M i a n m a thdri k y bi cd'm v $ n
Sau hcfn mpt thap nidn gidnh ddc lap, tfl nam 1962 cho dd'n thdng 3 ndm 2011, Mianma nfim dfldi sfl dieu hanh cua ehinh gidi qudn sfl. Lay cd vi pham nhdn quyen.
My vd cdc qud'c gia phflcfng Tay da dp dat lenh trflng phat ea'm van dd'i vdi Mianma, khie'n qud'e gia ndy trd thanh mpt "vung trung" ciia khu vflc va Id mpt trong nhflng nflde ngheo nha't trdn the gidi. Tai nhieu dien dan Idiu vfle vd quop te', khi ban v l chii d l Mianma, trong con mat cua My va phfldng Tdy, qud'c gia ndy Men didn bdi sU dpc tai, tham nhiing, vi pham quyln eon ngfldi.. Chfing han, tai didn ddn khu vuc ASEAN d Kuala Lumpur, Malaixia (07/1997), Ngoai trfldng My Madeleine Albright da chi trich manh me Mianma d cdc phfldng dign trdn vd khang dinh rang nd'u mud'n hdi nhap vdi Ichu vfle thi Mianma phai khfie phuc nhiihg vd'n d l ndy*^*. Hcfn nfla, ngay trong ndi bp eua ASEAN cung ed y kie'n bfit thudn. Mdt sd bao chi, chinh khdch vd hgc gia, ddc biet d
Thdi Lan vd PhiHppin khdng tan thdnh vide gia nhfip ciia Mianma vdo ASEAN'^'.
Trong bd'i eanh chiu nhieu sflc ep dd, ASEAN dd tim ra each flng xfl rieng, phu hpp Igi ich khu vflc vd lpi ieh cua Mianma.
D6 Id vide ASEAN khdng dflng v l phia My vd phflcfng Tay cung nhfl dfl ludn nghich chilu dd'n tfl mdt sd' qud'e gia thdnh vidn cua ASEAN de each ly, cd lap md tidi lai dd md rpng vbng tay ddn nhan Mianma vao trong gia dinh cua Hidp hdi cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A. Ngay 23/07/1997 tai Kuala Lumpur - Malaixia, Mianma da chinh thfle trd thdnh thanh vidn thfl 8 cua ASEAN. Su kien ndy khdng cM phan anh khdt vpng v l xay dflhg mdt ASEAN viing manh, mdt t l chflc ciia eac qud'e gia trong khu vflc ma cbn tao ra dieu kidn d l Mianma hgp tae, hdi nhdp vdi cac thdnh vidn eua Hidp hdi, vdi edng dong qud'c td' thdng qua kenh ASEAN.
Tuy nhidn trong qua trinh md rdng, ASEAN ciing phai dfldng dau vdi nhilu thfl thach. Mdt sd' nhd ngliidn cflii cho rang, viee ket nap ba nude Ddng Dfldng vd Miainma da lam suy giam tinh gan kd't gifla
* PGS.TS. L6 van Anh, *•" Ths. Tran HOu Trung, TrUdng Dai hoc Hue
18 Nghien cOu Ddng Nam A 10/2012
cdc thdnh vidn do khdc nhau v l t h l c h l chinh tri xa hOi, cdch tid'p c^n an ninh chinh tri, hgp tdc vd phdt triln, sfl chdnh Idch v l trinh d?i phdt t r i l n kinh t l vd mflc sd'ng gifla cdc thdnh vidn cu vd mdi'^'.Theo td bdo hdng ngdy "NgUin diiu tra" eda PhiHppin s i ra ngdy 13/01/2007, thu thdp binh qufin dfiu ngfldi d Singapo gfi'p 17 lfin so vdi Mianma'^'. Thdm vdo dd, nhflng khd khdn phflc tap trong n^i b$ Mianma da khie'n nflde ndy, nhfl cd y kid'n cho rfing "Id mgt h i | n tflgng ba't thudng trong ASEAN"f5) D^ vgy_ ASEAN vfin till hign Id mdt t l chflc ed tinh trdch nhiem vd cdng ding Idn. M^t mdt d l rut ngfin khodng cdch chdnh Igch gifla cdc thdnh vidn, ASEAN da tdng cudng sfl hgp tdc ngi khU vd tim ra co che cho phij hop vdi cac thdnh vidn mdi. Diln hinh Id, ndm 1992 khu vflc mau dich tfl do ASEAN ra ddi vd ke't thuc vide thfle hien Chflong trinh flu ddi thud' quan chung vdo nam 2003 d l hinh thdnh thi trfldng todn khu vfle. Tuy nhidn, dd'i vdi cac thdnh vidn mdi Campuchia-Ldo -Vidt Nam -Mianma se keo ddi dd'n ndm 2015, nhfim giup cdc quoc gia ndy chuan bi day dli dilu kien d l gia nhgp. Mdt khdc, ASEAN ehii trgng vide thfit chdt cfie nfldc thdnh vidn tao thdnh mdt khd'i thd'ng nhfi't t h l hign qua cdc tuydn bd', vdn kien chinh thflc cua cfic cugc gdp gd cap cao ASEAN.
