I KHOA HQC
GIAI PHAP T H C C D A ^ L I E N KET SAN XUAT, TIEU THU SA^
\ LNG CHU\'EN BOI SAN XUAT LUA-TOM VEN BIEN T DONG BANG SONG CUtJ LONG
Doin Doin Tuin, Trin Met Oan^
Trung tdm Tu ydn PIM T6m tat: Tac dgng aia hgn hdn. xdm nhgp mgn dang ldm thay doi tgp qudn canh tac ngudi ddn yimg dong bing sdng cini Long (DBSCL) ndi chung vd viing yen bien Toy noi rieng. Tac dong da biin thdch thitc thdnh ca hgi trong sdn xudt ndng nghiep cUa vun^, chuyen ddi sdn xudt ndng nghidp tit canh ldc 2 Ida kem hien gud sang canh tac tdm-lua cd hieu qud kinh te cao. Tdm nudi trong mgng lua sU dung chd ydu thUc dn lunhihk chi phi thuc dn thdp. it dich benh, torn nudi thuang phdm cd chat luang. mdi Uudng sinh Ihdi duac bdo v4 do Ida sU difng cdc sdn phdm thdi tie nudi tdm. Tuy nhien. phdt trien he thong tdm-lua dang ddng trudc cdc thdch thuc, do he thdng hg tdng Ihuy^ Igi-giao thdng chua ddp ung viec kiem sodt han-mgn va dieu kien de mdy moc nong nghiep hogt ddng, lien ket sdn xudt chua du Idn di tap thdnh vimg nguyen lieu Idn, doanh nghiip tieu thli sdn phdm kho tiep can cdc ngudn uu dai ciia Nhd nudc de md rong guy mo vd xdy dung mdi lien kit sdn xuat, tieu thu sdn phdm chgt che.
Dehdtrg sdn xuat. tang cudng lien ket sdn xudt vd lieu thu sdn phdm giOa ndng ho vdi nong hg, giOa hg sdn xudt vdi doanh nghiep, can cd chinh sdch khuyen khich viec hodn thien he thdng^^o Ihdng ndi dong tao dieu kien may ndng nghiep hogt dgng, ddutuhg tdng thuy lgi vira ddm bdo chii dgng cdp thoat nuoc phyic vlf sdn xudt tdm-lua, ddng thdi khuyen khich mug ddn lien ket seal xudt tren quy mo ldn, sang song vdi trien khai tri?t di chmh sdch hg trg lien kit sdn xudt dk doanh nghiep tiep can dugc nguon vdn vay, vdn hd trg, thuc hien dugc guy trinh son xudt do doanh nghiep de ra, ung vgt tu, phdn bdn, hd trg cho bd con ndng ddn yen tdm sdn xudt Tir khda: Hgn mgn, Hg Idng giao thong. Ihuy Igi ngi ddng, Uin kit sdn xudt, tieu thu sdn phdm, md hinh sdn xuat tdm-lua, chinh sdch hd trg
Summary: The impact of drought and saltwater intrusion has changed the farming practices of people in Ihe Mekong River Delta (Mekong Delta) in general and Ihe West Coastal region in particular. The impact has turned challenges into opportunities in Ihe region's agricultural production, shifting agriculhlral production from inefficient 2-rice farming lo highly economical shrimp-rice cultivation Shrimp cultivated in rice fields use mainly luiliiral food, require low feed costs, sufer less diseases, being high quality and Ihe ecological environment is protected because rice uses waste products from shrimp farming
Howeier. the dnelopment ofthe rice-shrimp system is facing challenges, due lo Ihe inadequate irrigation facilities to conuol thought and saltwater intrusion, poor road system lo offer conditions for agrimllural
machines to operate: fi-agmenled small-scale agricultural production, lack olfamieres cooperation to form a suficient large production area, enterprises purchasing agricultural products difficuh lo access the State's sunoot
are contrains to formation affective agricultural production linkages ^-^
In order to support production, enhance production and product consumption linkages between farm tl farmers, between production households and enterprises, it is necessary lo implement Ihe cotrmle^^^f farm road system to create conditions for machines lo work effectively, to invesi in irrigation ini^°"iJ! n"^
ensuring proactive irrigation and drainage for shrimp-rice production, al Ihe same time encouraoe? ^ coopenile in production on a large scale, in parallel with Ihe thorough implemenlalion ofsunnoniiT^"'"
so that enterprises can access loans, support capUal to ensure production linkage. ^ policies.
