DaifmHgcs 21
Ban ve phifofng phap day hpc tich circ hien nay
vu DUY YEN
Trudng CDSP Thai Binh
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l n kinh le tri thfle dfldng dgi dang phal triln nhU vu bag Nd ddi hdi Giag dye phai d i o lao cho nd nhflng ngudi lao ddng nang dong, s i n g tgo. VI v i y , phUdng phap dgy hpc Tfeh Cflc ra ddi, Ihay cho phuong p h i p day hpe Iruyin Ihdng chi dao tao dupc nhQng ngQdi lao dflng l i m theo nhflng m i u ma ed s i nV l phuang phap dgy hpc lich eye neu xel theo vai trd gifla ngudi day va ngudi hpe thi ggi do i i phUdng phip l i y ngudl hpc lam trung tam hay l i m gde; N l u xet theo yeu eau etia phuong phap vdi ngUdi hpc thl gpi dd l i phuong phap phat huy tinh t y g i i c , tich cflc, dpc lgp, sang tgo cfla ngUdi hpc. So vdi cac phuang phip dgy hpc truyln thing Ihi dfic trung eua phUOng phap dgy hgc lieh eye l i bdi dudng, phit huy nang lyc s i n g Igo ctia ngudi hpe. Day l i yeu c i u edl ldi ctia phUdng phip de dap Qng yeu cau ngudn nhan lyc cd chi't Iflpng ngiy cing eao cua nen kinh te tri thfle Iheo cO che Ih; trudng v i xu hudng hgi nhip, tgfin eau hda, Khdng dat dupe yeu e i u nay thl eel nhu chua thfle hign dflpe phUdng phap day hpc tieh eye
V i y sfing tgo l i gl va d l s i n g tgo thi p h i i lam the nao
? D i y la van de ly luan co ban. Khdng nam dflpe ihl ngudi thiy giio khflng the bdi dQdng dflpc ning lye sing tgo cho hpe smh Ihdng qua qua trinh dgy hge
Myc dieh n h i n thfle lugn etia triet hge Marx da ehi ra ring ."Nhin thde khdng chide biit, mi nhan thdc la di eii tgo I" Cii tao hidn thpe li muc dich ri't mdi me, lich eye trong nhgn thflc luan ctia iriet hpc Marx so vdi eac trfldng phal triet hge trfldc flng. Mpe dieh dd la tien de. la diiu kipn ehg mgi hogl ddng sing tao eua con ngudi Bdi vi mpi hogt dgng cua con ngudi d c i p dp nhan c i c h deu Ifi hogt ddng ed y thflc. Song de eai tgo dflpe ddi lflpng thl phfil "bilt" tfldng t i n ve ddi Iflpng vdi day du nhflng thude tinh b i n chit cfla nd; tfl do danh g i i mdt each khoa hpc hi^n trgng cua ddi tflpng theo mpl chuin mye n h i l djnh Tdm lgi la phfii b i l l phe phan va cai Igo ddi tupng mdt cfich khoa hgc Mudn phe phan thi phai dya trfln mdt chuin myc. C h u i n myc i y dflpc xfiy dyng tren quan diim v l mpt eiu Irdc he thing toin ven, td'i du cho dii tdpng . Bdi vi mpi sy v$t hifln Iflpng tfl ty nhien. xa
hdl den tfl duy deu cd eau tnic he thdng, tinh he ihdng phan i n h Irinh dp phattriln ctia ehinh sfl v i t hien lupng.
Co d i l u l i nhan quan cua la cd n h i n ra linh he thdng dd hay khdng? TQ day ta eo the djnh nghTa .Sing tao la lao ra mdt he thing ci'u true mdi td cac thanh phan ea'u true eua cac sU vat hien tdpng IUdng dng da co. Do ed the li sU cai lao cau true eua sd vat hien Iddng eu hay lao ra mpt he thd'ng cau true cho mot sU vat hien tdpng hoin loin mdl td sU long hdp cic bp phin ndng le eua eac sd vit hidn tUdng da cd
Hinh IQpng con rdng la mpt sang tao hoin t o i n mdi Nd khdng cd trong hign IhQc. Nhung neu tieh tQng bg phfin trong ed the nd ra thi thay dau nd gidng dau su tfl, mlnh gidng minh r i n , chin gidng chin than l i n , v i y gidng vay ea
Da ggi l i phfldng phap Ihi phai ehi ra dupe each thQc, con du6ng{lp trinh) d l dgt dQpc muc dich, yeu c i u ctia hinh dpng, hgat dgng; du dd la mdt hinh ddng ey t h l , rieng le hay mdt hoat ddng ehg mdt loai hinh cong vigc n i o day Bdi vi nhQ He-ghen da dinh nghTa ."Phuong phap ia hlnh thde van dpng cua noi dung doi IUdng" Hmh thflc van ddng do phai dQpe nhgn thflc dUdi dang chUdng tnnh hog nhQng thao tic, eong doan thl mdi thye hien dupe.
NhQ vay mflc dp thanh cdng ctia phudng phap tuy thugc v i o mflc dc hieu bie't v l hinh thflc van ddng etia ndi dung ddi tupng t i c ddng.
