Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thii Nguygn
, HE THONG PHAN LOAI VA DAC DIEM CANH QUAN KHU VlTC SON TAY- BA Vi, THANH P H 6 HA NOI
Pham Thi Tram', Ly Trpng Dju^
Abtract
Lanscape classification system and feature of Son Tay - Ba Vi region, Ha Noi city Son Toy- Ba Vi region is located in northwest Ha Noi city. This region has been impacted by urbanization process. It is necessary to study landscape feature in this area The results of study show lanscape system of this region is divided into 74 categories in landscape system , consisting of 4 levels:
landscape type - landscape class- landscape formal- landscape category The landscape units will be the fundarmental units for studying, analysing the potential resources and evaluating the general conditions of
the nature for purposes of sustainable development in this area I.DATVANDE
Cinh quan hpc la mdt bd mdn khoa hoc ^ a ly tu nhien tong hgp, nd dugc phit trien nhanh chdng va hien da trd thinh mpt nganh, mgt bd mdn khoa hpc quan trong cua dia Iy hi?n dgi. Nhihg ket qui nghien ciiu ciia canfa quan dugc ung dyng de giai quyet hing loat cic van de cap bieh hien nay, dae biet nfaam phye vy cho cdng tic qui hoach, kfaai thic, sii dyng hgp Iy cac nguon tai nguySn tfaien nhien va bio ve mdi trudng
Lich sir nghien ciiu canh quan da chi ro, day la mpt trong nhiing hudng nghien cuu c6 y ngfaia img dung het site quan trpng, thiet thuc doi vdi cic van de ve tfayc tien khai thic, sit d\mg hop ly dieu kien ty nhien, tii nguyen thien nhien vi bao vS moi trudng. D6 dua cac ket qua nghiSn cuu dia Iy tong fagp, nghien cuu canh quan vao thyc tien, dgc biet de cd the ap dung dugc cic ket qua nghi6n cuu canh quan phuc vu muc dicfa sit dung hgp ly tai nguyen tfaien nhien v i bao ve moi trudng cfao timg lanfa tho cy the thi can nghien cim ky ludng de nam bat dugc cic die diem dae trung, cie quy luat phat sinh, phat trien, quy luat phan hda cua tu nhien lanh thd dd.
Nim d phia Tay Bae thinh pho Ha Ndi, khu vuc Scm Tay- Ba Vi bao gom toin bd fauy?n Ba Vi va till xa Son Tay cd di$n tich dit ty nhien la 53I,5km^. Ve phit trien cic nganh nghe kinhte, huyen Ba Vi cd the mgnh ve phit trien ndng ngfaiep, tfai xa San Tay cd the manh ve phit trien cong nghiep v i dae biet dicfa vy- du hcfa deu phit trien d toan vung Son Tay - Ba Vi bdi dgc diem tai nguyen thien nhien v i die diem van hda vd cimg phong phu cua khu vye. Cung nfau cic vung khac tiiupc ngoai vi tiianh pho, khu vyc Scm Tay- Ba Vi cung chiu tic dgng khdng nhd ciia qui trinfa do thi faoa cua thanh pho Ha Npi, Qui trinh do thi hda dem Igi nhimg tic ddng tich cyc nhu muc sor^
cua ngudi dan dugc nang eao, ngudi dan dugc tiep can vdi cac phuang tien khoa hge ky thugt Ben dai, CO cau Iao ddng chuyen dieh theo hudng cdng nghiep- dich vy,... Ben cgnh dd, hang logt nhimg tic dpng tieu cue niy sinfa nfau: quy dat ndng nghipp ngay cang bi thu hep, that nghiep cua nguoi din viing ngogi thanh ngiy cang tang, ca sd ha tang khdng tiieo kip toe dp dd thi hda, 6 nhiem m6i trudng ty nhien ngay can^ tram trpng, tai ngyyen tiiien nhien ngay cang bi suy thoai,... dieu nay da inh hudng tdi su phit tiien b^n vimg cua khu vuc. Mpt vin de quan tirong cd tinh cap thiet da va dang dupc dat ra cho khu vuc lanh tiio nay l i lim tiie nio cd tiie gin k^t qua trinh dd tiii hda mang tinh tat yeu ciia Thu do Ha Npi vdi su phit tiien kinh te - xa hpi ben virag, han che tdi miic tiiap nfaat cac tie ddng tieu cyc ma qui tiinh do tiii hda dem lai cho khu vuc San Tay- Ba Vi. De giii quyet duoc nhung nhi|m vu dgt ra do, rd ring can cd nhung nghien ciru danh gia mpt ciefa dung dan tiem nang,tirJihien,.tai ngityen, dieu kipn kinh te - xa hgi ciia lanh tiio Iam ca sd d^ xuat cac djnh hudng phat tiien phii hpp gin vdi cdng tic bio vp moi tiudng. Doi vdi nhiing nfaiem vu nay, su ddng gdp ciia nginfa dia Iy fapc, nghien cim dia ly tong hgp chic chin se cd vai ti:d quan tipng, die bi|t trong viec xic 1 ^ ca sd khoa hpc doi vdi sy phit bien kinh te xa hdi v i bio ve mdi tmdng, Cie ket qui ngfaien cuu, danh gia tong hap cac dieu kien dia ly se gdp phin cung cap tu lieu cho qui trinh quy hoach v i lap ke hogch phit trien hgp Iy, khai tiiac v i su dyng hgp Iy, tiet kiem tai 'Viin Dia li nhdn vdn- Viqn Hdn ldm Khoa hgc Xd hgi Viet Nam
Vijn Dia ll - Vijn Hm ldm Khoa hgc & Cdng Nghj Vijt Nam
Kyyiu Hot nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn gudc ldn mW-^
Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen nguyen thien nhien ciia viing lanh tho. Trong khudn kho ciia bai bao, tic gia se dua ra mpt buc tranh toin dien ve die diem cinh quan ciia khu vuc San Tay- Ba Vi lim co sd danh gii cho viec sir dyng hop Iy tai nguyen, mdi trudng khu vyc.