Keywords: West Coastal re^on of Mekong Dda, drought and saltwater intnwon. shrimp-rice culr farm inigalion mid road system, agriculmml production and product consumption linkage, siippo^","""'?."'. ""'
1. H4JJ HAN, XAM NHAP MAN VA Trong nhihig nim gin ddy, do tic d"
CHUYEN D 6 I SAN XUAT BDKH, ciing vdi vi?c xiy d^g hd ch'"^ hT
• r i ^ * « y * ^ * * ' n ) ^ g ngudn sdng Ms^- h?n hdn, xam nh?p mjn d DB<iri , "E"
Ngy nl*, bii; 27/2/2020 hudng gia ting. Mua khd ndm loS'll''"^
Ngiy thdng qua phan bi?n: 31/3/2020 ., u i° ..- - u- • L , "^"'0, rii™
N^y duylLg- 10/4/2020 ««^'' '"» '^e xuan b, anh hudng „,„ i^,"'^
72 TAP CHl KHOA Hpc VA CONG t«H$THl)V LOl S6 59-J020
KHOA HOC
Himi
620.000 ha chi§m 40% dien tich toan viing tap trung a c^c tinh Kien Giang, Soc TrSng, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau. Miia kho nam 2013, khoang 300.000ha bi anh hucmg bcri han, trong do 100.000 ha bj tac dgng true ti^p. Dac biet nam 2016. 11/13 tinh trong viing cong bo tinh trang thien tai do han han, xam nhap man, trong do CO tinh Kien Giang, pham vi xam nhap vao Uong dat lien viing bien Tay 60-65km, han - m^ da anh huorng den 182.700 ha dat san xuat, 194.000 hg (900.000 ngucri) (Bao cao Ban chi d^io Tmng uong ve PCTT, 2016).
Th\rc hi?n chii trucmg tai ca cau nganh nong nghiep, thich ung vai BDKH, viec chuyen doi san xuat viing ven bien Tay DBSCL dang dien ra nhanh chong. Dac biet lir sau khi Nghi quy£t 09/2000/ND-CP ra doi, cho phep chuydn doi di?n tich dat kem hieu qua (san xuat lua, san xuat muoi, vimg dam lay ven bien) sang nuoi trong thuy san. Mgt trong cac xu huang la chuyen doi dien tich trong 2 vu lua sang mgt vy liia va mgt vu tom. Nuoi tom-liia co toe do tang truong nhanh, nam 2000 dien tich nuoi tom-lua la 71.000 ha, nam 2014 tong dien tich nuoi tom-lua da tang gap han hai lan, dat 152.977 ha chiem 27,98% tong dien tich nuoi torn nuoc Ig toan vimg. Cac tinh nuoi tom-lua CO dien tich 1cm la: Kien Giang (71.500ha), Ca Mau (43.297ha), Bac Lieu (28.285ha), Soc Trang (7.581 ha), B^n Tre (4.833ha).
Mac dii san xuat da co nhirng chuyen bi^n tich cue, nhung vdi quy mo san xuat hg nho le, manh miin, chat lugng nong san khong dong deu, gia thanh cao, thieu lien ket san xudt tieu thu san pham, kho tiep can thi trudng tieu thu dang la nhiing trd ngai doi vdi san xuat, ddi song nong dan trong vimg.
Tren ca sd dieu tra danh gia thuc trang san xuat hg nong dan, viec lien ket san xuk va tieu thu san pham giij'a cac hg vdi nhau, giira hg san xuat vdi doanh nghiep, ca sd ha tang giao thong-thiiy lgi phuc vu san xuat tom-lua tai hai huyen dien hinh An Bien, An Minh tinh Kien Giang, bao cao phan tich kho khan, thuan lgi trong san xuat tom-liia, de xuat giai phap thiic day lien ket san xuat, tieu thu san pham viing chuyen doi san xuat tom-lua viing vcn bien Tay, DBSCL.