Tai Hpi nghi Thflgng dinh ASEAN Ifin thfl 9 d Bah, Indonexia (2003), cdc nhd Idnh dao ASEAN da cho ra ddi tuydn bd' v l sfl Hba hdp ASEAN II, trong dd thd'ng nha't thanh ldp cgng dong ASEAN dfla trdn ba tru cdt ehinh Id hdp tac an ninh chinh tri, hgp tac kinh te' va hop tdc van hda xd hdi.
Ndm 2007, tai H^i nghi cap cao ASEAN hdng nfim Ifin thfl 12 d i l n r a d Cebu, PhiHppin cdc nhd Idnh dao ASEAN da d i n g thu$n trong vi^c hfldng tdi xdy dflng ASEAN trd thdnh "M^t cOng d i n g dum bgc vd chia sd". Tuydn btf Cebu hfldng tdi "Mpt cdng d i n g dflm bgc vd chia se" dflpc ddnh gid Id "vdn kien cd tam nhin xa vd rgng vl tfldng Iai ASEAN se trd thdnh m^t nhom hdi hba cdc qucfc gia Ddng Nam A hfldng ngoai s6hg trong hba tiinh, I n dinh vd phin vinh, gfin bd vdi nhau bfing quan h^ dli tfic trong sU phfit t r i l n ndng dgng"*^'.Thdng qua nhflng sfl kien trdn, chflng td ASEAN Id m$t mdi nhd chung. Id mdt td chflc co trdch nhi$m vdi cfic thdnh vien, Id dilu kidn de Mianma hdi nhdp vdi khu vifc trong bd'i canh My vd phflong Tdy cain van.
Trong thdi ky Mianma bi cfiin van, ASEAN cbn Id nhip cfiu ket nSl nfldc nfiy vdi cgng dong qud'e te. Ndm 2008, cdn bao Nargis do bd vdo Mianma gay ra nhQng ton hai to Idn ve ngfldi vd thigt hai vat chd't len tdi 12 ti USD. Trfldc t i n h hinh do, Ngoai trfldng cdc nfldc ASEAN dd hgp hdi nghi dot xud't (19/05/2008) tai Singapore dfla ra sdng kien cd ch^ ba ben (TCG) bao gom ASEAN, Lien hgp quo'c vd Mianma dl dieu phd'i cdc hoat dgng cflu trd cua quoc tl.
Kdt qufi Id, sau hem hai ndm hoat ddng (05/2008 - 07/2010), co che TCG da phat huy tdc dung trong viec giup Mianma khfic phuc hiiu qua edn bdo dong thdi Id kenh dl Chinh phu nflde ndy cai thidn hinh anh, quan he vdi Lien hiep quoc vd cdng dong qud'c t^. Thuc vay, trong thdi gian tren, n h i l u dodn khdch quoc te, trong dd c6 Tong thfl Ic^ Lien hop qud'c Bankimoo%;
Li Vdn Anh, Trdn HUu Trung - ASEAN vdi tien trinh cdi cdch ddn chd...
ddc phdi vidn cua EU, Thflgng nghi si vd trg iy Ngoai trfldng My dd dd'n Yangon.
