inyc lu^ii iNgiu ^uytri i-'di hgi XII, chuan bi dai hgi.. T p p chf C p n g s a n
BAI HOC CUA DANG V l TAN DUNG THOI CO VA DOI NGOAI VIET NAM TRONG TINH HINH MOI
LE HAI BINH*
Ke tu sau Chien tranh lanh, the gidi chung kiin nhiing xdo trgn mgnh me chua tung cd, bdo hieu qud trinh dieu chinh sau sac cua ciic dien vd trat tu toan cau. Giua luc thdi cugc dang xoay chuyen nhanh chong vd phirc tgp, the gidi dang d "mot trong nhung khuc quanh l&n nhat cua lich su", viec tinh tao nhin nhan, danh gia dung tinh hinh, on lai nhuTig bai hgc quy bdu cua cdch mang Viet Nam coy nghia het sue quan trgng.
^IN lai 90 nam lich sir ve vang cua I Dang, chiing ta thay rd, trong nhiing I thdi khac quyet dinh ciia lich sir, Dang ta ludn co nhung nhan dinh, dy bao kip thdi, chinh xac ve xu the phat trien eiia tinh hinh khu vyc va the gidi, ve tao the cung nhu chuan bi lye lugng each mang va dac biet la tan dung thdi ca each mang, dua nude ta vugt qua cac khd khan, thii thach tren con dudng xay dyng va bao ve dat nude Viet Nam xa hgi chu nghTa. Sau gan 75 nam gianh doe lap, thi va luc cua Viet Nam da khac, thi gidi cung cd nhieu ddi thay, nhung nhung bai hgc each mang cua Dang, frong dd cd bai hgc ve tan dung thdi ca, van cdn nguyen gia tri frong tinh hinh mdi.
"Tan dung thM co"" trong each mang Viet Nam
Nghe thuat lanh dao each mang ludn gan liln vdi viec tan dung thdi ca. Thdi co la thdi diem lich sir thuan Igi nhat, khi nhiing dieu kien khach quan va chu quan da phat frien chin mudi, bao dam cho each mang no ra va thang loi. Vi vay, ddi hdi ngudi lam each mang phai biet xac dinh diing thdi co, nam
bat, tan dyng mot each triet de va cd hieu qua.
Nhac den bai hgc tan dung thdi co each mang, chiing ta khdng the khdng nhac tdi cupc Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga vT dai - cugc each mang cham ngdi cho phong frao each mang vd san fren toan the gidi.
VI. Le-nin da chop diing thdi co de phat ddng cupc khdi nghia vii trang gianh chinh quyen. Dd la thdi diem cd mot khdng hai cho each mang bimg nd va gianh thang loi, khdng thi cham hon, dii chi mot ngay. Cugc Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga cho thay thm quan trpng cua viec chop thdi co de gianii thang Igi quylt dinh. Viec nhan dinh khdng diing thdi CO, bo Id thdi co se khien sir nghiep each mang gap khd khan, tham chi dan den ton that vl lyc lugng hoac that bai. Tam voc thdi dai va ca nhiing bai hoc quy bau ciia Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga da khdi ngudn cho nhiing thSng Igi tiep theo cua cac cugc each
* TS, Vu trirang Vu Thong tin doi ngoai va Hgp tac qu6c t%, Pho Trucmg ban chuyen trach. Ban Chi dao cong tac Th6ng tin D6i ngoai Trung irong
(1) Trong ngay 24-10-1917, V I, Le-nin d a b a ISn giii thu tai Trung uong Dang B6n-se-vich yeu cSu phai khai nghTa ngay trong dem do
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Thuc hien Nghi quyet Dai hgi XII, chuan bi dai hgi. T9P chf C « n g s d n
mang xa hdi tien bd tren the gidi, trong do cd Viet Nam.