2. THirC TRANG SAN XUAT TOM-LIIA 2.1. Vung nghien cihi
Kien Giang bat dau nuoi tom trong rugng lua nam 2002, hien la tinh co dien tich nuoi tom- lua ldn nhat trong cac tinh DBSCL. Cac huyen md rgng dien tich tom-liia ciia tinh la An Bien, An Minh, U Minh Thugng, Hon Dat, Kien Luang nai hien dang canh tac 2 vu liia, nhung kem hieu qua do xam nhap man, chuyen sang 1 vu tom, 1 vu Ilia
T ) ^ Giang 0.32%
Soc Tring 4SX ,
Hinh I: Dien tich idm - lua cdc tinh DBSCL
NSm 2014 Nam 2015 Ke hoach Ke hogch 2020 2030
Hinh 2: Dien lich lom-lua tinh Kien Giang Viing nghien ciru thugc dia ban hai huyen An Bien va An Minh, co dien lich lu nhien khoang 99.000 ha, dien tich tom-lua nam 2018 khoang 59.200 ha, la khu vuc thuan nong \a thap
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG N G H C THUY LOl S6 59 - 2020
KHOAHQC
hung, phan Idn di^n u'ch sdn xuit mdi khai phi each day khoing 50 nam. Tir dd ddn nay, cac cip chmh quydn vi nhan dan tmh Kien Giang da diu tu khdng nhd trong xay dung he thdng cdng trinh thiiy lgi phye vu sin xudt nhu dio kenh din nirdc tieu ijng, xd phen, dip de phdng chdng thien tai, xay dirog cdng va dap t^m gdp phan dn dinh san xuat vd ddi sdng cua nhdn dan tuy nhien, trudc diln biin phiic tap ciia h ^ han-xam nhdp man thi he thdng h^
tdng giao tbdng, thuy lgi vin chira ddp irng dugc nhu ciu chuySn ddi sdn xuit nhim kidm sodt h^n-mdn di phvc vv san xudt.
Hinh 3: Bdn dd hdnh chinh vd he Ihdng thdy lgi huyen An Bien, An Minh 2.2. Cdng trinh thuy Igi-giao thong, kit ciu ding ni$ng phye vv sin xuit tSm-lfia Hf thdng cdng trinh thiiy Igi viing hai huyfn An Bi€n, An Minh vi co ban la m^ng ludi kdnh r^ch chua dugc khep kin ndi lien vdi sdng, ngdi thdng ra bien. Ngudn nudc nggt trong viing chu yeu tiJr lugng mua tap tnmg tai vimg vi mdt phin dirge liy tft sdng Hau din vi qua cic kenh nii sdng Hdu vdi sdng Cai Ldn - Cai Be. Miia khd, lugng mua d vimg chi chiim khoang 5% lugng mua nim, vi thi, chua du kha ndng cap ngpt va day mdn nen tinh hinh h ^ hin d day xiy ra rit trim trgng.
Ngay cd trong mCia mua, tuy ed lugng mua Idn nhung do khdng cd cdng trinh giir nuoc ndn
khi dut mua, mjn xim nh|p vio eic k«nh ndi ddng, ddn din khdng cd nudc nggt f**": ^ canh tic. Tmh tr?ng xim nhUp m*n luS" * « "
ra nghidm trgng thdng qua sdng Cii Ldn va cic kenh ndi ta biin Tiy, vio cac thdng mCia kift, hiu nhu toan bd didn tlch viing co dd mdn vugt 4g/llt.
Hinh 4: Bdn dd he Ihdng giao Ihdng, thiiy lgi ngi ddng HTX Bdo Trdm, Huyen An Bien Trong thdi gian qua, diu tu xdy d\rng hf thdng thuy lgi trong tinh ndi chung vd vung hai huyfn An Bifn, An Minh ndi ridng, bhd yeu tap trung vao vifc cai tao, nang cip hf thdng kfnh cip 1, cip 2 hifn cd. Df gidm thieu tde ddng cua h^n-m^n, nhung nam gin ddy, Nhd nudc bit ddu triin khai xay dpig h? thdng cdc cing kiim sodt man ven biin.