Thdng qua nhflng cugc dam phdn, trao d l i vdi Chinh phu Mianma v l nhflng van d l nhay cam, v l tie'n trinh hba binh 7 bfldc**^*...
My va phflcmg Tfiy hieu ro hdn tinh hinh cua Mianma vd tfl dd khdng tay chay cugc bau efl ngdy 07/11/2010 cua nfldc ndy.
Cuoi cflng, ASEAN ddng vai trb Id mOt tiong nhflng dgng luc gdp phfin thue dfiy Mianma tien hdnh cdi cfich. Tuy tudn thu nghidm ngdt nguydn tfic khdng can thi^p vdo cdng vigc ngi bd cua nhau, nhflng vdi sfl trfldng thdnh cua ASEAN, nhat la sfl phfit t r i l n ndng ddng eua nhilu qud'c gia thdnh vidn trong do cd \^dt Nam da tdc ddng de'n qud trinh cai edeh cua Mianma.
2. ASEAN vdi ti^n t r i n h cai e a c h d a n c h u d Mianma h i ^ n n a y
Ngay 01/04/2012, cugc bfiu cu" bo sung dd dien ra tai Mianma dii ehi bau 7% trong Qud'c hdi nhuiig nd quy tu 137 dang phdi tham gia, vdi thang Igi ciia ba Aung San Suu Kyi vd dang cua bd - Dang Hdn minh Qud'c gia vi Ddn chii (NLD) - dflgc My vd phflcfng Tay ung hd. Cude bau cfl ndy dflgc dfl lufin khu vfle vd qud'c t l quan tam vd dflpc ddnh gid Id thfle chat dd'i vdi t i l n trinh cfii cdch gfin day cua Mianma. Vdi nhflng diln bid'n tieh cUc tai qud'c gia thanh vidn, ASEAN da nhanh chdng t h l hidn vai trb cua minh trdn cdc khia eanh chinh tri, kinh td' va nhflng h§ trg tfl vSii bo ich cho t i l n trinh eai each d Mianma.
Trfldc h i t , dd'i vdi cugc bfiu cfl ngdy 01704/2012, v l phfldng dien chinh tri.
ASEAN da cfl ba thdnh vidn vd Ban Thu ki dd'n Mianma cung vdi 197 quan sdt vidn qud'c td' d l gidm sdt tid'n trinh bfiu cfl. Vdi kd't qua edng bd', ba quan sdt vidn ASEAN c6 chung quan diem Id "mgi .thfl dien ra sudn se". Tong thfl ky ASEAN, tii'n si Surin Pitsuwan nhfin manh "Ddy Id diem ldnh dd'i vdi Mianma"*^'. Vl phia Mianma, T i n g thd'ng Thein Sein khfing dinh sfl ed mdt ciia cfic quan sdt vidn qule td', trong dd ed cdc nfldc ASEAN vd Ban Thfl ky ASEAN Id mgt ddng thdi tich cflc thuc dfiy tinh minh bach vd chflng to sfl thidn chi cua edng dong qud'c td' ddnh eho t i l n trinh cai cfich dan ehu cua nUde ndy*^'. Mdt khde, cudc bfiu cd ndy eiing nhgn dflgc sfl iing hg manh me tfl phia cdc nfldc thdnh vien eiia Hidp hdi. Ngoai trfldng Inddnexia Marty Netalegawa da phfit bieu trflde dong dao gidi truyen thong rang "Chung tdi chiic mflng Chinh phu va nhdn ddn Mianma da to chflc t h a n h cong cudc bfiu cd Qud'c hpi bo sung. Cugc bau efl ndy Id ed hdi cho Mianma tie'p tuc tid'n trinh eai each vd Id mgt bfldc quan trgng d l dUa Mianma tien tdi ddn chu hcfti va cai cdch sdu rdng hcfn"*^°'. Ngoai trfldng Campuchia Hor Nam Hong cho bid't, cdc ngoai trfldng ASEAN dd hoan nghdnh cu^c bau efl "tid'n hdnh mdt cdch minh bach, tfl do vd cdng bfing. Chiing tdi ddnh gid cao Chinh phu Mianma da tie'n hanh cugc bfiu efl ndy. Ddy Id mdt bfldc tid'n mdi trong qud trinh dan chu hda eua Mianma"*^^'. Cung trong thdi dilm Mianma diln r a bfiu cfl, Hdi nghi Thupng dinh ASEAN lfin thfl 20 hpp tai Phndmpdnh da hoan nghdnh kd't qua cua cudc bfiu cfl, khang dinh tid'p tuc ung hp
