sa KIEN/BiNH LUAN
Lien ket chuoi san xuat ca tra:
Bai hoc nao tiy nganh nuoi ca hoi Na Uy?
D T h a i T h a n h D U d n g
DA CO NHIEU N 6 Ll/C CUA CA NGLTai SAN XUAT, CO QUAN QUAN LY VA CAC T 6 CHL/C QUOC TE O^' HINH THANH LIEN KET DOC GlCfA CAC THANH PHAN THAM GIA CHUOI SAN XUAT CA TRA V I E T N A M , NHU'NG HAU HET DEU CHL/A THAT Sy" THANH CONG VA BEN VU'NG. LIEU NGANH CA TRA VIET NAM CO THE RUT RA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM NAO TL/TO CHL/C QUAN LY NGANH NUOI CA HOI CUA NA UY?
Lien ket chuoi - c6 can va CO the?
Thii,"il ngii' "lien ket lrong thiiin cting ung sdn phd'm" da dupc su dpng liL'n thi' gidi tir giii.i the'ky 20, nhung trong nganh tluiy san Vipt N,ini mi>i tkini noi ilr'n (LI vai nam n.iy, khi hogt dnng .san xuat, tieu thp thiiy san phai doi mat \di nhiing kho khan, thu thach ngay eang nhieu, ltm hon va phirc tap hon, nhu mat can dni cung-cau nguyen lipu, gia thanh san xuat tang; doi hoi ap dyng eac tieu chuan an toan, ben viing qudc te, truy xuat ngudn gd'c san pham,...
Dgc bipt trong nganh san xua't, tieu thy ca tra, viee hinh thanh mdi lien ket giiia DN che bie'n vdi ngudi niiin duoc ky vpng la giai phap kha thi nha't giiip ngudi nong dan eo \(")n dau tll cho nudi ca, con DN che'bien llio>it khoi can bpnh thie'u nguyen lipu trien mien, de twy t\ic phiit trien, nham phat huy lpi the dpc ton cua nganh c.i tra X'li'l N.im
Tuy mpt sd DN che bien Idn, cd tiem lyc vd'n da quyet djnh dau tu viing nudi ca rieng de ty cung irng phan ldn nguyen lipu, thgm ehi xay dyng ca nha mav san xuat thiic an va trgi san xua't gidng, hpp nha't gan nhu toan bp chuoi san xua't, nhung khdng phai mpi DN deu du nang lyc lam nhu vay, va ciing khdng phai DN nao di theo con dudng do cung
Ong Pham Anh Tu^n - Pho TCT Thuy san khai mac h$i Ihdo
Ong,k>hAnH Williams - Chu t|Ch H^i ding Nghft ci cua FAO (COFI) Nhin vio kmh nghiim cua nginh nu^
ci hil Na Uy di tim cich khic phi^c nhOng khiim khuyil trong liin kit chu&
sin xuit ci Ira cua Viit Nam
thanh c6ng, Ben canh do van eon mpt sd ldn hp n6ng dan san xua't ca giong va nudi ca thuong pham, do do, sy hinh thanh cac chudi lien ket ben viing, trudc he't giira DN che bie'n va ngudi nudi ea, van la ddi hoi khach quan ciia thyc tien.
su Kit
Cae DN ehe bie'n va ngudi nu6i, nhieu trudng hpp co ca sy ho trp ciia cae co quan quan ly hogc cac t6 chiic trong nudc va quo'c tei da sang tgo va ap dyng cac hinh thuc lien ke't khac nhau vdi sy tham gia ciia "1. .\ 4 nha"
(DN che bie'n, ngudi nu6i, nha san xua't thiic an, nha san xuat gio'ng, ...). Don gian nhu ky hpp dong tieu thy, cao hon la DN ung vdn, bao tieu san pham, hay iing thiic an va mpt khoan tien nha't dinh rdi mua lgi san pham, v.v...
Song, tren thue te, hau het DN va ngudi nuoi deu ehua hai long vdi nhimg md hinh lien ke't dang CO va tinh be'n viing cua cae md hinh do lu6n bi de dpa, Tgi sao va lam each nao de cai thipn? Do la nhiing cau hdi eo ban dupe dat ra tai cupc hdi thao do Tong cue Thuy san, Co quan Hpp tac Phat trien Na Uy (NORAD) phdi hpp vdi Trudng Dai hpe Can Tho td chiic hi 28/2 den 1/3/2012 vua qua.
Mue dich cua hpi thao, ndi theo each eiia ong Johan H. Williams - Chu tich Hpi dong Nghe ea ciia FAO (COFI), mpt trong 3 chuyen gia Na Uy dupe mod tham du hpi thao - la til kinh nghipm cua Na Uy trong phat trien nganh nuoi ca hoi tim ra va khac phuc nhirng khiem khuye't de xay dyng chudi lien ke't ben viing tir ngudi nudi de'n nha XK ca tra.