Vi?c xdy dung, qudn ly Hf thdng thuy loi, giao thdng ndi ddng, theo phdn oip, thu^c trach nh.,m d,a phuang (cdp huyfn, xa) vd ngudl ddn hudng lgi. ' ' Tnrdc ddy, hf thdng thuv Im • ding dugc xdy d 4 c 4 ^ k ' r f ° ' " ' * xuit Wa hai vu. Vifc chu^n , t r ^ ' " - hinh tdm-lia ddi hdi nhiiu il. ™^ ^ ciu tnic ding rugng hf th'' ^^ **' ' " " ^ thiy lgi ngi ding. Mde di, ."'en^';? * « ° 8 ' ra nhiiu cdng sue vd kmh phi di h" " ^^ ^°
t?o ddng rugng, hf thing co sd C ' ™ ^ ' "*' ding hifn nay van chua dap itno*,'*"^ " ' ' ciu chii dOng sin xuit '<^ V^u
74 Tl«> CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHflHOY 105^59-2020
KHOAHQC ••!.lJlcl?M!IJB
Bang I: He thong kenh va phan cap quan ly viing An Bien. An Minh TT ' Cap kenh
1
2
3
-Kenh cdp l(>5.000ha) - Kenh cap 11 ranh huyen - Kenh cap 11 lien huyen (Vidu: Kenh XangXcoRo) - Kenh cap 11 ngi huyen - Kenh cap l!I lien xa
- Kenh c4p 111 ngi xa (100-500ha) (Vidu; Kenh thir 3)
- Kenh ngi dong (<100ha)
(Vi du: Kenh Xang mdi, K. Ong Kicm)
Dem \ i quan ly khai ihac Chi Cue thiiy lgi tinh Kicn Giang
Uy ban nhan dan huyen (Phong Nong nghiep huyen)
Uy ban nhan dan xa (HTX/THT)
Hinh 5: He thong giao thong, thin lai noi 2.2. San xuat liia-tom
>iing sdn .xuai tdm-lua
i) Quy mo dien tich, dau tu, chi phi-lai nhudn san xuat
M6i hg nong dan viing An Bien, An Minh binh
quan co I -2 thira ruong. Tong dien tich binh quan ciia hg tai HTX Bao Tram, huyen An Bien tir 2-5ha/h6; tai HTX Thanh An trung binh tir l-3ha/hg.
45 0 40.0 35.0 30.0
*Z5.0
~ 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
2-3 3-5
soo 40 0 g30.0 -p 20.0
10,0 0-0
Di^n tfch h$ (ha) Dien tich hp [ha)
Hinh 6: Quy mo dien tich hg HTX Bdo Trdm. Hinh 7: Quy mo dien tich ho HTX Thgnh An.
huyen An Bien huyen. An Mmh
TAP CHf KHOA HOC VA CONG NGH^ THUY LOI S6 59 - 2020 75
I KHOA HOC
Di thgc hifn chuyin ddi tir canh tic 2 vy liia ddn tiin hinh cii t?o ru«ng liia u sang san xudt mgt vy tdm, mdt vy lua, ngudi chi phi ban dSu khoing 10-12 tr. a
Bing 2: Chi phi ban dau chuyin dii sin xuit 2 Kia sang tdm-liia
fc day ••
hang -
TT 1 2 3
Ngi dung
Lam bd, dao muong (l^ch) quanh rudng (cho Ihal Lip cdng (cho 1 thua)
Xir ly phen, tin du thudc BVTV ban ddu (cho Iha)
Chi phii 1- 5-6
4 1.4
Kit qud khdo sdt vi hifu qua sdn xuit tdm-liia cho thiy sdn xuat tdm-lia mang l?i lgi nhu§n vd sdn xudt 2 lua t^ HTX Thanh An, huyfn 60-100 h-.d/ha.n5m, cao hon so vdi canh tde 2 An Minh va HTX Bdo Tram, huyfn An Bifn lua, khodng 40 h-.d/ha.ndm (Bing 3).
Bing 3: Thing ke thu nhip-cbi phi sin xuit tom-liia v i 2 vy lira Tdm-lua (tr.d/ha)
Thu nhdp tir liia Chi phi liia Lgi nhu^n tit lua Lgi nhu§n ndm
40 15 25
Thu nhdp tir tdm Chi phi tdm Lgi nhudn tit tdm
50-90 15 35-75 60-100
2 vy liia (tr.d/ha) Thu nhdp tir Ma
Chi phi lua Loi nhudn tilr Ida
Lgi nhugn nam 34,5 14,2 20,3 40,6 ii) Nudi tdm, Irdng Ida
Trong hf thing canh tde tdm-liia, sau khi nudi mdt vy tdm ndng ddn tiin hanh tring mgt vy lua. Khi dd chit thii hihi co dudi diy ao, sau khi thu ho^h tdm, sd lim cho rugng liia man md, ngudi frdng liia chi bdn mgt lugng phdn nhd Id dip dng nhu cau phdt trifn ciia cdy.