Tiep thu bai hgc kinh nghiem ciia Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga vT dai, frong sudt 90 nam qua, fren co sd day cdng chuan bi luc lugng, danh gia diing tinh hinh trong nude va the gidi, Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da lanh dao toan Dang, toan dan, toan quan chop thdi CO lam nen nhiing thang Igi Ijch sir cua each mang Viet Nam, tieu bieu la Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945 va cugc Tong tien cdng va ndi day miia Xuan nam 1975.
Thdi CO trong Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945 la sy hdi tu day du cac yeu td chii quan va khach quan. Dang ta da xac dinh diing ke thii tryc tiep, muc tieu each mang frong timg giai doan; danh gia, dy bao, chuan bi luc lugng va chdp thdi co kip thdi. Tir Chi thi "Nhat - Phdp bdn nhau vd hanh dong cua chung ta" den cao trao Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945, phan anh nhimg quyet dinh dung dan, hanh dpng quyet liet eiia Dang trudc nhiing thdi khac lich sir. Thanh cdng cua each mang khdng chi den tir mot quyet dinh ma den tu tap hgp cac co hdi rieng le ma Dang ta da tao dyng, tranh thu va chop lay. Tir dd tao thanh thdi co lich sir, ed mot khdng hai. Dd la liic 16.000 binh sT quan dpi Anh chua vao mien Nam va 20 van binh sT quan ddi Tudng Gidi Thach chua vao mien Bac de giai giap quan ddi Nhat Ban; quan dpi Nhat Ban bai fran mat tinh than, hoang mang, reu ra ngdi chd quan ddng minh den tudc vii khi; cdn chinh quyen bii nhin tay sai Tran Trpng Kim bd trdn hoac dau hang chinh quyln each mang. Vdi su nhay cam chinh fri sau sac eiia minh, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da phat lenh tdng khdi nghTa: "Gid quylt dinh cho van menh dan toe ta da din. Toan qudc ddng bao hay diing day dem siic ta ma ty giai phdng cho ta. Nhilu dan tgc bi ap biic fren the gidi dang ganh nhau tiin buoc gianh quyen dpc lap. Chung ta khdng thi cham frl"*^>.
Tranh thu va tan dung diing thdi co nen chi vdi 15 tudi ddi va han 5.000 dang vien. Dang ta da lanh djio toan dan viing len gianh chinh quyen, lap nen Nha nude cdng ndng dau tien d khu vyc Ddng Nam A.
Bai hpc thanh cong vl kha nang tan dung thdi CO trong Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945 da dugc Dang ta tilp tuc phat trien, van dung sang tao frong giai doan khang chien chdng My vdi Chiln thing miia Xuan nam 1975 lich su. NIU trong Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945, viec tan dyng thdi co cua Dang ta nam d viec xac dinh rd mau thuan cua dich, chuan bi tdt lyc lugng va nam bat thdi CO tdng khdi nghia, viec tan dung thdi ea trong Chien dich miia Xuan nam 1975 ghi dam dau an ciia viec lien tiep tao lap the tran, tan dung thdi ca. Dang ta da chii ddng, tich eye trong viec chuan hi luc lugng, tien cdng tren nhieu mat tran de md ra co hdi Idn giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nude.
Sau Hiep dinh Pa-ri nam 1973 vl cham diit chien tranh va lap lai hda binh d Viet Nam, My nit toan bg quan vien chinh ra khdi mien Nam Viet Nam. Ciing vdi quyet tam giii viing the tan cdng ciia quan va dan mien Nam, can can lyc lugng fren chien trudng dan cd Igi cho ta. Tren binh dien qudc te, Lien Xd va cac nude xa hgi chu nghia tiep tuc ung ho Viet Nam giai phdng mien Nam. Sau mot thdi gian tham dd phan img ciia My va kha nang phan kich cua che do Sai Gdn, Dang ta da td chiic cac chien djch Idn dan den cupc Tdng tien cdng va ndi day miia Xuan nam 1975. Ngay 1-4-1975, nhan djnh rd so sanh the va lyc fren chien trudng, kha nang can thiep ciia My, Dien cua Bd Chinh tri khang djnh: "Cach mang nude ta dang phat triln vdi nhip dp "mot ngay bang hai muoi nam"...