Thang tram nghe nuoi ca hoi Na Uy
Ca hdi va ca hdi van khai thac ty nhien dupe xep vao loai thuy san quy, gia tri cao, dupe ua chupng tir lau tai chau Au va Bae My. Deh nhung nam 1970, nghe
nuoi ca hoi mdi lunh thanh d N.i Uy, bat dau bSng 50 cong ty tii-n phong, san lupng 5.000 ta'n/nam.
Thdi gian dau, ea hoi nuoi it duoc u.i chupng, tiiai thy hgn hpp o thj trudng dja phuong, gia ban bap benh, lpi nhugn tii' nghe nuoi r.Vl tha'p, Tiing cong ty nho khong the dap ung doi hoi ciia thj trudng, khong dupc cnc nha phan phdi tin cgy. Chi c6 hpp tac mni tgo dupc sy on djnh. Vi vay, nam 1978 eae e6ng ty nuoi ca hpp tac thanh lap To chuc Ban buon Ca nuoi {FOS), mpt hinh thuc DN dgc quyen ban buon ca duy nhat, CO quyen dinh gia ban bu6n de loai trir canh tranh ndi bp, lya chpn khach hang va duoc ngan hang chiing nhgn dam bao vipc ky ket hop dong mua ban ciia timg thanh vien, thue hien cac ehuong trinh tie'p thj ca hoi nudi quy mo toan cau, hinh thanh he thdng cung iing hang hoa trong nganh NTTS va bSt dau tai trp eac chuong trinh R&D ve sinh san ca, quan ly bpnh va cae Iinh vyc thucmg mai khac
Llic dau, FOS hoat dpng rat hipu qua, giiip nghe nu6i ea hdi Na Uy tang trudng nhanh, cd lpi nhuan ha'p dan, Cong nghe nuoi, kieh thiic ve san xuat gi6'ng, quan ly sire khde vgt nudi va cha't lupng VSATTP dupc nang eao ro rpt.
Cac trgi nu6i dupe nang ca'p, tai chinh eho hoat dpng kinh doanh on dinh, Thi trudng XK ca hoi Na Uy nhanh chong md rpng ra hon 100 qude gia. De'n nam 1981, so thanh vien tham gia san xua't tir 50 e6ng ty gia dinh nho da thanh 800 c6ng ty, san lupng ca nudi dat tdi 160.000 ta'n. Trinh dp ciia lyc
Ong Nguy§n H&u Dung - PhG Chu tich VASEP Diin biin cua nginh ci tra cd nhiiu nit turmg ding v&i qui trmh phit tnin cua nginh ci hii Na Uy
Ba Kjersli Gravningen - TGB Pharmaq Viet Nam D^ng li/c thanh cdng cua nganh nudi ci hdi Na Uy li sy liin kit moi thinh phin. nha san xuit, nhi nu-6^. cic ti chiic nghiin cileu dio tao vi cic t6 chirc khic cung n& li/c di cung cip ra thi tmxmg thi gii^ sin phim ci hdi chit lupng cao cua Na Uy
luong san xua't ciing tie'n bd ro ret, tir nhiing ngudi tien phong thir nghipm mpt nghe mdi, trd thanh nhiing doanh nhan chuyen nghiep trong linh vyc thucmg mgi qudc te'.
San xuat va kinh doanh ca hoi nu6i trd thanh nganh ha'p dan va dd cung chinh la mam m6'ng khie'n nganh nay syp do nhanh
THIOHG MAI THJY SAN / S6 146 ; TWWG 2/2012 1 3
s a KIEN / BiNH LUAN
i^
Quang c^nh hfii thdo 'Lidn k^t lrong sin C i n T h o , 28/2-1/3/2012
chong. Lpi nhugn cao cuon hiit sy tham gia oia nhieu ngucri, san lupng lien tyc tang nhanh, cung vupt xa cau khie'n gia ca rdt tham hgi, dan tdi hang logt vy kien ch6'ng ban pha gia ca hoi i\'a Uy nora o My va EU.
Mae dil FOS da n6 lyc thiic day chucmg trinh che' bieh cap d6ng dy trii degiam bdt lupmg ea dua ra thi trudng nhung kh6ng giai quyet dupe va'n de. Ban than FOS vdi CO che dpe quyen ciing bpc lp nhieu bat cgp va da pha san vao nam 1991, keo theo sy pha san ciia hang logt cdng tv ca hdi Na Uy. Tuy nhien, ehinh sy syp do nay lai md ra co hpi phat trien mdi.