2. CO sd VA NGUYEN TAC XAY DUNG HE T H O N G PHAN LOAI C A N H QUAN KHU vyc SON TAY- BA VI
He tfaong phan loai cinh quan la mpt trong nhung kfaau quan trong trong ngfaien cim cinfa quan. Cfao den thdi diem hien nay van chua cd hp thong pfaan loai thong nfait v i chi tieu phin Ioai cy the cfao timg cap Trong cic he thong phan Iogi cinh quan cua cic nha dia Iy tren the gidi, cd hang logt nhihig don vi phan Iogi chung nhu Idp, kieu, nfadm, loai, cd nfaieu dau hieu dugc diing chung cfao cic dan vi nhu Icrp, kieu, ttiidm ben cgnh cic dau hieu rieng theo quan niem cua timg tic gii, cfao timg lanfa tho nhit dinh.
H? thong phan iogi eua cac tac gia Viet Nam pfaan chia canh quan Viet Nam thanh cic viing dia Iy ty nhien nfaiing nam 60, 70 nfau- He thong phan vj Thien nfaien Mien Bic Viet Nam gom 5 cqil: Lanh tho, tinh, quan, a qugn, vung dya tren quan diem phan hoi phi dia ddi ciia V.M.Fridlan (1961); cic tic gii Nguyen Diic Chinh v i Vu Tu Lip (1962) da pfain ehia Dia ly ty nhien Viet Nam tfaeo fae tfaong phan vi cd 6 cap gom: Ddi, xii, mien, khu, vimg, eanh tren quan diem phin hoi dja ddi v i phi dia ddi nen pfaan inh su pfaan hoi ty nhien mpt cich khich quan han; He thong phan vi tir i dgi lyc den cap vimg cho mien Bac Viet Nam trong Phan viing dia Iy ty nhien Vipt Nam cua Uy ban Khoa hpc va Ky tfauat nha nude (1970) la cong trinfa cd y nghia Icm trong dieu tra v i su dyng linh tfao.
Trong "Cinh quan dia Iy mien Bic Viet Nam" nam 1976, tic gii Vii Ty Lap da dua ra mpt he tfaong cac cip pfa^ vi su dyng de phan Iogi CQ mien Bic Viet Nam gom 8 cap: He, ldp, pfau Idp, nhdm, kieu, chiing, logi va thir2. Day l i he thong phan Ioai CQ dau tien d Viet Nam ma trong do tic gii da can cu tien co sd pfaan hoi dia ddi v i phi dia ddi de xay dyng cic cip phan vi, moi cap tuong ling vcii mpt ehi tieu hogc mpt tgp faop cac cfai tieu nhit dinh, ed su ket hpp giua cic cap trong thinh phan ciia CQ tir nen nham, dia hinh, kfai hgu, thuy van, tho nhuong va cuoi cimg I i dlim thyc vat. Trong do cap ca sd cua h$ thong- c ^ cinh dia ly cd su dong nhat ve c i tinh dia ddi va phi dia dai. Cdng trinh da cd nfaung ddng gdp quan trpng trong cdng tic NCCQ phyc vy thyc tiln sin xuit, quan diem tong hpp trong NCCQ duge cic nhi dta Iy quan tim va ti^p tyc pfait tnen.
Cung trong giai dogn niy cdng trinh pfaan vung cd gii tii tfaue tien Idn Ii Pfaan viing ^ a ly ty nhien Tiy Nguyen cua t ^ the tac gii Nguyen Van Chien, Tran Quang Ngai, Hoang Due Triem nghien ciiu tir 1976 -1980 va edng bo nam 1984 vdi he thong phan vi chi gom 3 cap: xit, khu, viing nfaung di ndi Ien dugc gii tri thuc tien cua vi^c van dyng nghien cuu dia ly ty nhien trong thye tien san xuat.
Tir sau 1980 cho den nay, cd rat nhieu tic gii di sau nghien cim canh quan cac viing lanh tho Vi?t Nam, dua ra cac hp thong pfaan Iogi kfaic nhau tiiy theo timg lanfa tfao, muc dicfa nghien cuu nfau Pfagm Quang Anh, Nguyen Thinh Long; Nguyen Van Vinfa; Pfaam Hoing Hai, Nguyen Ngpc Khanfa, Nguyen Trpng Tien, Pfagm Tfae Vinh v i nhieu ngudi kfaic. Cic cdng trinh niy chu yen tien hanh theo hudng pfaan Iogi cinfa quan khdng dya vao e i the dia tong the. Trong do, cic tic gii di sau tim failu cac cap phan Iogi va chi tieu cho timg c ^ cua 2 hp thong phan loai sau:
_^___JL^Hp_4on^jphan Jlogi cho ban do cinh quan Viet Nam tren cic ty Ie dugc tic gii Nguyen Tiianfa Long va tgp tiie^hdng Dia Iy ty nfaien thuOc Trung tam Dia Iy v i tii nguyen thien nhien xay dyng nim 1992 dya vao h? tfaong phin loai cua V.A Nicolaev gom 10 c ^ ; Hp einh quan, phy he cinh quan, Icrp cinh quan, phy lc3p cinh quan, kieu cinfa quan, phy kieu cinh quan, hang cinh
j i * Bi Thdo (1998), Vi$t Nam lanh thdvd cdc vimg dta lp, NXB Thi gidi. Hd Ngi.
•^=J^VL4P (1976). Cinh quan dfa-ip miin BJc ViitNam, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thudt, Hd Noi.
Kpyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd 7
Hoi Dia ly Vi€t Nam Dai hc^c Thai NguySn quan, Iogi cinh quan; ngoai ra cdn cd 2 cap bo trg khac la dgng, nhdm dang dia ly va dien, nfadm dien dialyl,
2. Nam 1997, khi nghien cuu cinfa quan nhiet ddi gid miia Viet Nam tic gii Pham Hoing Hai, Nguyen Thugng Hung, Nguyen Nggc Khanfa da xay dyng he thong pfaan Ioai ip dyng cfao Bin do canh quan Viet Nam ty Ie 1/1.000.000. He thong gom 7 cap: He tfaong cinfa quan, Phy hp thong cinh quan, Ldp canh quan, Phy Idp cinh quan, Kieu cinh quan, Phy kieu cinh quan v i Logi (nhdm loai) cinh quan2.