(2) H6 Chi Minh: Toan lap. Nxb, Chinh tri qu6c gia Su that, Ha N6i, 2011, t. 3, tr. 595
Thuc hien Nghi quyet Dai hgi XII, chuan bi dai hgi.. Toip chf C d n g s d n
Chiing ta phai nam vung thdi co chien luge, quyet tam thyc hien tdng tien cdng va ndi day, ket thiic thang Igi chien franh giai phdng frong thdi gian ngan nhat. Tdt hon ca la bat dau va ket thiic frong thang 4 nam nay, khdng de cham. Phai hanh ddng "than tdc, tao bao, bat ngd""<^'.
Vdi sy ket hgp nhuan nhuyen cac mat tran chinh hi, quan sy, ngoai giao, nd lyc tao the, dy bao dupe tinh hinh chien trudng, chdp thdi CO, chgn diing hudng tan cdng, chiing ta da hoan thanh giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nude chi frong 55 ngay dem. Trong dd, Chien dich Hd Chi Minh lich su la diem chin mudi eua thdi co, the tran va lyc lugng. Dd la Iiic de qudc My da tan ra y chi xam luge, cdn bgn tay sai nguy quan, nguy quyen hoang mang dao ddng, sup dd. Vdi Dai thang miia Xuan nam 1975, Dang ta da the hien nghe thuat lanh dao frong viec tao lap va chdp thdi CO, ket thiic cupc khang chien chdng My, ciiu nude vT dai cua dan toe Viet Nam.
Trai qua 90 nam, mac dii ludn frong tuong quan luc lugng rat bat Igi, Dang ta van din dat each mang Viet Nam di tir thang loi nay den thang Igi khac. Con dudng each mang do ghi dam dau an ve kha nang tan dung thdi co ciia Dang ta tai nhiing thdi khac mang tinh quyet dinh cua lich sir va de lai nhiing bai hpc each mang sau sac. Dd la bai hpc ve danh gia va nhan biet thdi ca, tao ra va thiic day thdi CO chin mudi, chuan bi lye lugng va chdp thdi CO.
Doi ngoai Viet Nam va bai hoc tan dung thai co* trong tinh hinh moi
Trong gan 35 nam ddi mdi, Viet Nam da vuan len tu tinh trang kem phat trien frd thanh qudc gia cd thu nhap trung binh thap, duy fri on dinh chinh tri - xa hdi, day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qudc te. Ehrdi su lanh dao ciia Dang, ciing vdi ea he thdng chinh tri, ddi ngoai Viet Nam
da "dat dugc nhieu kit qua quan frgng, frd thanh mot dilm sang frong toan bd nhiing thanh tyu chung ciia ddt nude"''". Cdng tac ddi ngoai gdp phan quan frgng vao viec duy tri, ciing cd mdi trudng hda binh, 6n dinh, tao thuan Igi cho su phat triln cua dat nude. Vi the cua Viet Nam dugc nang cao. Cac mdi quan he ciia Viet Nam vdi cac nude, nhat la cac doi tac uu tien, quan frgng di vao chieu sau, dn dinh, ben vung. Cong tac ddi ngoai da phuong, hdi nhap qudc tl dugc thuc day fren mgi mat. Viet Nam ngay cang phat huy vai frd tich eye tai cac the che khu vyc va toan cau, nhu Hiep hpi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN), Dien dan Hgp tac kinh te chau A - Thai Binh Duong (APEC), Lien hgp qudc.