Ngugc l9i, nudi tdm sau vy lua thi nen day ao dd dugc khodng hda nfn cdc chdt dgc hgi giam, hjn chi tinh tr?ng vung nudi tdm bj ldo hda do ddt hi ngdp mdn Idu, ding thdi cit phdn mim bfnh trong ao nudi, mdi trudng dn dinh, khi nudi tdm khdng edn sir dyng nhiiu thudc, hda chit, hgn chi chi phi san xuit, lgi nhuan tdng eao.
Vio miia khd, nudc ngoai sdng r ^ h man thi liy vdo nudi tdm, khi mua xudng, cd nudc nggt thi dua vdo trdng lua. Tdm sii li ddi tugng dugc thi nudi phd bifn, tir thing 1 den thing 8 hing ndm, sau khi kit thiie vy liia thi tiin binh eii tgo ao, thdi gian cii tgo tir thing I- thing 2, vi thyc hifn nudi tdm tit thing 3
dfn thdng 8, sau khi thu hoach tdm ndng ddn tifn hanh nia mdn, ldm ddt df chudn bi rufng frong Ilia, thdi gian tCr thing 9 din cudi thdng
12 (Hinh 7).
m\ I.
fr'"h8:Lichthdivusdnxudi,om-lua Tdm su dugc nudi trong vimo tR,„ i - .i.. ,.
irng vdi dg mdn khd r|ng n h ' T . ' ^ V u nhit Id tir 5-15%o. Dd PH tWch H i~^ ^'^
9 . D i f n . i c h a o n u d i M * f ^ 7 f ^ \ 5 - thong muong xung quanh cd J- khodng 25-30% diCn tich ao nud' " "'''*' xung quanh cd chifu rgnsj kboCJ^T-!^^
chieu sau 1-1,2m. Rugng LO coniT^' "''
•* "^^P, thodt
76 TAP CHl KHOA Hpc VACiiNGNGHt THUT LOaS 59-2020
KHUAHUC • . < . | ; | C | ; M ! I : M
nuoc \ a ao uong. dien lich ao uong bang 10- l^^o dien ii'ch ao nuoi.
Hinh 9: Sa do rugng Tom-liia
Liia trong chii yeu la cac giong OM, ST, mgt bui do... sau khi ket thuc vu torn, nong dan tien hanh xc ranh, dua nuac vao rugng rira man, sau
do lien hanh bira va san phang mat rugng, khi do man duoi l%o thi tien hanh sa hoac L;i\, Liia tren nen vuong torn it su dung hoa ch^i, ihu6c BVTV nen co chat lugng t6t. dam bao liia sach, gia tri kinh te cao hon rugng liia 2 vu 3. T O C H I C LIEN KET SAN \ L A T , TIEL THL S.\N PHAM TOM-LUA iJ Thuc trgng lien ket san xudt tieu thu sdn phdm tom-lua
Ciing vcri su chuyen dich tir canh tac hai vu liia sang mo hinh san xuat lom-liia thi nhi^u mo hinh to chirc lien ket san xuat duoi dang Tl IT (chiem da so) hoac HTX bat d5u dugc hinh thanh dc lien ket san xuat va tieu thy san pham liia vai quy mo con rat han ch6. Tai huyen An Bien. An Minh quy mo dien tich hgp tac xa thuemg 50-100 ha, quy mo dien lich ciia to hgp tac 10-30 ha.
50.0 40.0
* 30,0 -p 20,0
10.0 0.0
50
1
40<50 ha 50-lOOha >100ha Quy m o HTX (ha)
I I
<10ha 10-30 ha 30-50h3 >50ha Quy m o THT (ha)
Hinh 10: Quy mo HTX tgi An Bien Hinh II: Quy mo THT igi An Bien
Lien ket san xuat tieu thu nong san giira nong hg va doanh nghiep a An Bien, An Minh, tinh Kien Giang noi rieng va viing DBSCL noi chung con rat han che. San pham liia tren mgng 2 \ u lua, chii yeu dugc thu gom bai thuang Iai. San pham lua tren rugng lom-liia, san xuat liia hau nhu khong su dung thu6c bao
\c Ihuc \at. CO chat lugng cao, dugc thi truang lieu thu va doanh nghiep quan tam d6n thuc pham sach nen viec lieu thu lua gap nhidu thuan lgi. Tuy \ a \ \iec lien kk san xu^l va bao tieu san pham liia sach vai doanh nghiep con rdt it.