Day l i cic he thong phan loai m i sau nay trong nhieu nghien ciiu ve cinh quan lanh tho Vi^t Nam da dugc nhieu tic gia cdng nhgn v i tfaiia ke, vgn dung ket qui lim eo sd cho cac vin de ngfaien cuu tiep theo nfau phin vimg cinh quan, danh gia tong fapp,... mpt pfaan hay toin bg lanfa tho Viet Nam.
Ben cgnh do, cic tic gii d Trudng Dai hgc Kfaoa faoc Ty nfaien - Dgi fapc Quoc gia H i Npi ciing da cd nhieu he thong pfaan Iogi cinh quan ung dyng trong nghien cuu cfao cac vung lanh tho neng bipt nhu: Tic gii Nguyen Cao Huan, Nguyen An Tfainfa nghien ciiu cinfa quan Sapa, Lio Cai;
tac gii Truang Quang Hii "pfaan kieu Cinh quan mien Nam Vipt Nam"; tac gia Tmang Quang Hai nghi8n cuu vung mii d i vdi tinh Ninh Binh, Phgm Quang Anh, Ha Van Hinh...v.v, moi vung lanh tho deu cd m$t he thong phan Iogi cy tiie phu hpp vdi mye tieu, npi dung v i ty Ip ngfaien ciiu. Cac hp thong phan Iogi niy cd sy cfai tiet hda d cie cfai tieu nen tang ran nhu nen nham, dgng ^ a hinh, do doc v i cic cfai tieu nen nhi?t, am tren bing cfaii giii ma trgn ciia bin do cinfa quan; cip pfaan chia thap hon, cd the den dgng CQ; xiy dyng cho cae ban do t^ Ip Idn va thudng nghien cuu cho lanfa tho hep d cap huyen, xa hoac vung dia hinfa pfayc vy cic muc dieh cy the.
Qua nghien cim eie hp thong phan vi ciia hau bet cic cdng trinh nay cho thay, cic tic gii deu sii dung cic c ^ tir He, Phy hp, Ldp, Phy ldp, Kieu, Phu kieu. Hang, Loai canfa quan v i mpt so CM bo trg khic d c ^ thap tuy theo lanh tho va muc dieh ngfaien cuu. Moi cap cd nhung chi tieu cy tiie quy dinfa sy pfaan hda cd tinh he thong, logic v i cd sy tiiong nfait trong timg cip.
Tren ca sd ke tiiira fae thong pfain logi cinfa quan cua cic tie gii trong v i ngoai nude; dya tren nguyen tac truyen tbdng trong nghien cuu cinh quan (nguyen tic phat sinh, nguy6n tic ^ng hgp, nguyen tic dong nhat tugng doi v i sy da dgng giiia cic tfaanh phan ciu tgo cinfa quan, moi lien hp cua thanh phan cau tgo trong ciu tnic dimg cua mdi cinh quan), cinh quan khu vyc San Tay- Ba Vi dugc xiy dyng theo cic cqi: Kieu cinh quan- Ldp cinh quan- Phy ldp cinh quan- Hgng einh quan- Lagi einfa quan.
•N^n Thdnh Long vd rmk (1993). Nghen cim xdy difng ban dd cdnh quan cdc tp li trin Idnh thd VietNam, Vi?n Dia Phgm Hodng Hii NgiQ'Sn Thugng Hung, Nguyin Nggc Khinh (1997). Casd cdnh quan hgc dia viic sddvng hgp hJ tat natvin thten nhiin. bao ve l&ih thd mdi trudng VietNam, NXB Giio d^c. Hd Ngi. f « vi-^
Ky yiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dfa lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
H6i Dia Iy Viet Nam Dai hpc Thai Nguy§n Bdng: Hi thdngphdn loai cdnh quan Idiu vuc Son Tdy- Ba Vc
cip phin Cac chi ti£u Ten goi
Sy dong nhat ve diSu ki^n nhiet am
Kieu cinh quan nMet ddi gio mua co mua dong ret, hoi kho chiu anh hudng tryc tiep ciia gio miia dong bic
Ldp cinh quan
Cic die trung hinh thii phit sinh ciia dja hinh lanh tho, quyet djnh cac qui trinh ldn xiy trong chu trinh vit chit vi nang lugng
Lap cinh quan nui Lcip cinh quan ddi Lcip canh quan ddng bang
Phyldp cinh quan
Cic dgc tnmg hinh thai dia hinh trong phgm vi cila Icip
Phy ldp cinh quan nui tnmg binh Phy ldp cinh quan nui thip Phy lap cinh quan doi cao Phy ldp cinfa quan doi thip Phy tdp cinh quan dong bang cao Phy ldp cinh quan dong bing thap
Hgngcdnh Dgng dia hinh phit smh vdi cic qua trinh dia mgo thong
Nui tnmg binh hoc mon- ki^n true khoi ting ciu tao bdi da mic ma phun trao bi chia cit mgnh den trung binh, sudn doc vai qui trinh sudn trpng lyc nhanh thong tn.
Nui thap bdc mon- xam thyc kien true khoi ting cau tgo bdi mic ma phun trao, da voi, da voi xen tram tich lyc nguyen, b) chia cat yen den tmi^ binh, sudn doc thoii vdi qua trinh sudn trpng lyc chim thong tii.
D6I cao hoc mon xam thyc tren kien true vi cac da khic nhau vdi sudn doc thoii bi bien doi do qui trinh nia tr6i xdi r&a chilm uu the.
Boi t h ^ xam thyc-bdc mdn tren cic kien true va di khic nhau bi bien doi do qui trinh nia troi be mgt vi muang x6i.
Dong bing cao boc in6n, b6c mon- xam thyc dgng lupn song.
D6ng bing cao tich ty da nguon g6c dgng bic them.
Bong bing thip, bing phing tich ty song trong d& va ngoii de, clyu inh hudng cua sdng.