Cdng tac dam phan va tham gia cac hiep dinh thuong mai ty do (FTA) ludn dugc quan tam, thuc day. Viet Nam cung da xay dyng khudn khd thucmg mai ty do vdi gan 60 nude, thdng qua 16 FTA, bao gdm ca cac FTA the he mdi, nhu Hiep dinh Ddi tac toan dien va tien bp xuyen Thai Binh Duong (CPTPP), FTA Viet Nam - Lien minh chau Au (EVFTA)... Viet Nam khang djnh vai trd la thanh vien tich cue, cd frach nhiem tai cac co che khu vyc va qudc te quan frgng.
Cdng tac ddi ngoai dang, ngoai giao nha nude va ddi ngoai nhan dan dugc trien khai kha ddng bd, chat che, dat nhieu ket qua quan frgng. Quan he giOa Dang ta vdi cac dang cdng san, cdng nhan va cac chinh dang khac tilp tuc dugc ciing cd. Ddi ngoai Qudc hdi cung dupe day manh. Cdng tac ddi ngoai nhan dan dugc trien khai vdi hinh thiic va ndi dung ngay cang phong phii va da dang.
Cdng tac thdng tin myen truyen ddi ngoai.
(3) Van kien Dang: Todn tap. Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia Sir that, Ha Npi, 2004, t. 36, tr. 95 - 96
(4) Phat bi6u ciia T6ng Bi thu Nguyen Phil Trong lai HOI nghi Ngoai giao lin thu 30, ngay 13-8-2018, feipj;//
baoquocte.vn/toan-van-phat-bieu-cua-tong-bi-lhu- nguyen-phu-twng-tai-hoi-nghi-ngoai-giao-30~76033.htm!
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Thyc hien Nghi quyet Dai hgi XII, chuan bi dai hgi... T^p chf C 0 n g s a n
ngoai giao van hda dugc triln khai ddng bd va hieu qua. Cong tac bao hd cdng dan, ngu dan, cdng tac ddi vdi ngudi Viet Nam d nude ngoai dugc thuc hien tdt, gdp phan cung cd niem tin eua ngudi dan va khdi dai doan ket toan dan tgc.
Nhiing thanh tyu fren da khing dinh tinh diing dan trong dudng l6i doi ngoai ciia Dang, dac biet la Nghi quyet Dai hpi XII ciia Dang va cac chii truong lien quan den cdng tac ddi ngoai ciia Dang ta. Viet Nam da thyc hien nhat quan dudng Idi ddi ngoai dpc lap, tu chii, hda binh, hgp tac va phat trien; da phuong hda, da dang hoa quan he, chii ddng va tich eye hpi nhap qudc te, vi Igi ich qudc gia - dan tgc. Nhimg thanh tuu fren gdp phan quan trgng tao the va lye mdi cho dat nude ta fren tat ca cac mat, tir kinh te, chinh trj, ddi ngoai den qudc phdng - an ninh, khoa hgc - ky thuat. Day la nen tang can ban, luc lugng quan frpng cho cdng tac ddi ngoai ciia nude ta trudc mot the gidi day bien ddng, de cd the tan dung thdi eo khi Viet Nam ddng thdi dam nhiem vai trd Chii tich ASEAN 2020 va Uy vien khdng thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc nhiem ky 2020 - 2021.
Van dung bai hgc ciia Dang ve tan dyng thdi CO, trudc het, can danh gia va phan tich sau sic thdi co ddi ngoai neu fren. Ve hdi canh chung, mac dii tinh hinh the gidi dien bien phiic tap, frao luu phan toan cau hda, dan tiiy dang cd dau hieu lan rpng, song ve ca ban, hda binh, dn dinh vln la xu the Idn. Kha nang xay ra xung dot Idn, chien franh the gidi cdn thap.