20 Nghien cOu Ddng Nam A 10/2012
tie'n trinh cdi edeh d Mianma vd m a n h md kdu ggi dd bd l^nh cfiin vfin dd'i vdi qud'c gia ndy'^^' nhfim tao dilu ki^n cho Mianma phfit ti-iln vd h§i nhfip. Chflng kid'n nhflng thay dli cua qud'c gia ndy dfldi thdi T i n g th&ig Thein Sein vd ddp lgi Idi kdu ggi tfl phia ASEAN, My vd phfldng Tfiy dd t h l hidn nhflng d^ng thdi h i t sflc tieh cflc.
Ngoai trfldng My Hillary CHnton hoan nghdnh cu$c bfiu cfl Qudc hgi b l sung, tuydn b l se ndi ldng cfi'm v§n vd b l nhi^m dai sfl mdi ddi vdi Mianma. Ngdy 17 thdng 4 ndm 2012, dai cHen cap cao phu trfich chinh tri vd an ninh cua Lien minh chfiu Au (EU), bd Catherine Ashton ciing nhan manh: "EU se dd bd t h e m mgt s6 Idnh trijfng phat vd tidi cflc chu dgng hgp tdc vdi Mianma nhfim ho trg tien trinh cai cdch dan chu cung nhfl gdp phfin vdo sfl phdt t r i l n kinh te, chinh tri vd xa hdi d Mianma"*^^*. Khdng nhflng thd', Chinh phu Anh cbn cam ke't ddnh 289 tridu USD trong thdi gian bd'n ndm vdi muc tidu giiip cho 55.000 ngfldi dan sd'ng d vung ndng thon cd the t h a n h lap vd phdt t r i l n cdc doanh nghigp nhd. Trong khi dd tai chdu A, Nhdt Ban cung cd nhflng hdnh ddng mdnh me. Thu tfldng Yoshihiko Noda tuydn bd' xda khodn ng 303,5 ti ydn (tfldng dfldng 3,77 ti USD), dong tiidi cam kd't ho trd cdng cu^c phdt t r i l n kinh te' Mianma thdng qua cdc khoan trg giup tdi chinh, cho vay bfing d i n g ydn vdi lai sufi't thd'p cung nhfl giiip nfldc ndy xay dflng thi trfldng chflng khodn..'"'. Vdi nhflng kd't qua dat dflgc, Tong thong Mianma Thein Sein dd bay td cam on cac qud'c gia ASEAN da d i n g Ibng kdu ggi cdng d i n g qud'c te dd
bd cfic bi^n phdp trflng p h a t ddi vdi qule gia ndy<^^'.
MOt sfl ki$n khdc d l Iai da'u fin sdu sfic vdi tid'n trinh cdi cfich cua Mianma khi Idnh dao cdc qud'c gia trong Hi$p h^i dd nhfit tri giao cho nfldc ndy gifl chflc Chu tich kidn phidn ASEAN vdo nfim 2014.
Dfiy khdng chi Id sfl khuyd'n khfch, sfl chia sd kip thdi md cao hem Id sfl ung hp cd cfl sd, cd trfich nhidm ciia ASEAN doi vdi thdnh vidn cua minh. Cd y kien cho i ^ g , vi^c d l cfl Mianma Idm Chu tieh luan phidn ASEAN "s5 gdp phan ldm tdng uy tin cua qud'c gia ndy, khii'n thd' gidi bdn ngodi thdm tin tfldng vdo nhflng thay d6i thflc cha't, lau ddi vd gfin ke't vdi Igi ich khu vfle Ddng Nam A"*^®'.
