Tgp chi khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thity Sdn ou L^V ui^t -^grr^
G BAO KHOA J ^
ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT U T I L I Z A T I O N S OF REST MATERIALS IN TRA CATFISH (PANGASIUS HYPOPHTHALMUS)
PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM DANH GIA HIEN TRANG TAN DUNG NGUYEN LIEU CON LAI TRONG CHE BIBN CA TRA (PANGASIUS HYPOPHTHALMUS) O VIET NAM
Nguyen VanHfinli'
ABSTRACT
Tra catfish is one ofthe most importantfi-esh water fish species in Vietnam The aquaculture production oj Tra catfish increased significantly during the last decade. In 2012, the production of Tra catfish was about 1.25 million metric tons with the exported value of USSI. 74 billion. Through September 2013, Vietnam exported USSI.27 billion of Tra catfish products. The rest materials generated from Tra catfish processing mdustiy account for about 60-65%, including heads, skin, viscera, cut-off and inedible portions. This study was conducted in order to assess the current ulilizations of rest materials from Tra catfish processing industry. The results showed lhat most ofthe rest materials from Tra catfish processing industry are today used forfishmeal production. A small part of bladders and stomachs offish is exported to China and Taiwan in forms of frozen products. In addition, the cut-off is now used for processing of sausage in combination with other meals and ingredients in some processing plants Some studies have been carried out on utilization of rest materials for higher value products such as biodiesel, fish oil, collagen and gelatin. However, these researches were in laboralorial scales and it takes time lo be scaled up to industrial scales. It is expected thai Tra calash producers should pay more attention on utilization of rest materials lo produce value added products. This leads lo increase the income for both Tra catfish farmers and producers.
Keywords: Tra catfish, rest material, utilization T O M TAT
Cd Tra la mdt Irong nhirng lodi cd nude ngpt quan trong nhdt a Viet Nam vdi sdn lu(mg nudi Idng ddnga trong sudt thdp nien qua. Ndm 2012, sdn lupng cd Tra nudi udc dgt 1,25 trieu tdn vdi tdng gid tri xual lihan dgt 1,74 ty dd la Trong 9 thdng ddu ndm 2013, VietNam da xudt khdu 1,27 ty do la tit cdc sdn phdm ca Tra.
Nguyen lieu cdn lgi trong che bien cd Tra udc chiem khodng 60-65% khdi luang ban ddu bao gdm ddu, da, nqi lang, thit vitn vd cdc phdn khdng dn duac khdc. Muc dich ciia di tdt ndy Id di tim hiiu, khdo sat thi/c«
hi^n trang tgn dung nguyen lieu cdn lgi trong cdc nhd mdy chi biin cd Tra Kit qud thu duac cho thdy, hdu ha nguyen lieu cdn lai trong che bien cd Tra duac dung ldm nguyen lieu di sdn xudt bpt cd. Mpt phdn nhd ngufi' lieu cdn lgi nhu bong bd cd. dg ddy cd duac cdc doanh nghiep xudt khdu sang thi trudng Trung Qudc vd Da Loan d dgng ddng Ignh. Them vdo dd, mpt so doanh nghiep hi0n dang tan dung thit vun tgo ra Irong qud ft^
chinh hinh mieng cd phi le kit hap v&i cdc logi ihit khdc di chi biin thdnh sdn phdm xdc xich. Mpt so n ^ cuu dd dupc trien khai nhdm tan dung nguyen lieu cdn lgi tu chi biin cd Tra di sdn xuat ra cdc sdn phdm pi
' Faculty of Food Technology, Nha Trang University Email: [email protected]
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tri gia Idng. Tuy nhien, cdc nghien cuu ndy mdi chi dimg lgi a qui mo phdng thi nghiem, vi vdy cdn rdt nhieu that gian de trien khai trng dung d qui md cdng nghiep. Hy vong rdng. cdc nhd che bien cd Tra xudi khdu se quan tdm nhieu han den vtec ldn dung nguyen li^u cdn lgi de che bien ra cdc sdn phdm gid tri gia tdng. Dieu ndy se ldm tdng thu nhgp khdng nhung cho cdc nhd che bien md con cho cdc nhd nudi cd Tra.
Titkhda: Cd Tra, nguyen lieu cdn lgi, tgn diing
I. INTRODUCTION
Fisheries and aquaculture confinue to be a very important source of food, employment and revenue in many countries (FAO, 2002). Capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied the worid with about 148 million tonnes o f f i s h In 2010 (with a total value of US$217.5 billion), of which about 128 million tonnes was utilized as food for human, and preliminary data for 2011 indicate increased production of 154 million tonnes, of which 131 million tonnes was desfined as food for human consumption (FAO, 2012).