Toan cau hda, xu hudng lien ket kinh te va da phuang chinh tri van la chii dao. Dac biet, the gidi dang d giai doan dau cua cupc Cach mang cdng nghiep lan thir tu, khi ma cac nude dang phat triln vEn cdn co hdi bat kip Ian sdng mdi, Quan he giiia cac nude Idn, nhat la quan he My - Trung Qudc van cdn nhieu bien sd, dat ra nhilu thach thirc hon. Tuy nhien, vdi vi thi dugc tao lap frong thdi gian qua, Viet Nam cd
vai tro quan frgng hon ddi vdi cac nude frong cue dien hien nay d khu vyc chau A - Thai Binh Duong. Trong bdi canh chung dd, Viet Nam dam nhiem vai frd Chu tich ASEAN diing vao thdi diem Hiep hdi frin hanh cdng tac kiem diem giiia ky viec xay dyng Cong ddng hudng tdi nam 2025. Hiep hdi cung dang dung trudc nhieu ca hpi va thach thiic to Idn, dac biet la sy van dgng phiic tap frong canh tranh quyen lyc giiia cac nude Idn. Viet Nam dam nhi^m vai trd Uy vien khdng thudng true Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hgp qudc frong bdi canh Lien hgp qudc dang cd nhiing cai td sau rgng, viec thyc hien cac Myc tieu phat trien ben viing (SDGs) di dugc mot phan ba chang dudng, canh tranh quyen lyc giiia cac nude Idn dien bien phiic tap. Viec dam nhiem hai frpng frach qudc tl mang lai ca hdi Idn cho Viet Nam ca d khu vuc va toan cau, nhat la nang cao vi the, thiic day quan he vdi nude Idn, qua do bao dam an ninh, phat trien dat nude.
Tuy nhien, thdi ea chi cd gia tri neu cdng tac chuan hi luc lugng dugc chuan bi cdng phu, lau dai. Trong gan 35 nam ddi mdi, vi the ddi ngoai cua ta dugc nang len ro ret. Vi|t Nam la thanh vien tich eye eiia cac td chiic da phuang Idn d khu vyc va fren the gidi, da tao lap dugc mang ludi quan he ddi tac chien luge va ddi tac toan dien vdi tat ca cac nude Idn. Dac biet, Viet Nam dam nhiem thanh cdng vai frd da phuang, nhu Chii tich ASEAN 2010 va Uy vien khdng thudng tryc Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hop qudc nhiem ky 2008 - 2009, gdp phan vao hda binh, an ninh va phat trien ciia khu vyc va toan cau. Tuy nhien, de tan dung dugc thdi ca trudc mat, bien eac thanh thiic thanh co hdi cho an nmh va phat triln ciia dat nude, Viet N ^ can tilp tuc khdng ngimg vun dip, ciing cd lyc lugng. Trudc hit, nin tang quan trpng nhit la ndi lyc ciia dit nude, bao gdm vai frd lanh dao viing chic ciia Dang, su on dinh chinh tri, frat tu, an toan xa hdi, nIn kinh te hdi nhap, phat triln bin
invc ruen iNgni quyet r^di hgi XII, chuan bi dai hpi... Tpp chi C o n g s a n
viing. Ve luc lugng ddi ngoai, khdng ngimg ddi mdi phuong thirc hoat dpng ddi ngoai, triln khai manh me cac chii truong Idn cua Dang lien quan den ddi ngoai, nhu Chi thi sd 32-CT/TW, ngay 18-2-2019, ciia Bg Chinh tri, ve "Tdng cuong vd ndng cao hieu qud quan he doi ngoai ddng trong tinh hinh mai"
va Chi thi sd 25-CT/TW, ngay 8-8-2018, eiia Ban Bi thu, ve "Day mgnh vd ndng tam doi ngogi da phuang den nam 2030". Dac biet, can chuan bi dpi ngii can bp ddi ngoai, dac biet la ddi ngoai da phuang, dap ung yeu cau ciia nhiem vu mdi, vuon len dat dang cap khu vyc va qudc te. Nganh ddi ngoai can phdi hgp chat che vdi cac bp, nganh, cac lye lugng va tang Idp nhan dan kien dinh bao ve viing chac ehii quyen va toan ven lanh tho qudc gia; dinh vi dat nude mot each vung chac, cd Igi nhat frong cue dien mdi dang dinh hinh.