Theo thdng kc Phong NN&PTNT. tren dia ban
huyen An Bien, nam 2018, viec ky ket hgp dong giira HTX/THT vai cac dan vi tieu thu san pham liia chi dat 570 ha/33.740ha (chiem 1,7% dien tich lua loan huyen). Tai huyen An Minh, dien tich doanh nghiep tieu thu san pham liia nam 2018 dat 972.7 ha/22.823 ha (chi^m 4,3% dien lich lua loan huyen).
Do san xuat tom con manh miin, chua co lien ket san xuat, san lugng nho, chua hinh ihanh dugc viing nguyen lieu dam bao dap irng yeu cau doanh nghiep nen 100% san pham lom dugc tieu thu thong qua thuemg lai.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E THUY LOI SO 59 - 2020
KHOA HOC
yjjjgd" •
Hinh 12: Kenh tieu thu sdn phdm lua a An Bien vd An Minh
I
Htnh 13: Kenh lieu thtf sdn phdm tdm 1«**L 2 huyen An Biin vd An Minh ii) Khd khdn trong lien kdt sdn xudt vd lieu thg sdn phdm Idm-lda* Do thiiu cdng Dinh diiu tiit kiim sodt h«n- mdn khdp kin hf thing kfnh r9ch cap thodt mrdc, hf thing co sd h^ ting thuy lgi tu diu mii din m$t rugng chira dip irng dirge yfu ciu sdn xudt tdm-lua.
+ Hf thong giao thdng ngi ding thudng dugc kit hgp vdi cic tuyin kenh cip, thodt ndi ding cd kieh thudc nhd h«p, chua dip ling diiu kifn dua miy mde thu ho^ch Iiia, din din ngudi ddn phii sir dyng cit tay chi phi cao hon so vdi cit miy. Hon n i ^ doanh nghifp tifu thy liia ciing khdng nhdn tieu Ihy Ilia cit tay do Ilia khi thu ho^h bi ngdp nudc, khdng dam bio chit lugng.
+ s i lugng doanh nghifp ndng nghifp hifn chiim ty trgng rit nhd, khoing hon 1%, trong ting sd cic doanh nghifp ei nudc. Ben c^nh dd, cd tdi hon 95% sd doanh nghifp ndng nghifp cd quy md nhd vi vua dang la thich thue ldn trong nang cao ndng lyc canh tranh vd phat Uiin lifn kit san xuit theo ehuoi san phdm ndng nghifp; trinh dg ip dyng khoa hgc cdng nghf ciia cdc doanh nghifp ndng nghifp cdn thip, khd ndng tiep cdn von vay ciia Nhd nudc ciuig h ^ chi do diu hr vdo ndng nghifp gdp nhiiu nii ro.
+ Md Hnh sin xuit tdm-liia chii yiu cd quy nw hg, manh mun, nhd Id. Mjte dii dja phuong di cd nhiiu gidi phip, chu truong di diy msiiih lien ket san xudt giOa cic hd ndng ddn bdng vifc xdy dyng hgp tic xd, td hgp tde USn kit sdn xuit vd tifu thy sin phim tdm liia, nhung quy md cua md htah Id nhd le, uung bmh 30-lOOha, chua dap iing yfu ciu vimg nguyfn lifu nen vifc Udn kei tifu thy vdi doanh nghifp ^ nhiiu khd khdn.
4. GIAI PHAP THUC D A Y KIEN UtT SAN XUAT, TIEU THX} SAN P H A M i) Hodn thien hf Ihdng cdng Irinh thtfy lgi - Viing sdn xuit tdm-lua cd hf thing kfnh, i?ch lien thdng vdi nhau chdt chS do thiiu cdng trinh dieu tiet ngudn nudc, kiim sodt h^n-mdn, thdng tin chit lugng nudc nfn vifc sdn xuat ludn bj dgng, phy thudc vdo diiu kifn thdi tiit Hodn thifn hf thing cdng trinh diiu tiit nudc tren hf thdng dau mdi ven biin, ven sdng, kfnh cdp I, 2 vd kenh ngi ddng song song vdi lip ddt hf thing theo doi, gidm sdt chit lugng nudc Id gidi phap thiiy lgi uu tifn hifn nay hong viing san xudt tdm-liia.