Thfl hai, tien trinh dii each cua Mianma da ed sfl t h a m khao vd van dung higu qua tfl nhflng kinh nghidm cua cdc thdnh vien ASEAN, t r o n g dd cd Viet Nam v^
Singapore. Theo dng Secgon - co van kinh td' cua T i n g t h i n g Thein Sein- ngfldi da c6 thdi gian Idm vide d ^^dt Nam ba ndm, thi Mianma hgc tfl cdng cugc doi mdi cua Viet Nam rat n h i l u thfl. Dd Id sfl tfldng d i n g vl bd'i canh chuyin d l i phdt trien dat nfldc; U hfldng n i n kinh td' theo cd che thi trfldng trong qud trinh eai cdch tM khdng nhay nhanh, v^i va vdi nhflng linh vflc nhay cdm. Cdn theo dng Ale Lwin, D l i ^ Tong thfl ki phbng thflcfng mai vd cdng nghidp Mianma tM bai hpe tfl Viet N a m Id tinh hap dfin cua luat dfiu ti^ Id chinh sdch thu hiit Viet k i e u . J ^ Q h g vfiii d l trdn dang nfim trong ehinh sdch flli tidn cua qule gia Ddng Nam A ndy*^^\ Chinh phu eiia Ting
thong Thein Sein da khdn kheo dfla vdo sfl giflp d3 cua Singapore ve phdp 1;^, ngan hdng vd tdi ehinh nhfim minh bach hda chinh sach thu hiit vd'n dfiu tfl cung nhfl quan Iy hieu qua nen kinh td' qud'c gia. Vide Ifla ehgn Singapore cho tid'n trinh efii cdch Id t h l hidn: Mianma da hpe hdi dung eho, do dd cd Igi ca ddi dfldng. Trfldc hd't, Singapore cung Id mpt thdnh vidn eua Hiep hdi, cd moi quan hd chdt che vdi qud'c gia ndy. D i n g thdi, day Id nflde cd UU t h l vfldt trpi tren nhilu mdt, nhfit Id kinh te va ludt phdp kinh doanh^^^'.
ThiJ ba, tid'n trinh cfii edeh cua Mianma dbi hoi phai cd mdt cd sd vat chat nhat dinh, trong dd quan trgng Id nguIn Ifle tdi chinh de'n tfl quan he hdp tac vd sfl ho tip v l vdh cua cdng d i n g qud'c td'. Dua vdo md'i quan hd chinh tri vd kinh tl' trfldc dd, gifla luc My vd phflcmg Tay vfla mdi tuydn bo dd bd tiftig bfldc ldnh trCftig phat Mianama, thi Chinh phii vd cae doanh nghiep ASEAN da sdi ddng trien khai xuc tid'n ke hoach dau tfl vd thuc day mdi quan he vdi qud'c gia Ddng Nam A ndy Idn mdt tang nac mdi. Ngay tfl dau ndm 2012, tap dodn
"ItaHan - Thai Development cooperation"
eua Thai Lan khdi dpng xay dung cang nfldc sau tri gia Idn dd'n 50 ti USD va mot khu edng nghidp tai Idng Dawei cua Mianma. Ciing dau ndm ndy, khoang 30 doanh nghiep hdng dau ASEAN da dd'n Yangon d l dam phan dau tu*^^'. Trong so' cdc thdnh vidn cua Hidp hpi Ddng Nam A, Singapo la nhd dfiu tfl ldn nhfit tai Mianma. Vide dau tfl vao Mianma cua Singapore khdng ngflng md rdng. Ne'u ndm 1998, dfiu tfl cua nfldc ndy vdo Mianma chi