Loai cinh
Dgc tnmg bdi moi quan tip tuong hd giiia cic nhom quin xi thyc vat vi cic logi dit trong chu trinh smh hpc nhd, quyet djnh moi can bang vit chat ciia cinh quan qua cic dilu ki$n khi hgu, tho nhudng, c$ng vol cac tic dOng ciia cic hogt dOng nhin tic.
Gom 74 Iogi cinh quan tren 12 logi dit.
3. CAC NHAN TO fSAMi TAO CANH QUAN KHU VUC SON TAY- BA Vt
Cic nhan t6 ty nhien:
* Ddc diim dia chdt:
^ Khu vyc San Tay - Ba Vi nam trong vimg kien tao Tay Bic - Bic Bg thupc cac ddi tucmg cau tnic sdng Hong, Nmh Bmh v i H i Ngi. (5 ddi sdng Hong l i cac tfainh tao cua mdng ket tinh Proterozoi, trong ddi Nmh Binh phit tnen cac di lyc nguyen va phun trao Palezoi thugng va
^yiu Hpi nghf Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
Hoi Dia ly ViSt Nam D^i h9C ThAi Nguyej, Mezozi. Cac dai tren bi triing Ha Noi phii chong ma phan mong ciia no la cac thanh tao Proterozoi bi cat xe bed cac dia hao lap day cac tram tich Neogen.
He thong diit gay trong khu vuc dong vai tro quan trgng trong thanh tao cau tnic ciia khu virc.
- He thong dirt gay phuong Tay BSc- Dong Nam tao nen cac dia hao, dia liiy, trong do lap day cac tram tich Neogen va 16 ra mong ket tinh Ngoai ra, con g^p cac diit gay thugc he thong niy cr phan tnmg tam Ba Vi, song miirc dg th6 hien cua chiing khong ro ret ISm, thuong la timg phan diit dogn vi bi cac he thong dut gay khac cat qua.
- Dut gay phuong Bac- Nam: he thong dirt gay nay giir vi tti thii hai trong vimg nghiSn ciru, chung gay nen cac chuyen dong dich chuyen ngang va ket qua la tao thanh cac khoi nang, khoi sut khac nhau lam mat tinh tuyen ciia cau tnic ban dau
Qua trinh dia chat, kien tao la nguon goc hinh thanh va phat trien cua dia hinh lanh tho Cac nen nham ket hgp voi dieu kien dia hinh, khi hau, sinh vat da quy dinh su hinh thanh va dSc diSm cac loai dio nhuong khac nhau trong khu virc nghien ciiu.
* Dae diem dia hinh
Co the nli|n thay, dia hinh vimg nghien eiiu phiin chia thanh 3 dang dia hmh ro ret: dia hinh mii thap den trung binh, dia hinh go doi va dia hinh dong bSng.
Dia hinh dong bSng phan bo chu yeu or phia B k va mgt phan phia dong khu virc. Day la sin pham phii sa song chiia cugi nho d duoi, phan tren be mat gom cat - bgt ~ set mau d6- vang loang lo thuoc he tang Vinh Phiic tao dianh mgt dai h?p men theo chan mil Ba Vi qua Som Tay.
Tiep den la h? thong go doi la them bac I hay them Vinh Phuc cua song Hong va cac phu lira cua no. Tren bac them nay, ben ciuih dang laterit ket von con co ca da ong thuc thu do nude ngam mang oxit sit den tich dong tuyet doi tai nmh gidi giiia bac nay voi bai boi cua dat phii sa moi. Chi can dao xuong dudi mat dat khoSng 30 - 40 cm la den tang da ong. Day ciing la nguon cung cap vjt lieu xay dung cho nguoi dan khu vuc.
Chuyen tiep len dia hmh mii la dia hinh doi hoc mon x&n thue thu6c chan niii Ba Vi. Day li mgt be mat vdi do nghieng tong quat khong qua 10° da bi chia cSt thajih cac qui doi cao san san nhau, xap xi 40 m, dinh bing phSng, cau tao bjng da goc, CO noi bing tram tich cua kJ De Tam.
Cimg vdi nen nham, yeu to dia hinh la nhan to chu dao trong qua trinh phan hoa thanh ldp vi phu ldp CQ, day ciing la cac yeu to dong vai tro quan trgng trong cau tnic canh quan
* Dae diem khi hau:
Khi hau la mgt nhan to quan trgng duoc cae nha Canh quan hgc danh gii la nhan to quySt dinh bg mat canh quan mgt lanli tho. Vimg nghien cira nim trong khu vtrc khi hju nhiet ddi gio miia, chra anh hudng tnrc tiep va manh me ciia gio mua Dong BSc nen eg mua dgng tuong (1&
lanh. Khi hau phan hoa thanh hai miia ro ret. miia dong lanh bit dau tir thang 11 keo dai den het thang 3 nam sau va mua he tir thang 4 den thang 10.
Khu wrc Son Tay - BaVi noi rieng va viing dgng bing Tnmg du phia Bic noi chung chiu Snh huc^gtrvciieii cua gio mua Dong Bic nen cd lugng biic xa tong cong khong ldn lam. Lirgng biic xa tgng egng trong nam khoang 122-125 Kcal/cmV nam, phan b6 khong d6ng d^u.
Nhiet dg tnmg binh hang nam vag khoang 23- 25°C vdi lugng mua tnmg binh 1839 - 2500 mm. Bg am khdng khi d day kha cao dat tdi 80 - 88%. Do & dilm dia hinh 6 day phirc tap nen khi hau phan hoa kha sau sac va tao nen dae dilm khi hSu rieng Cac khu vuc d6i cao d6i thoii lugn song va khu vuc dong bang co khi hgu hau nhu kha dong nhat.
Kyyeu Hdi nghi Khoa hoc Bia ly lodn qudc ldn thill
Hoi Dia Iy Vi|t Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen Rieng tren klioi nui Ba Vi vdi dp cao tren 1000m cd khi hgu phan hoi dan vdi sy khac biet ve nhiet dp, gid, mua dp am giira sudn ddng v i sudn tay, giiia cfaan nui va dinh niii, giua niii Ba vi vdi eic khu vue khic. Tuy nhien, su kfaic bipt nay khdng Iam anh faudng manh me den he sinh thii ciia cie sudn. Vi vay, toin bp khoi nui Ba Vi van nim trong thim thyc vgt rirng kin thudng xanh mua am nhiet ddi.