Hmh 14: Gidi phdp hodn thien he thdng thOy Igi lgi HTX Bdo Trdm. huyen An Bien - Hd trg diu tu hf thing difn df chuyin ddi bom diu nhd If sang bom difn giim chi nhi sdn xudt, udc tinh khodng 40% chi phi so vdi bom diu, ddng thdi Id gidi phdp th4c div l i ^ kit cdc hd sin xuit -"y nen ii)Hodn thifn h( Ihdng dudng giao ,i,o„„ „^, dong, ddm bdo mdy ndng nghiep hogt dgng
78 TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE THUV 1 0 5 0 5 9 - 2 0 2 0
KHOA HOC Giao thong ngi ddng trong viing chii yeu la
giao thdng thdy, d u ^ g bg khong cd kich thuoc nho h?p. khoang 2,5-3ni, gd ^6,16i 16m chua Akra bao de mdy moc phuc vu san xuat D6ng nghidp hoat dgng. Do v^y, cSn ma rgng kich thu6c ducmg ngi dong theo tidu chuan, be ngang m$t dudng bd Id t6i thilu 3,5 m, ddi vai bd vung be ngang m|t duong tdi thieu 6,5 m dam bdo mdy mde ndng nghi$p g^t hoat dgng hi^u qud.
iii) Ca che chinh sdch de doanh nghifp tiep cdn von vay tin chap
Trong ehuoi li€n kit tdm-ltia, doanh nghidp dong vai trd quan trgng, quyet dinh tdi su thdnh cdng ciia ehuoi. Tuy nhien hi$n nay, doanh nghidp sdn xudt ciing nhu ngdn hang dang ngai dau tu vao ITnh v\rc nay vi tinh nii ro ldn do ph^ thuOc vdo thi trudng, thdi tiet, chi phi sdn xuat ldn, dnh hudng tdi sue canh tranh cOa sdn pham.
Trong nhChig ndm gka day, ca ch€, chinh sdch phdt tiikn ndng nghiSp cua nudc ta lien tuc dugc bd sung, hoan thi^n, nhdm tao didu ki?n thuan lgi cho thu hut ddu tu, phdt triln kinh td ndng nghidp. Cdc chinh sach tap tnmg vdo uu ddi vl sii dvng, thud d4t dai, m§t bdng kinh doanh, uu dai vl thue, hd trg tin dvng, dao tao lao dOng, phdt triln thi trudng, ddu tu ca sd ha tang, uu ti6n h6 trg mgt sd du dn ddu tu vdo ndng nghi?p nhit Id cac dv an vl lien kit, che bien sdu, ung dvmg khoa hgc cdng ngh| eao.
Tuy v|iy, v§n cdn r4t nhilu rao can vl mdt thu tyc, ngudn vdn ho trg, chua ddp iimg ciing nhu chua du khuyin khich doanh nghidp. Do dd, Nha nudc ckn manh d?n tao dilu kien de doanh nghigp tilp c§n dugc ngudn vdn hd trg, th\rc hifn dugc quy trinh sdn xudt do doanh nghifp dl ra, iing vat tu, phdn bdn, ho trg eho b^ con ndng dan ySn tdm san xudt
iv) Ho trgf nong ddn md rgng lien ket ngang dd idn ddm bdo vung nguyen li^u de doanh nghidp tiiu thy sdn phdm
San xudt ndng nghifp hifn nay cua vung tdm-
lua chu yeu quy mo ndng hd, nhd le, phdn tdn, sdn xudt mang tinh tvr phdt, m^nh ai niy ldm, chua tao dugc vung san xudt t$p trung, ddng san phdm du lorn, on dinh. Trong khi de cd thl canh tranh trong nen kinh te thi trudng, cin phdi cd sdn phdm khdi lugng ldn, chdt lugng cao, giao hdng dung Iiic, gia cd c^nh tranh, Id dieu ndng ddn cd thl khdng ldm dugc ma ckn phdi lien kit thdnh mgt tap thl du ldn (td hgp tac, hgp tde xa) li€n kit vdi doanh nghifp de td chuc sdn xudt, tieu th^ sdn phim.