dat 1,18 ti USD thi trong tdi khda 2010 - 2011 da tdng Idn gan glTp ddi vdi 2,07 ti USD<20>. Vidt Nam cung Id m^t thdnh vidn ASEAN tieh cflc hdp tdc vdi Mianma. Chi tinh de'n nfla dfiu ndm 2012, Vidt Nam cd ba dfl dn ldn dfiu tfl vdo Mianma, nfing t i n g s i vd'n dfiu tfl cua Vi§t Nam len gan 500 tri^u USD, dflng thfl 12 trong tong s i qudc gia vd vung lanh t h l dfiu tfl trUc tilp vdo qud'e gia Ddng Nam A nfiy. Dong thdi, ehinh phu hai nflde cung cam k i t dUa kim ngach thfldng mai ldn 500 tridu USD vdo ndm 2015'^^*. Nhflng con sd' trdn day phan dnh mdt thflc te Id, tie'n trinh cai cdch d Mianma vfla Id ed hdi vdng eho eac doanh ngiiidp ASEAN tim kilim cdc dfl fin hdp tde lam an, nhflng dong thdi eung Id nguon Iflc vat chfit efin thid't vd kip thdi giiip Mianma giai quyet khd khdn trong boi canh qud'e gia ndy tut hgu sau hdn hai mfldi ndm bi cain vgn. Vl lau dai, dau tfl va hdp tdc eua ASEAN ciing nhfl cdng dong qud'c te la nhfin to quan trpng thuc dfiy tdng trfldng kinh te' Mianma len 6%, vdi GDP tdng gap ddi (dat 124 ti USD) vdo ndm 2020 md ehinh phu nflde ndy hfldng tdi.
3. M ^ t v a i n h ^ n x e t
Thfl nhfit, tiong boi canh Mianma bi cd'm vdn, du dflng trflde nhiing sflc ep eiing nhu dfl ludn bat thugn tfl nhilu phia, ASEAN van kidn dinh muc tidu xfiy dflng Dong Nam A thdnh mpt khu vflc hba binh, phfit t r i l n trdn ed sd mpt to chflc bao gom mfldi qude gia. Chinh vi the', ASEAN dd md rdng vbng tay ddn nhdn Mianma, tid'p tue chia se trach nhidm vd ttoig bfldc dfla qud'c gia ndy hpi nhap vdi khu vflc. Ding
22 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 10/2012
thdi, ASEAN cbn ddng vai trb cfiu nSi giup Mianma dfin dfin cfii thi^n quan h§ vdi cOng d i n g qudc t^. Khi Mianma bfldc vdo thdi ki mdi. ASEAN dd t h l hi$n sg dng hO manh md, todn di$n trdn ede linh vgc chinh tri, kinh te cung nhfl cdc ggi j'l khuyd'n nghi vd tfl vfi^n cho til^n trinh cdi cdch. Muc dich cud'i ciing md ASEAN hudng tdi Id dim Mianma thodt khdi tinh trang bi cd'm v^n, phdt t r i l n dfit nfldc vd di vdo quy dao h^i nh$p sdu rOng vdi cdng dong the gidi.
Thfl hai, vai trd cua ASEAN da mang lai nhflng tin hi§u to't dep cho Mianam xdt tren hai khia canh dd'i ndi vd ddi ngoai. Ve dd'i npi, sfl ung hd m a n h me cua ASEAN vdo tie'n trinh cai cdch, thflc chfi't Id tin nhiem Chinh phu dflong nhiem - nhdn to' khdi xfldng va lanh dao cai each - dd gdp phfin I n dinh chinh tri, hba giai mau thuan xd hdi, thiie day t a n g trfldng kinh te', xay dflng Mianma thdnh mdt quoc gia hign dai vd phfit t r i l n nhfl Id trinh 7 bflde md Chinh phli nfldc nfiy xde dinh tfl ndm 2003.
VI dd'i ngoai, sfl iing hg ciia ASEAN cung vdi n l Iflc tfl than cua Mianma huge My vd phfldng Tdy tflhg bfldc dd bd lgnh triing phat, giup Mianma khai thdng quan h$ vdi edng d i n g qudc td', ddc bigt Id thiet l§p ngoai giao vdi cdc cfldng qud'c tao r a sfl can bfing ve ldi ieh gifla cdc nfldc ldn. Trdn co sd ndy, vdi nhflng Igi thd' v l tdi nguyen ciing vdi vi tri dia - chid'n Iflgc quan trgng Id nhan td' gdp phan gia tdng vi t h l cua Mianma tren trfldng qud'c te' vd khu vflc.