* Ddc dlim thuy vdn:
Khu vyc nghien ciiu cd 3 con sdng chinh chiy qua la sdng Di, sdng Hdng v i sdng Tich Sdng Hong cd chieu dii ehiy trong phgm vi nghien ciiu cfai khoing 8,6 km, luu lugng binh quin nfaieu nam tgi San Tiy l i 36,30m^/s. Sdng Da dd vao sdng Hdng d Tmng Ha, dogn sdng cfaay qua kfau vyc ngfaien cuu dai khoing 20 km. Sdng Da l i ngudn cung cap nude va phii sa Idn nhat eho song Hong, chiing chilm tcri 50% tdng luong nude v i tong lugng cit bun cung c ^ cho sdng Hong.
Sdng Tich la phy luu c ^ I cua sdng Day, thupe he tfaong sdng Hong bat nguon tir day mii Ba Vi, dau nguon Ii ho Suoi Hai v i ho Dong Md. Sdng Tich cfaiy theo hucmg Tiy Bic - Ddng Nam, b£n bd phii sdng Hong. Chieu dii chinh cua sdng Tich la 9Ikm (tong chieu dai toin sdng Ticfa la I lOkm), dipn ticfa luu vuc l i 1330 km^
Ho Suoi Hai la ho nhan tao nim dudi chan niii Ba Vi cd dien tieh khoing lOkm^, dugc xay dyng vdi da muc tieu: Thuy Igi {giai quyet van de hgn han cua Ba Vi va khong che ddng song Tich), cai tfaien mdi trudng v i muc dicfa pfait trien du lich,... Hd Dong Md cimg l i mgt ho nhan tao thupe dia phgn thi xa San Tay va mgt phin huyen Ba Vi, cd dien tich luu vyc khoang 96,0km2, dung tich 84,5 trieu m^ phuc vy c ^ nude tudi tren 5.300 faa Hd Xuan Khanfa cd dipn tich luu vuc 4,07 km2, dung tich 6,12 trieu m3 nude, trong dd dung ticfa huu ich 5,61 trieu m', ho cd nhiem vy cip nude tudi gin 1.000 ha dit canfa tic cic xa Cam Tfauang, Dudng Lam, Trung Hung, Tfaanh My, Xuan San v i c ^ nude cho cym cdng ngfaiep Xuan San. Tren thyc te quan Iy va khai thic cha tfaay, ho Xuan Khanh mdi chi dam bao tudi dugc tren 200 ha, bang 20% so vdi thiet ke.
Ngoai ra, cdn mgt so ho nfad va dgp dang kfaic de tudi nude eho hing trim ha dat ndng nghipp. Cic ho niy tfaudng tgo ven canh quan thien nhien thanh cac khu du Iicfa sinfa thai trong khu vyc nghien cuu.
* Ddc dlim thd nhudng-
Tho nhudng khu vuc nghien cuu cd the ehia thinh 5 nhdm dit cfainfa: nfadm dit mun vang dd tren niii (Iogi dit vang dd teen di macma a xit); nfadm dat dd ving (gom cac Iogi dat: dit nau dd trSn di macma baza va trung tinh, dat do ving tr8n da phien set, dat nau ving tren pfau sa co, dat dd vang bien doi do trong lua nude); nhdm dat xim bac miu (gom cic Iogi d^: dat xim bgc miu tren pfaii sa eo, dat xim bgc mau go lay); nfadm dat lay (dat lay); nhdm dat phu sa (gom cic logi dat: dit phii sa dugc boi trung tmh it cfaua, dit pfau sa khdng dugc boi cfaua, dat phu sa cd tang loang lo dd vang, dat pfait sa gd lay, dat pfaii sa iing nude).
Trong qua trinh hinh thinh v i pfaat trien cinh quan khu vuc ngfaien ciiy, sy phan hda da dgng, phuc t£^ cua tfao nhuong va ldp phu thuc vat l i yeu to tgo nen tinh da dgng cua cinh quan, la cfai tieu pfaan cfaia cic Ioai canfa quan.
* Sinh vdt:
Sy pfaan hda dia hmh khu vuc da tgo cho viing cd mdt nguon sinh vat khi da dgng vi doi
—dao^Vudn-Quoe-Gia3a Vi-Aigc-thinh lap dl luu giu nguon gen dpng thuc vat quy hiem tieu bieu ciiaVipt Nam va ciia khu vyc.
Theo ket qui Idem ke nam 2010 cua buypn Ba Vi, dipn tich rimg toan buypn l i 10.097,14 ha, tiong do dien tich rimg ty nhien la I.4I4.I0 ha chii yeu t ^ tnmg trong khu vuc VQG Ba Vi tir dp cao 400m trd len. Day la then tich rimg dugc quin Iy va bao vp nghiem nggt nen cdn bio ton dugc lop phu thyc vgt khi xanh t6t vcii 3 kieu tfaim thyc vat: Rimg kin tfaudng xanh mua am i nhipt ddi niii tfaap; Rung kin thudng xanh hon hgp cay la rdng va la kim a nhipt ddi niii thip; Rimg kin ta
^ng thudng xanh mua am nfaipt dSi nui t h ^ . Kpyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd 7
Hpi Dia ly ViSt Nam D^i bgc T h i i Nguyen Ngoai dien tieh rimg ty nhien dugc bao ve nghi6m nggt d VQG Ba Vi, khu vyc nghien ciiu cdn cd tham thyc vat rimg trong. Theo sd lipu tfaong ke nam 2010, huyen Ba Vi cd dien ticfa la 8.678,0 ha phan bo k h ^ cic vung gd doi nhung tap tmng nhilu nhat d cic xa ven chan niii Ba Vi.