Nhiing cdng ty ca hdi dupe ca'u true lgi theo m6 hinh mdi.
Trong ca nudc chi con 96 cong ty;
trong do 14 cdng ty ldn chiem tdi 80% tdng san lupng, hpp nhat eac khau trong chudi san xua't, hogt
cS tra - b^i hpc ti> Na Uy",
dpng da chuc nang, bao gdm ea kinh doanh toan cau (ngogi trir san xua't thuc an ca, do 3 cdng tv trong nudc san xuat va NK mpt It tir 4 cdng tv eiia Dan Mgch).
Cac cong ty nay tgo lgp m61 quan hp tryc tii''p giira nguiai nuoi va khach hang, du nang lye Iam ehu thj trudng, dieu phdl cung cau va phiit trien cac ?.<in pham mdi, gliip nganh c.i hoi tang truang on djnh, can doi hon vdi san lupng khoang 1 trieu tan, gia trj XK tren 5 ty USD mui nam,
De dieu phdl hogt dpng XK thiiy san, Na Uy thanh lap Hpi ddng Xuat khau TTiiiy san (NSEC). Khac \oi cac to chuc hpi, hipp hpi, NSEC la to chiic cua cac DN thiiy san do nha nudc thanh lgp va uy quyen thyc hipn mpt so chiic nang ciia co quan tham quyen dupc quy djnh theo lugt oia Na Uy, bao gom cap phep XK, giam sat vipc ddng thue XK
ciia l.ic DN, thu va quan ly quy XK, thyc hipn cac hogt dpng XTI M, xay dyng thuong hipu va cac hogt dpng R&D khac.
Theo quy djnh ciia phap luat, eac DN XK thuy san phai dong phi XKdexay dyng quy XK, muc phi do cae DN thoa thugn va de xuat, chang han cho nam 2O10 miic phi la 1,05% gia trj XK ciia DN (tdng kinh phi cua quy XK n.im dd la khoang 60 tripu USD).
Trong nhimg trudng hpp can thiet, chang hgn de doi pho voi cac vy kipn chd'ng ban pha gia, mire phi cd the tang de'n 3%.
Nhi>ng bai hpc
Mac dil nghe nudi ca tra va ca hoi cd gia trj tren thj trudng khong giong nhau, nhung nhin vao dien bie'n ciia nghe nuoi ca tra Vipt \.im, cd the nhgn ra nhieu net tuong ddng vdi giai doan dau trong ljch sir phat trieii ciia nghe nudi ca hoi Na Uy. Ciing la sy tang tnrdng qua nhanti, ciing mau thuan cung-cau, cgnh tranh npi bp va nhung vu kien chong ban phat gia. Tir do, tha'y rang, ngheca tra Viet Nam co the nit ra mpt so bai hpc Idn ve lien ket de tranh sy syp dd nhu nghe nu6i ca hdi giai dogn I981-199I, vupt qua khd khan thach thirc va tie'p tuc di vao giai dogn phat trien mere.
Bdi hQC dau tiin la xac dinh dling myc tieu ciia quan he lien ke't. Cac md hinh lien ket hien nay ty phat hinh thanh vdi muc tieu rat ey the; nguyen lieu cho DN che'bie'n, v6'n eho ngudi nuoi.
Myc tieu dd phii hpp vdi timg DN va ngudi nu6i, nhung khong nham de'n nhiing myc tieu rong
\ msoK, HW -nisi SAN / 56 1'
SJ KIEN/BiNH LUAN
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ldn hon, vi vgy idii mpt trong cac phia tham gia lien ket e6 uu the hon trong ky ket hpp ddng, ho^c tim tha'y nhiing lpi ich d cac ddi tac khac, hp de bdp meo ho§c pha bo hpp dong. Bdi vi, thyc chat hai ben lien ke't dang dgt minh d hai vi the' CO quyen lpi d61 lgp aia
"ngudi mua" va "ngudi ban". Tir dd xay ra tinh trang thudng gpi la "khi thi cd dn kieh. kht thi kieh an cd". Lien ke't chi thanh e6ng va ben viing, khi cac thanh phan deu nham chung mpt myc dich "tdng gid tri cd tra vd 6h dtnh thi truang vi lgi ich ciia nguai nuoi, nguai che bieh vd ngirai xuoi khau ".