Thang 11-2019, tai Hpi nghi cap cao ASEAN lan thii 35, dupe td chiic d Thu dd Bang Cdc (Thai Lan), Thu tudng Thai Lan Pra-iit Chan-6-cha da chuyen giao vai frd Chu tich ASEAN nam 2020 cho Thii hidng Nguyen Xuan Phuc. Thang 1-2020, Viet Nam chinh thiie dam nhiem vai frd Uy vien khdng thudng tryc Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hop qudc.
Chua bao gid frong lich sii dat nude, Viet Nam dam nhiem dong thdi vai frd quan frpng hang dau ea d cap khu vyc va toan cau. Cd the ndi, day la thdi co "cd mot khdng hai" de Viet Nam vugt qua mgi thach thiic, ddng thdi nang cao vi the, bao dam an ninh va thu hiit ngudn luc cho phat trien. De tan dung thdi co nay, Viet Nam can dam nhiem thanh cdng vai frd, trach nhiem qudc tl theo hudng: DSi vai ASEAN, can phat huy thuc day vai frd trung tam cua ASEAN, Cling cd doan ket va xay dyng Cong ddng ASEAN viing manh. Day la dieu kien tien quyet de ASEAN dimg vung trong cue dien bat dn, canh franh quyen luc cua cac nude Idn hien nay d khu vyc. Doi vai Hoi dong Bdo an Lien hop quoc, can kheo leo dieu hda quan
he vdi cac nude Uy vien thudng true Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hgp qudc, tang cudng hgp tac chat che vdi cac thanh vien khac, cd cac phuong an img phd ddi vdi cac van dl an ninh va phat trien toan cau.
Lich sir each mang 90 nam ciia Dang ta de lai nhieu bai hgc sau sic, trong dd cd bai hgc ve tan dung thdi ca. Ddi vdi mot nude nhd, dang phat frien va cdn phai ddi mat vdi nhieu van de ve an ninh va phat triln nhu Viet Nam, tan dung thdi co each mang ludn la mot bai hpc kinh dien. Trong thdi ky hpi nhap qudc te sau rpng, dudi tac dgng cua cugc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0, thdi ca phat trien khdng phai la mot thdi khac rieng le ma la mot tap hgp nhiing chinh sach, budc di, giai phap, sy kien quan trpng khac nhau. Chiing ta dang chuan bi ky niem 90 nam thanh lap Dang, Dai hdi lan thir XIII cua Dang va xay dung Chien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hdi giai doan 2021 - 2030 trong bdi canh hit siic dac biet. Vdi vai trd dam nhiem d khu vyc va qudc te, chiing ta cd nhilu CO hdi hon dl thiic day quan he song phuang vdi cac nude Idn di vao chieu sau, dn dinh va gin bo ve Igi ich, ddng thdi cd CO hdi de xir ly nhiing mau thuan, khac biet.
Thdi ca nay khdng ngau nhien xuat hien, dd la kit qua ciia mot qua frinh lau dai ma Dang ta chuin bi lyc lugng, timg budc hdi nhap qudc tl, timg budc dam nhiem cac vai trd khac nhau ciia cac diln dan da phuang. Thdi CO nay ciing phan anh vi the, co do ciia dat nude, dugc tao dung trong gan 75 nam va dac biet la frong gin 35 nam ddi mdi. Bai hpc each mang ciia Dang ta cho thay, fren nIn tang chuin bi ky cang luc lugng, kien dinh Igi ich qudc gia - dan tgc va kheo leo trong nhiing thdi dilm quan trgng, viec tan dung thdi eo ddi ngoai Ian nay se tao da dl Viet Nam vuon len tu tin chuan bi cae su kien, vai trd ddi ngoai Idn hudng din ky niem 100 nam ngay thanh lap Dang. •
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