Thi xa Scm Tay cd khoing 719,35 ha duac trdng theo dy in trong riJmg phu xanh dat trong doi niii trgc tgi cac xa Co Ddng, Son Ddng, Kim San, Thanfa My vi Xuin Son vdi cic logi cay chinh la keo, bgch dan. Ben cgnh gia tri kinh te, bio vp dat, he sinh tiiai rimg trong cdn giiip cii tgo canh quan sinh thai v i mdi trudng, dieu hda khi hgu gdp phan cho phit trien du Uch.
Ngoai ra, khu vuc cdn cd thim tfayc vat ciy trong ndng ngfaipp. Dipn ticfa cay Iiia van chilm ty trpng cao trong cac loai cay trong. Hipn nay, d khu vuc dang cd sy chuyen dich co cau ciy trong.
Nhimg logi cay trong cd gii tri kinh t l cao deu tang ve dipn tich v i sin lugng gdp phin tang thu n h ^ v i giii quyet vipc Iam cho nhan dan, budc diu phi dan the ddc canh cay Ilia. Pfaong trio cdi tgo vudn pfait trien rpng rai vdi nhieu cay an qui, cay lau nam cd gii tri kinh t l cao dugc uam trong vi nhan rgng trong toin khu vyc.
Su kit hgp ctia cac quan xa thuc vat ty nfaien v i nhan tic ndi tren vdi eac loai dat la diu hi6u de xic dinh cac logi cinh quan trong hi thong phin logi cinfa quan San Tay- Ba Vi. Dong tfadi, tho nhudng v i thuc vat l i faai trong cac yen to tfainfa tao einfa quan ma cfaung ta phai can cii vao dgc diem, tinh chit, xem xet vai trd ciia chiing de xic dinh chuc nang cua timg don vi cinh quan trong linh tho.
Cic nhan to kinfa t e - x a fapi:
* Ddn cu vd l^ luang lao ddng:
Nim 2011 dan so toin khu vyc l i khoing 384,4 ngan ngudi mgt dp trung binh khoing 720 ngudi/km2; trong dd tiii xa Son Tay cd so din l i 130 ngan ngudi, mgt do 1145 ngudi/ km^ va huyen Ba Vi cd so din 254,4 ngin ngudi, mat do dan so l i 600 ngudi/ km^. Toe dO tang din so binfa quan nam giai dogn 4 nam tir 2008 - 2011 Ii 1,3 %/nam. Din s6 tiianh thi tiii xa San Tiy tang tir 37 % (2005) bji 56 % (2010), cdn kit cau ndng tiion/thinh tiii dan so kfau vyc buypn Ba Vi van on dinh: dan so nong thdn chiem khaang 95 % dan so toan huyen.
So ngudi trong dp tuoi lao dpng toan vung nam 2011 la 140.382 ngudi chilm 46,88 % dan so toan viing, trong dd tfai xa Son tay l i 39.830 ngudi chiem 30,63% tong dan so v i ciia huySn Ba Vi la 140.382 ngudi chiem 55,18 % tong dan so toin huyen.
Kfau vue ngfaien euu cd tiianh phan thupc ba nhdm din chhih la ngudi Kinh, ngudi Mudng va ngudi Dao. Dgi bp phin din cu l i dan tdc Kinh. Dan tgc Mudng va Dao song chu yiu d viing mii heo lanfa v i tren ntii Ba Vi. Din tin x i San Tay da s6 la dan tgc Kinh. Dan huyen Ba Vi theo s&
lipu 2009 cd tren 22 ngan ngudi la ngudi dan tpc Mudng v i dan tpc Dao chiem khoing 8% dan s6 toin fauypn, ngoii ra cd mgt b0 phgn nhd tiiugc mgt so din tpc thieu so khac.
* Hipn trgng su dyng dit khu vuc nghien cim:
Theo Nien giim tiiong ke tiiinh ph6 Ha Ndi 2011, tong dien tich toin vimg nghiSn cihi la 53.755,9 ha, trong dd dipn tidh nong^nghipp l i 21.193,5 ha cfaiem 39.43 %, dat lam nghipp la 11.621,2 ha mtmir,&2 %; ^ nuoi tiang tiniy sin la 1.279,8 ha chiem 2,38 %; dit ndng nghi$p kfaic Ii 29,4 ha cfailm 0,05 %; dit phi ndng nghipp la 19.146,2 ha chilm 35,62 % va dit chua sir dyng la 485,8 ha chiem 0,9 % dipn ticfa dat toin viing.
Trong dat nong^ nghipp tiu dit trong cay hing nam chilm 68,91 % tong dipn tich dit ndng nghiSp, cdn Igi dat trang cay lau nim chi chiem 31,09 %. Trong dat trong cay hing nam thi dat
Kpyiu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn gudc ldn tha 7
H6i Bia Iy VigtJMam Dai hpc Thii Nguyen trong liia cfailni_76,I8 % dien ticfa dit trdng cay hang nam, cdn Igi cay hing nam khac nhu ngd, khoai, rau, dau - - chi chilm cd 23,82 %.
Thuc te trong thdi gian qua, qua trinh chuyen doi ca cau kinh te ciia kfau vyc nghien ciiu da man theo xu the chung, timg budc giam ty trpng ndng, lim nghiep, tfauy sin v i tang ty trgng edng ngfaiep v i djch vu. Dieu niy the hien d miic do tic ddng ciia con ngudi lim thay doi h§ thong sit dyng dat trong khu vuc ngfaien ciiu, qua dd anh hudng ten sy tfaay doi ve so lugng v i chen tich cic logi cinh quan trong vung.
4. DAC DIEM PHAN HOA C A N H QUAN KHU VU'C VU'C SON TAY - BA VI Hai c ^ phan vi cinh quan Ii hp tfaong cinh quan v i phu he thong cinfa quan la hai cap mang tinfa efait cfaung eho toan kfau vye pfaia Bac ciia lanfa tfao Viet Nam Canh quan khu vue Son Tay- 6a Vi dugc pfaan hda cu the v i rd net tir ldp cinfa quan den Iogi canfa quan.