Quy md hifn nay cda cdc hgp tde xd trong vung sdn xudt tdm-liia khodng 50-100 ha, quy md difn tich cua ^ hgp tde 10-30 ha. Vdi quy md ndy, ddi vdi tieu thy liia, thu hoach dong lo^t ngn doanh nghifp de ddng trong vifc bao tieu eho cdc hgp tde xd vd to hgp tde. Tuy nhien, viec thu hoach tdm lai dugc chia thdnh nhilu dgt, binh qudn 1 v\i tdm tCr 9-10 dgt thu, moi dgt thu keo ddi 4-5 ngdy, ndng suit binh qudn mgt dgt khodng 50-60kg/ha. Mft container lanh 24-30 tin cin toi thilu 500-600 ha ao nudi cling Ijch xuing giong vd thu hoach. Do v§y, cdc HTX/THT muln lien kit doanh nghifp tieu thy sdn pham tdm cin phdi md rgng quy md difn tich phye vy, kit nap them thdnh vien HTX/THT. Mgt trong cdc gidi phdp hifn nay, nhu phdn tr6n da de cap. Id hd trg ducmg difn, chuyen ddi bom ddu nhd le sang bom dien tap trung, khuydn khich ndng ddn tham gia hen kit san xuit.
5. KET L U ^
Dudi tae dgng ciia han hdn, xdm nhap in^»
vife ehuyen ddi san xudt hai v\i lua sang md hinh tdm-liia viing ven bien Tdy DBSCL dang diln ra nhanh chdng. Tuy nhien, vdi hf thong ha tdng giao thdng ngi ddng kich ihudc nhd h^p, chua dugc dam bdo dl mdy mde ndng nghiep ho?it dgng, Hf thdng thuy lgi ehua khep kin, thilu cdng trinh dieu tiet kidm sodt han-man, quy md sdn xuat hg nhd le, manh miin, thilu lien kit sdn xuit tieu thy sdn phdm, khd tilp can thi trudng tieu thy dang Id
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THOY Lpi S 6 59 - 2020 79
I KHOAHQC"
nhiing tidr ng^ d6i vdi sin xuit, ddi sdng ddng cip thdat node phye vy sin xu. dm-Wa.
ndng ddn trong viing. ding thdi khuyin khieh ndng din lun kil sd"
Di hd tn? sin xuit, ting cudng lifn kit san xuit ""f " ^ ' ' " l ' ^ ^ ' ^ ""^ '°" f ^ * " \ ' " T 1 vi tieu Ihu sdn phim giOa ndng hg vdi ndng hg, " ^ f " ^ . . ' * ^ ' : ? * ? ^'^ ^ T A! . . . . i, jT, . . . . 1 ° . ; doanh nghi?p tifp edn dugc ngudn vdn vay, vdn giita hd san xuat vdl doanh nghigj, can men . T ,.•• T »""•••"•• J' 1.1. • .u u«_ A V i j . » r u c .uS hd trg, thyc hifn dugc quy ttinh sdn xudt do khai thye hifn vifc hoin thifn hf thdng giao ^' , . . Jj . . . ,_. u2 . . . . . . » . ti. ,.. X = \Z- doanh nghi?p de ra, ung vdt tu, phdn bon, hd thong ngi dong t^o difu b ^ miy ndng nghiw ,T - j - - . , - . . ° , . .> . . .1 ... . . . . . . . . ttg cho bd con nong ddn yen tdm sin xuat host dgng, dau tu h? tang thuy Igi dam bao chu ^
T A I L I $ U THAM K H A O
[I] Bdo cdo Rd sodt, diiu chinh quy hoych ndng nghifp ndng thdn gdn vdi tdi co ciu nginh ndng nghifp tinh Kien Giang din nim 2020 vi djnh hudng din ndm 2030.
[2] Bio cio tong kit nginh ndng nghifp vi phit ttiin ndng thdn ndm 2018 huyfn An Bifn vd huyfn An Minh.
[3] Cyc Kinh ti hgp tde, 2016, Tdi lifu hudng din didnh ldp lifn kit ndng ddn trong chudi gid trj.
[4] Lf Xudn Sinh vi tmc, 2011, Phin tich cbuii gii tn tdm sii d ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long.
[5} Nguyin Phii Son, 2013, Md hinh lien kit "4 nhi trong san xudt va tifu thy liia g^o t ^ xd Djnh Hda, huyfn Gd Quao, tinh Kifn Giang.
[6] Td Ph»m Thj H» Van vi Tnrong Hoing Minh, 2014, Phdn tich chudi gii hi tdm sii sinh thii d tinh Ci Mau.
[7] Vifn Quin ly vi Phdt triin Chau A, 2016, Bio cio hifn h?ng phdt triin tdm-lua viing Ddng bdng sdng Ciru Long.
TAP CHf KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THUV LOl 5(3 S9 - 2020