Vietnam, with a coastline of over 3,260 km and more than 3,000 islands and islets scattered offshore, plus up to 2,860 rivers, particularly Mekong River, has been geographically endowed with ideal conditions for thriving fishery sector. Consequently, fishery sector plays an important role in the national e c o n o m y , c o n t r i b u t i n g a big p r o p o r t i o n to G r o s s Domestic Product ( G D P ) . The Vietnam's fishery product export revenue has been increased dramatically since 2005 with total value of US$2.5 billion in 2005 to US$6.2 billion in 2012, of which US$2.25 billion from shrimp products and US$1.74 billion from Tra catfish products. Aquaculture production accounted for more than 50% of total fishery producfion and reached 3.2 million tons versus 5.8 million tons of total production in 2012 (Figure 1) (VASEP, 2012),
• • n Total produciioa ^ i s i Aquaculture —«—E]q)ort value r 7
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3 u 2 >
i J S S S ^ & ^ S S S S S S S S S S S S
Figure 1. Fishery production and export value during 1990-2012 (VASEP, 2012)
Tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus), a fresh water fish present the key fish species in Vietnamese aquaculture and is considered the major aquaculture success story o f t h e country. Mekong Delta in Vietnam is the biggest supplier of Tra catfish with estimation of 70-80% of the Tra catfish production come from this region. The total farming area of Tra catfish readied 11.5 thousand hectares with the tofal Tra catfish production of 1.25 million tons in 2012. Provinces of Can Tho, An Giang and Dong Thap are the leading culture regions of Tra catfish in the Mekong Delta, account for over 75% of the tofal national Tra catfish producfion. The newly developed Tra catfish farming are Hau Giang, Soc Trang, Ben Tre, Tien Giang and Tra Vinh provinces (Figure 2). Socio-economically, for the last decade, the Tra catfish has highly contributed to rural industrialization and modernization, employment and poverty alleviation.
Vietnam has nearly 70 catfish exporting and processing companies in which their processing facilities
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are controlled in accordance to HACCP Vietnamese Tra c ^ s h products are highly appreciated by local and intemational consumers mainly due to its white muscle, high nutritious value, without honzonfal bones and its safety. The numt)er of imported market of Tra catfish products from Viefaam has been increasing rapidly fi-om 11 in 2001 to 136 in 2011 (Figure 3). The Vietnamese Tra catfish products are now exported and consumed in 5 continentals and tenitories witii the main markets are US, EU, Middle East, Mexico and Australia. The export production and export value of Tra catfish inqeased significantly from 689 tonnes and US$2.6 million in 2000 to 670 thousand tonnes and US$1.78 billion in 2012 (VASEP, 2012) (Figure 4).
Fish processing industry results in an immerse quantity of rest raw materials. Rest materials from fish processing, included fish farming consist of viscera (liver, roe, stomachs, etc.), heads, backbones, cut-off and rejected fish fi-om processing. The rest materials are generated when the fish is gutted, headed and further processed either on-board in fishing vessels or in processing plants on shore. Rest matenals a?
a valuable source of nutrients, such as proteins and lipids, etc. However, every year thousands of tonnes of rest materials from fish processing industry are dumped or discarded throughout the worid. Discarding these materials creates two major problems: (i) underutilization of a huge amount of nutrients such as protein, minerals, and oil and (ii) disposal of such huge quantities of highly polluting organic matter contributes to major environmenfal and economic problems. The fish processing industry is faced vnth the need to develop efllcient utilization methods to use more of these materials for human consumption.
Traditionally, rest materials from fish processing industry have been ufilized to produce fishmeal and fish oil. However, these methods have not yet succeeded in producing fishmeal suitable for human consumption. In recent years, more emphasis has been put on finding ways to utilize the rest matenals from the fish processing industry in food products for human. Fish protein powder made from hydrolization of rest materials has been suggested as an ingredient in different processing of foods for human consumption (Kristinsson and Rasco, 2000; Geirsdottir et al., 2011). More value added products have been produced from rest materials such as protein isolate, gelatine, collagen, canned liver, canned milt and roe as well as enzyme proteases from fish viscera, etc. (Shaviklo et al., 2012; Ingadottirand Kristinsson, 2010; Halldorsdottiretal., 2011).
Figure 2. Distribution of Tra catfish farming in Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
( P Mam Tra cattish fanning provinces; ( | ] New developed Tra catfish farming provinces; (") Main nursery locaSois;
(•) Mam hatchery locations (Adapted from De Sitva and Phuong, 2011).
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^ 160 1
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te 60 - 1 40 •
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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure'.
800 -j 1 700 •
•a
1 600 '
^ 500 • o c _o 1 400 a 300 •
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. The number of exported market of Vietnamese Tra catfish (VASEP, 2012)
—•—Production —•—Value
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r 2000 ' 1800
• 1600 1
• 1400 n 1200 1
• 1000 V
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• 400 200 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 2012 Figure 4. Export of Tra catfish during 2000-2012 from Vietnam (VASEP, 2012) II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Study places
The study was carried out in the Tra catfish processing companies in Can Tho, An Giang and Dong Thap provinces in orderto collect the data on:
• Tra catfish production
• Current utilizations of rest materials
• Opportunities and challenges in ufilization of rest materials
2. Methodologies
The data were collected by doing the direct survey at the companies (i.e. interviewing the product quality officers and watching the current status of Tra catfish processing), by sending the questionnaires to the technical officers as well as by reviewing the published papers and reports.