* Kieu einfa quan:
Dya vio dieu kien kfai hgu khu vuc nghien cim, kieu canh quan dugc fainh tfainh la kieu cinfa quan nfaipt dcji gid mita cd mua ddng Ignh, hcri khd chiu infa faudng tryc tiep ciia gid mua ddng bic, tihiet dp trung binh 230C, lugng mua tmng binh 2000 mm/nam, dg am 85%.
Kieu tfaam tfayc vgt chiem uu the la cic loii nfau: fag De, Soi, hg Re, hg Tnic Dao, Bdi Ldi Ba Vi, Bieh Xanh, Sen, Thdng Tre; ting 2 gom cic loai ciy chju bdng nhu che. Re, Dude, Cd voi i ^ a , thiu dau,... Ngoii ra, cd cd thim thuc vat ndng nghiep,
* Ldp eanh quan:
Khu vuc Scm Tiy - Ba Vi ed cie dang dia fainh mii, doi v i dong bing. Sy pfaan di dia fainfa c6a khu vye tgo ra 3 ldp cinh quan la: Idp cinh quan nui, lap cinh quan doi va Idp canh quan dong bing.
- Lcip cinh quan mii cd dg cao tuy^t doi tii 100 m trd Ien, ed mua ddng ret, faai kho, nfaipt dp trung binh 23°C, lugng mua khoang 2000 mm, khi am. Thinh phan tfagcfa fagc cfau yeu la da macma a xit, di bien ch^. Do phan Idn dipn tich nim trong khu vuc vudn Quoc Gia Ba Vi nen rimg van con giii dugc tinh cfaat nguyen smb. Day la khu vuc cd tinh da dgng sinh hgc cao, cd the phat triln hogt dgng du Uch, nghien cuu, khim pfai ty nfaien. Lcip cinfa quannuis dugc phan thinh 3 hgng cinh quan vi 14 Iogi canfa quan, trong do phan Idn l i loai einh quan vth kilu tfaim thuc vgt Ii rimg kin thudng xanh va rung tiong.
- Ldp cinh quan doi: Phan bo chii yeu d khu vyc xyng quanh khot nui Ba Vi, kfau vyc trung tam huypn Ba Vi v i tfai xa San Tay. Ldp cinhquan doi cd dp cao tiiypt doi tir 20 -100 m, dp chenh cao la 10 m. Ldp cinh quan niy cd dieu kipn nfaipt am tuang ty nhu Idp cinh quan mii, cd mua dong kfad ret, chfu inh hudng tryc tilp ciia gid miia ddng bic. Ldp canfa quan nay dugc fainh thanh tren nen ^ chat chit yeu tii da macma a xit, d i phien set bien chat v i trim tich pfaii sa co. Ldp cinh quan dli cd 2 hgng, 23 iogi.
- Ldp cinh quan ^ n g bing: dugc pfaan bo dgc theo cic sdng Icm. Ixrp cinh quan niy chiem hiu fait di^n tich phia Bic huyen Ba Vi va mgt phan dipn tich phia dong bic cua tin xa Son Tay.
Ldp cinh quan dugc pfaii bdi kieu thim thyc vgt hp sinh thii nong nghiep phit trien chu yiu tren dat phu sa. Ldp cinfa quan dong bing gom 3 fagng va 27 Ioai.
* Hgng cinh quan:
Dya tren dgc trung dgng dia hinfa v i qui trinfa dia mao tiiong tri, cinfa quan Son Tiy- Ba Vi dugc cfaia thinh 8 hgng cinh quan:
H ^ g cinh quan niii tnmg bmh bdc mdn kien tnic kfaoi tang cau tgo bdi di Mic ma phun trio bj chia cit mgnh din tnmg bmh, sudn doc vdi qui trinh sudn trgng lyc nhanh thong tri.
Hgng cinh quan ntii thap xam tiiyc nia Iiia, kiln true khoi tang ciu tgo bdi da voi, di voi xen tram tich lyc nguyen bj chia cit tnmg bmh, sudn doc thoii vdi qui trinh sudn thong tri, trgng lyc nhanh va hda tan rita lua.
Kpyiu Hpi nghf Khaa hge Dia lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
Hpi Dia ly ViSt Nam Dal hoc Thai Nguyen Hgng cinh quan nui thap bdc mdn- xam thuc, bi chia cit yeu, sudn doc thoai vdi qua trinh sudn trong luc cham thdng tti.
Hang canh quan doi cao bdc mdn xam tfayc tren kien tnic va cic di kfaic nhau vdi sudn doc thoii bl bien ddi do qua trinh nia trdi xdi nia cfaiem uu tfae.
Hang cinfa quan doi th% xam thuc-bdc mdn tren eic kien tnic v i d i khic nhau hi bien doi do qua trinh nia trdi be mat va muong xdi.
Hgng cinh quan ddng bing cao bdc mdn dang lugn sdng thoii Hgng cinh quan dong bing cao tich tu da nguon goc dgng bac them.
Hang cinh quan dong bang thip tich ty, chiu anh faudng cua sdng.
* Logi canh quan:
Cic kieu thim thuc vat tren cic Iogi dat khie nhau se cho eac Iogi canh quan kfaic nhau.
Hipn trgng Idp phu thyc vat khu vuc nghien cim bao gom: rung tu nhien, rimg trong, dong cd, trang cd cay byi, ciy cdng nghiep- an qui- hang nam, va Iiia nude. Cinh quan khu vuc bao gom 74 Ioai canh quan tren 12 Iogi dat kfaic nhau.
- Logi cinh quan tren thim thyc vat rimg kin thudng xanh it bi tic dpng g6m 5 loai (1,2,9, II, 23) tren nen tiio nhudng chii yiu laHk, Fk v i Fs, dp doc >80, tiiinh phin ca gidi la dat fliit tmng binh, tang diy 50 - 70 cm. Tren logi cinh quan nay, ehuc nang bio vp mdi trudng, phye faoi va bio ton la chinh; boat ddng du Uch kham phi dang dien ra d diy.