Bdi hgc thti- hai la can xay dyng thuong hieu va chie'n lupc tie'p thi quo'c gia cho san pham ca tra Vipt Nam. Khong the de tinh trgng mpt san pham chieh lupc qu6'c gia kh6ng cd thuang hieu chung, bi gpi vdi nhiing cai ten khac nhau. Ta't nhien, xay dyng thuang hipu la mdt qua trinh kh6ng he don gian, vi thuong hieu kh6ng chi la mpt ten gpi, ma phia sau dd la ca he thdhg nhiing bao dam ve hach nhiem cua nha san xua't doi vdi cha't lupng, an toan, ben virng, thgm chi gan lien vdi ca truyen th6'ng van hoa eiia nhiing viing dat nude cy the. Mpi con ca hoi Na Uy, du ban ra thi trudng d pham ca'p nao, che'bie'n dudi dgng gi, ciing phai la "cd hoi Na Uy". Tuang ty, muc tieu phai hudng tdi la mdi eon ea tra Vipt Nam dya ra thi trudng the' gidi deu la "cd tra Viet Nam".
Viec xay dimg mdt thuang hieu qud'c gia cho san pha'm ddi hdi sy tho'ng nha't hanh dpng eiia toan b0 chuoi san xuat, tir nhiing
khau dau tien eho de'n khau cuoi ciing, bdi vgy phai ed sy lien ke't chgt che giiia eae thanh phan, khdng ehi de xay dyng ma eon giii gin uy tin ciia thuang hipu lau dai. Tren co sd thuong hieu chung, se cd dieu kipn de thye hipn chie'n lupc tie'p thj, quAng bd rpng rai cho san pham ca tra Vipt Nam ra toan eau mpt each thdng nha't, nhu ngudi Na Uy ndi, san pham "cd hSi Na Uy" nhu nhau tren kh^p 5 chau 4 bien, 7 ngay moi tuan/12 thang va 365 ngay moi nam (365/12/7).
Bdi hgc ldn thti ba - nhung quan hpng nha't, quan he lien ket chudi san xua't khong the ton tgi ben viing ne'u thie'u sy hgu thuan cua lugt phap. Hifn nay, phan ldn mau tiiuan, tranh cha'p trong cac hpp dong lien ke't rat kho giai quye't, Mpt phan, luat chua day du va chua thd'ng nhat, cd nhieu mdi quan hp chua dupc dieu chinh day du hoac chong cheo, nhieu npi dung chua duoe e6ng nhan. Phan khac, do trinh dp ciia cac ben tham gia khdng tuang ddng, vipc tham van y kie'n luat su chua phd bie'n nen mpt trong cae ben co the cai dgt nhirng chii y khac nhau khi soan thao, gay kho khan eho qua trinh phan xir sau nay. Do ia ehua noi de'n nang lyc thi hanh phap luat ehua cao va nhieu khi dupc ap dyng khong binh dang d6i vdi cae ben tranh tung.
Can quy djnh san xua't, kinh doanh thiiy san la hogt dpng co dieu kipn. Mpi hoat dpng nudi va che bie'n, kinh doanh ca ha phai dupe ea'p phep, nham han che'su tham gia ty phat va quan ly dupc
dieu kipn san xua't, kho'ng che dupc san lupng theo kha nang tieu thy eiia thj trudng. Can xay dyng va trien khai thong nha't quy hogch san xua't va tieu thy ca tra theo hudng "quy hogch mem" vdi nhiing phucmg an lya chpn khac nhau, dupc dieu chinh theo bie'n dpng thj trudng. Phai lugt hoa nhiing quy djnh can thiet nhu gia san XK, eo ehe dam phan gia, miic phi XK va eo ehe sir dyng quy phat trien XK. Dgc bipt, de tranh tranh chap thuang mai, can co quy djnh ve viee sir dyng quy phat trieh XK de xay dyng thuang hieu, xay dyng va trieh khai chie'n lupc tie'p thi san pham ma khdng lay tir kinh phi nha nudc.
Nhiing bai hpc tren chua phai la tat ca nhiing gi co the hpc dupc cho qua trinh xay dyng chudi lien ket ben viing trong san xua't, tieu thy ea ha Viet Nam, nhimg se la ra't bd ich ne'u dupe phan tich va ling dyng tha'u dao.
Theo each phat bieu ciia ba Kjersti Gravningen, TGD Cdng ty Pharmaq Viet Nam: "Dgng luc thdnh cong cita ngdnh nudt cd hoi Na Uy Id su lien kei moi thdnh phan, nhd sdn xud't, nhd nuac, cdc to chtic nghien cihi ddo tqo vd cdc to chirc khdc ding no luc decung c&p ra thi truang thi'giai sdn pham cd hot chai lugng cao ciia Na Uy", ta cd the dgt mye tieu xay dyng lien ke't giiia nha che' bieh, ngudi nu6i, nha quan ly va nha khoa hpc de san xuat ben viing va dua ra tiii trudng san pham ca tra Vipt Nam cha't lugmg tot nha't. •
T.T.D.