3. Data analysis
The survey data were analysed and generated the graphs using Microsoft Excel 2007.
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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Rest materials in Tra catfish processing industry
The rest matenals in Tra catfish processing consist of head, backbone, skin, viscera, cut-off and other inedible portions. They account for about 60-65% of total wet weight, depending on Uie raw materials and the skills of employees (Diep, personal communication, 2013). This indicates that, in 2012, the tofal production of Tra catfish was about 1.25 million tonnes; thereby the rest materials generated were about 0.75-0.81 million tonnes The biggest proportion of rest materials is heads and backbones, accounfing for about 50-51%. The viscera generated firom Tra catfish processing accounts for about 6-8%, including liver (approx. 1%), bladder and stomach (approx. 1%). The skin and cut-off from Tra catfish processing are about 6-7% and 1 -2%, respectively. One of rest materials that need to be faken into consideration is blood, accounfing for about 1-2% (Figure 5).
_ ,.,-,.,, Skin (6-/%)
Liver {1 "/o) . ^ U - ^ S
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Bloods ( 1 - 2 % ) ^ ^ ^ B
1 1 ^
Othere (1-2%)
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1
1
Heads and
\_ backbones (50- 51%)
Figure 5. Rest materials generated from Tra catfish processing industry 2. Current utilizations of rest materials from Tra catfrsh processing
Most of the rest materials from Tra catfish processing industry are today used for fishmeal production. A small part of bladders and stomachs of fish is exported to China and Taiwan in forms of frozen products. In addition, the cut-off is now used for processing of sausage in combination with other meats and ingredients in some processing plants. Some studies have been carried out on utilization of rest materials for higher value products such as biodiesel, fish oil, collagen, gelatin and antioxidants (i.e. peptides) (Nguyen and Vu, 2013; Vu and Nguyen, 2013; Hue et al., 2013; Nguyen et al., 2013) However, these researches were in laboralorial scales and it takes time to be scaled up to industrial scales.
3. Proposed utilizations of rest materials
In order to increase the value of Tra catfish, the rest materials should be ufilized in some new ways. This will not only increase the income for producers but also for fish farmers.
3.1. Heads and backbones
Heads and backbones account for the biggest proportion of rest materials. Fish heads contain relatively little meat. However, the meat from the fish head is considered a delicacy due to its taste and excellent texture. It is for example in Iceland, cod heads are ufilized into different products sudi
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as dried heads, salted heads and frozen heads (Arason, 2003). Thus, new products produced from heads and backbones of Tra catfish would Increase the revenue of Tra catfish processing industry such as:
• Dried heads and backbones
• Frozen heads and backbones
• Salted heads 3.2. Livers
Livers of Tra catfish are thought to be a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Previous studies revealed that the polyunsaturated fatty acids of Tra catfish are characterized by a high proportion of n-6 PUFA. It is interesting that the absolute content of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Tra catfish by wet weight is similar to that of Asian seabass (Ho and Paul, 2009), It is known that fish oil and fish liver oil contain other interesting compounds. With improved separation techniques and more gentle processing methods, these oils might play an even more imporfant role in the pharmaceutical and health food industry in the near future (Arason 2003). Therefore, livers of Tra catfish can be produced some value added products as following:
• Canned livers
• Liver patties
• Catfish liver oil (as functional food) 3.3. Bladders and stomachs
Bladders and stomachs from Tra catfish processing account for about 1 % of total wet weight.
They can be produced some new products such as canned bladders and canned stomachs.
3.4. Skins
The skins of Tra catfish are used for producing of gelatin and collagen. The flsh gelatin has properties that are different from mammalian gelatin and it can be used in food where mammalian gelatin is not desired. Fish gelatin is soluble in cold water that is an important quality in frozen products. They can be used in many industries such as in nutrition (e.g. supplement of amino acid and weight management), in beauty care and anti-aging (e.g. improvement of water absorption capacity and skin elasticity and wrinkling reduction) and in healthy and wellness aspect (e.g. muscle building and enhancing joint structure).
3.5. Ensiling
The rest materials from Tra catfish processing can be ensilaged. The ensiled rest materials can be used for animal feed producfions. This would improve the economic efficiency as well as reduce the environmental pollution caused by disposal of rest matenals (Kajikawa, 1996).
IV. CONCLUSION
The resulte from this study indicate that rest materials in Tra catfish processing industry are not fully ufilized. Hence, there are many opportunities on using rest materials to produce value added products. Rest materials also contain components with applications in food, healthcare products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Screening of the valuable components and an evaluation of the market situation for each component is needed. It is expected that Tra catfish producers should pay more attention on utilization of rest matenals. This leads to increase the income for both Tra catfish fanmers and producers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the United Nations University-Fishenes Training Programme (UNU-FTP).
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