- Loai cinh quan tren thim tfayc vgt rimg trong gom 14 Ioai (3, 4, 5, 10, 12, 15, 24, 27, 30, 33, 38, 42, 48) tren nen tiio nfauang chu yen la Fk, Fs, Fp; mot so tren FI, Bg va Pf; do doc >30.
Tren Ioai cinh quan niy, chiic nang bio vp mdi trudng, khai thae sii dung ben vung tai nguyen la ehinh, kit hgp vdi boat dpng khai thac sin pham lam sin.
- Logi canh quan tren tham tiiyc vit l i dong ed gom 5 Ioai (33, 39, 43, 55, 70) tren nen tiio nhudng l i Fs,Fp, Pf, Pe), cd do doc <30. Logi cinh quan nay pfaan bo chu yen d dgng dia hmh doi tfaap v i dong bing cao, dugc duy tri vdi myc dicfa Iam thiic an phit trien dan bd siia cua kfau vuc.
- Logi canfa quan tren tiiim thyc vgt l i cay byi, tring cd chi gom I Iogi (68) tren nen flio nhudng la Phe, pfaan bo d dong bang t h ^ tich ty, cfaiy anh hudng cua song. Dipn tich logi canh quan niy tuong doi it, trong tucmg lai sg dugc sir dyng de phit trien cay trong faang nam, khai thic cit phyc vy phat trien kinh te khu vuc
- Logi cinh quan tren thim thyc vgt la cay cdng nghiep, cay an qui v i cay trong hing nam gom 21 Iogi cinfa quan (6, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, 31, 36, 40, 44, 46, 49, 51, 53, 56, 59, 61, 64, 66, 69) tren nen tho nhuong khac nfaau (Fs, Fp, Fl, Bg, Pe, Pf, Phe) pfaan bo tren cic dgng dia hinh doi v i dong bing cao la chinh. Cic logi cinh quan niy dang dugc khai thac de phit then kinh tl khu vyc. Tuy nhien, cin phai cd bien phip bao vp mdi trudng, chong xdi mdn, rita troi dit
- Logi canh quan tren tham thyc vat l i lua nude bao gom 28 Iogi cinh quan (7, 8, 13, 21,22, 26, 29, 32, 35, 37, 41, 45, 47, 50, 52, 54, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74) tren nen flio nhudng kfaic nhau (tru Hk va Fk), thinh phan ca gidi tu cit pha den thit trung binh; phan bo d dia hmh tfiap cd dp doc <30, cfaii yiu d phia Bic huypn Ba Vi v i phia Ddng Bic thi xa Son Tiy, ed khi nang tudi tieu tot. Trong dinh hucmg phat trien kinh te cua khu vuc trong moi quan he vdi nOi thanh H i Npi, cac logi canh quan nay can dugc duy tri v i phit trien nhim dim bio muc tieu phat trien chung ciia khu vyc v i Tp. H i N^i.
KETLUAN
Tren ca sd ngfaien cihi dgc dilm dieu kien ty nhien, tai nguyen thiSn nhien va mdt so die diem kinh te- xa hpi khu vyc Scm Tiy - Ba Vi, tic gii da dua ra hp thong pfaan Iogi cinfa quan cho kfau vyc nghien cini gom 4 cjq3 phan vi' kieu cinh quan, ldp cinh quan, hgng cinh quan va logi cinfa quan.
Cinfa quan khu vuc nghien ctiu gom I kilu einh quan, 3 Icrp cinh quan vcji 8 hgng va 74 Iogi cinh quan tren eac Iogi dat khic nfaau. Chuc nang cfainh cua cinh quan khu vyc nghien cuu Ii bio U E 9 ~~' '~~ Kpyiu Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dfa ip todn qude ldn tha f
H8i Dia Iy Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen vp mdi trudng, pfayc fadi va bio tdn; chuc nang phat trien kinh te ndng lam ket hop va phit triln kinh te smh tiiai.
Ngfaien cuu dgc diem ty nhien, cic dieu kien kinh t e - x a hdi va vai trd ciia chiing trong thanh tao canh quan khu vyc Son Tay - Ba Vi l i ca sd thuc tien de xay dung he thong phin Iogi cinh quan kfau vye, thanh lap ban do canfa quan, Ii nen tang de tiep tuc nghien cuu can tnic va chirc nang de lam rd tinh da dgng canfa quan lanfa thd. Tren ca sd dd chiing ta cd the tien hanh dinh gia canh quan de phyc vu cho cic muc dich thyc tien nhim su dung hgp ly nguon tii nguyen va phit trien bin vihig kinh te xa hpi, bao ve mdi trudng khu vuc nghien cuu trong sy tie dpng ciia qua trinh do tiii hda.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Pfagm Hoing Hii, Ngyyen Tfaugng Hung, Nguyen Nggc Khanh (1997), Ca sd cdnh quan hoc ciia viee su dung hap lp tdi nguyin thiin nhiin, bdo vi lanh thd moi trudng Viet Nam, Nxb Giao dye, H i Npi,
2. Ngyyen Thanfa Long va nnk (1993), Nghien cuu xdy dung bdn do cdnh quan cdc ly li trin lanh thd ViitNam, Vipn Dia Iy, Ha Ndi
3. Vii Ty Lgp (1976), Cinh quan dia Iy mien Bic Viet Nam, NXB Khoa hpc v i Ky tiiuat. H i Npi.
4. Le Bi Thio (1998), Viet Nam Idnh thd vd cdc vitng dia ly, NXB Tfae gidi. Ha Ndi.
5. Td phdn vitng Bia lp tu nhien thupc Ban Khoa hoc vd Ky thudt nhd nude (1970), Phdn vitng dia lp tu nhiin lanh thd Vi$t Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc v i Ky thugt Ha Npi.
6. UBND buypn Ba Vi (2012), Bdo cdo phdt tnin kinh li - xShpi huyin Ba Vindm 2011 1. UBND thi xa Son Tiy, Bdo cdo phdt triin kinh ti - xd hpi vd bdo vi mdi trudng thi xd Scm Tdy ndm 2011.
8. UBND thinh pho H i Npi, Quy hogch mdi trudng huyin Ba Vi giai dogn 2010 - 2020.
Kpyiu Hpi nghf Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd 7