Thfl ba, sd di tien t r i n h cfii cdch cua Mianma dflgc ASEAN hoan nghenh va
ung hO m a n h me xufi't phdt ttf nhiihg H do sau ddy. Trfldc h i t , Mianama Id thdnh vidn ciia Hi§p hgi cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A. Tid'p d^n, t i l n t r i n h cfii cdch ciia Mianma cd Igi ich song trung vdi ASEAN.
Bdi IS, cuOc cdi cdch hi^n nay khdng ehi giiip nfldc ndy cdi thign t i n h hinh, phat t r i l n dd't nfldc md cdn Id dilu kien thuc t i l n d l quoc gia ndy ddng gdp trdch nhipm eung vdi cfic t h d n h vidn trong Higp hgi xfiy dflng t h d n h cdng Cdng dong kinh t l ndi ridng vd C^ng d i n g ASEAN noi chung vdo ndm 2015 nhfl muc tidu md ASEAN hfldng tdi. Hon nfla, trong bd'i canh qule te vd khu vflc cd nhflng tdc dgng da chieu, trong dd n l i b ^ t Id sfl a n h hfldng, chi phoi cua cdc cfldng qud'c Idm n a y sinh xu hfldng H tdm trong ngi bg ASEAN ma Hgi n ^ Bd trfldng Ngoai giao ASEAN Ifin thfl 45 khdng thdng qua dfldc Thdng cao chung la mgt minh chfltig, ddi hdi to chflc ndy phai ga'p n i t xay dflng t h d n h cdng Cgng dong ASEAN vd c6 vai trb, trdch nhidm ldn hdn nfla doi vdi cdc t h d n h vidn trong chdng dfldng phia trfldcy.
C H U T H I C K
1. Thdng tfin xd Vidt Nam, Phdt bilu oia Ngoai trudng My Madelein Albringt tai Diln ddn khu vuc ASEAN, Tdi Hgu tham khdo ddc bi^t, ngdy 6 - 8- 1997. Dfin theo;
Ld \ ^ Anh (2009), Quan he My-ASEAN 1967-1997 lieh sfl vd triln vgng, NXB tif diln bdch khoa, H. tr. 382
2. Phan Doan Nam, Asean: Hidn tai vd tUOng Iai. httpy/dav.edu.vn/enAntroduction/histo-
Le Vdn Anh. Trdn Hdu Trung - ASEAN vdi tiin trinh cdi cdch ddn chd... 23
ry-and-development.htmI?id=312: so-19- asean-hien-tai-va-tuong-lai
3. Trfin Thi Vinh, ASEAN 1967 - 2007 cdi nMn tfl Bfic My. Dfin theo: Ld Vfai Anh, sdd, ti.358
4. ASEAN hudng tdi "Mdt edng ding diim bpc vd ehia sd". http://www.iseas.gov.vn/mod- ule/news/viewcontent.asp?Iangid=2&ID=103 5. Thdng tfm xa Vidt Nam, Phdt bilu cua
Ngoai trudng My Madelein Albringt tai Diln ddn khu vUC ASEAN, Tdi U^u tham khdo ddc bidt, ngdy 6 - 8- 1997. Dfin theo:
Le Vdn Anh, Sdd, tr. 382
6. HOi nghi cfip cao ASEAN k i t thuc vdi nhilu v&n kidn quan trgng.
httpy/www.na.gov.vn/htx/vietnamese/cl45 4/defauIt.asp?Newid=2125
7. Dau nam 2003, Thing tudng Than Shwe tien hdnh cai t6 NOi cdc, b l nhidm Dai tudng Khin Nyunt - Bi thu thfl nhfit ty ban DoSm k i t vd Phdt triln qule gia (SPDC) ldm Thu tudng. Sau khi nham chflc, Thii tudng Kliin Nyunt thay mat chinh phii Myanmar cdng b l "Ld trinh dan chu 7 budc" hudng tdi xdy dung mOt nhd n- Udc Myanmar mdi "Ddn chu cd 1^ cuong"
bao gIm: Phuc hoi trieu tdp Dai hoi quoc dan vln bi dinh tre tfl ndm 1996; Tflng budc tiln hdnh nhflng bude di can tliilt cho viOc xay dung mOt c h l dO dan chu thuc thu vd c6 ky cUdng; Soan thao mot Hiln phdp mdi dua tren nhiJng nguydn tfic cdn bdn vd chi tilt md Dai hOi qule dan thdng qua; Tl chflc cuOc trung cfiu ddn ^ de thdng qua Hid'n phdp mdi; To chflc cuOc ting tuyln cd tu do, ddn chu, cdng bfing di bau ra Quoe hOi theo quy dinh cda Hid'n phdp mdi;
Tri§u tdp hpp Qule hOi theo quy dinh ciia Hien phdp mdi; Xay dung dat nUde phdt triln, hidn dai vd ddn chd, lanh dao dat nudc do Quoc hOi bau, chinh phu vd ede t l chflc trung Ucfng do Quoc hOi th^nh lap.
8. Mianma- Suu Kyi thfing trong cuOc bau cd lich sfl. http://vietnamnet.vii/vn/chinh- tri/66635/myanmar—suu-kyi-thang-trong-
cuoc-bau-cu-Iich-su-html
9. Mianma sfin sdng hgp tdc vdi cdc nUdc ASEAN.httpy/tintuc.vnn.vn/vdeo/the_gioi/d lem_nong/408035/myanmar-san-sang-hop- tac-voi-cac-nuoc-asean.htin
10. Ddi Truyin hinh Vi^t Nam- VTVl- Todn Cfinh t h l gidi, ngdy 8 thdng 4 ndm 2012.
11. Mianma- Dang NLD gidnh thfing Ipi trong cuOc bfiu cd QuIc hdi b l sung.
http://vov.vn/Home/Myanmar-Dang-NLD- gianh-thang-Ioi-trong-cuoc-bau-cu-Quoc- hoi-bo-sung^0124/205097 .vov 12. Ddi Truyin hinh Vidt Nam- VTVl- Todn
Cdnh t h l gidi, ngdy 8 thdng 4 nSm 2012.
13. Nguyin QuIc Tnmg (2012), Kinh t l Mianma dang dupc "cdi trdi", Nhip cau tri thflc", so 6, tr 39
14. Nguyin Quoc Trung (2012), Kinh t l Mianma dang dupc "cdi trdi", Nhip cfiu tri thflc", so 6, tr 51
15. Mianma ddnh gid cao ASEAN kdu gpi bd trflng phat. httpy/www.baophuyeacom.vnQi*^
te-92«606205706306305459
16. Mianama khdi sfic vd cd h&s mdi dio COng dong ASEAN. http://www.tapchicongsan.o^.vn/fIo me/PiiotStory.aspx?distribution=16136&print
=tnie
17. Dai Truyin hinh Vipt Nam- VTVl- Todn Canh the' gidi, ngay S thdng 4 ndm 2012.
18. "S^dt Nam c6 ban canh tranh mdi. tuan- vietnam. vietnanmet.vn/2012-0 2-17-viet- nam-co-ban-eanh-tranh-moi
19. Trung Quoc vd ASEAN: Hai nhan to trong cai cdch Mianma. httpy/nghiencuubien- dong.vn/nghien-cuu-asean/2637-trung- quoc-va-asean-hai-nhan-to-tiong-cai-cach- mianma
20. Manama khca sfic vd ed I ^ mA cho Cdng (^ng ASEIAN. http://www.tapchicx)ngsan.org.vn/H ome/PrintStoiy.aspx?distribution=16136&pri nt=true
21. Nguydn Quoc Tnmg (2012), Kmh t l Mianma dang dupc "cdi trdi", Nhip cau tri thflc", so 6, tr 513.