Van d l Id trinh ctia phudng phap dgy hpc Tich cue cho den nay chUa ai giai quylt dugc Vi v i y dan d i n nhflng ngd nhin ve sy thanh edng eua mgt sd phudng phap day hgc mdi mang linh tieh eye nhu phuong phip day hgc bing Ban do Id duy hay phuang phip Ban tay nan bgl
Ve phUdng phap dgy hgc b i n g Ban dd tu duy (BDTD) l i mpt cdng op to chflc tfl duy do Tony Buzan (Anh) nghien cflu v i dUpc phd bien rdng rai tren the gidi v i o nhflng nfim chin mQOi ctia the ky trudc. BDTD dupc flng dyng trgng giing day, hpc tap, iam vigc, kinh doanh... d nfldc ta BDTD mdi chi dQpc b i l l den trgng vai n i m trd lgi d i y vg ngfinh giao dye da van dgng ciing vdi c i e phQdng phip dgy hge khfie tren dien rdng Irong n i m hgc 2011 - 2012 d 355 trfldng tren l o i n qude. Vigc van dyng BDTD
28. s62^20^3_^D^ifvaE^
trong dgy hpc se dan hinh thanh cho hpc sinh biet each tu duy mgch Igc, hieu b i l t van d l mdt c i c h sau sac, djnh v| trong dau dflpc eac k i l n thflc, sy kign cd ban, nhin nhgn v i n de mdl each he thdng, khoa hpc, giup cho viec hpc tdt khdng chi k i l n thflc trong sach vd ma cdn ca tfl thye lien cufle sdng.
La edng cy ghi lai k i t qua IQ duy m i cu the la ghi lai tdm l i t nci dung kien IhQc ctia b i i hpc sau khi ITnh hpi dupc b i n g mpt sd dd mgng vdl nhQng dQdng net, hinh anh, mau sfic, chfl viet cung nhQng mdi lien he giQa cae ndi dung dd, BDTD ehua giup cho ngQdi hpc ed cai nhin phe phan nfli dung l i i lieu hpe lap - ddi tupng nhan thQc cua ngQdi hpe. ChQa l i m dQde d i l u nay cd nghTa l i chQa bdi dudng dupc nang lyc sang lab eho ngfldi hgc, mot myc tieu cdt loi cua phflOng p h i p dgy hpc Tich cue. Mdi bai hgc, vdi ndi dung eu t h l ctia nd se ed mpt BDTD rieng. nen cung kho ma k h i i q u i t thfinh phfldng phip ehung d l ve c i e ban dd tu duy cho mpi bai hpc Iheo Id trinh nhfl the nfio ?
Ve phuong phip day hpc Ban tay ngn bpt (BTNB)do giao sQ Georges Charpak nghien cQu va cflng eac cdng sfl thyc nghiem dau tien eung v i o nhflng nam chin mfldi eua the ky trudc. Nd dua tren mdl phfldng phap liep can mdi ddi vdi khoa hpe trong giang day d trudng Tie'u hgc v i Mau giao. BTNB chu trong den vtec hinh thanh kien thfle cho hgc sinh bang cae thi nghiem Ilm Idi, nghien cflu de ehinh eae em tlm ra cau tra ldi eho eac van de dupc dat ra trcng eupe sdng, Ihflng qua lien h i n h Ihi nghiem, quan sat, nghien eflu tai lieu hay d i l u ira
Vdi mgt van d l khoa hpe, hpc sinh eo the dal ra c i c c i u hdi, eac gifi thuye't lfl nhflng h i l u b i l l ban dau, lien hinh cac thi nghiem nghien cflu de kiem chflng v i dUa ra nhQng k i t l u i n phu hpp thdng qua thao luan, so sanh, phan tich, tdng hpp kien thQc. BTNB ludn coi hoc smh la trung t i m ctia qua trinh nhan thQc, Chinh cac em la ngQdi tim ra cau tra ldi v i ITnh hpi kien thQc dQdi sfl giiJp dd ctia giio vien , BTNB tgo nen linh Id md, ham mudn kham p h i , yeu va say me khoa hoc ctia hpc sinh ; ddng thdi cOng ren luyen ky nang dien dal thdng qua ngon ngfl ndi v i viel cho c i c em
Trong n i m hgc 2012-2013, Bg GD&DT phat ddng Qng dyng phuong phap nay d cap Tieu hpe va THCS khfip trgng ea nude. So vdi phuang phap BDTD thi BTNB cd tinh tich cflc hOn d chd . hoat dong hpc tap cua hpc sinh gan vdi hogt ddng nghien eflu etia nha khoa hpe, NghTS l i c i c em ty lam thi nghiem dudi su td chflc, giup dd ctia giao vien de' rdi ty tim toi ra kie'n thflc, ra cai mdi chti quan Song vdi nhflng thiel b| thi nghiem ddng logt gidng nhau trong ca ldp va dudi sU trp giup, hudng d i n eua giao vien th! eon dudng nhan thflc ctia ea IPp la duy nhi't, ddc dao Khdng co eon dudng nao khic d l so sanh, phe p h i n nen tinh sang tao trong cac hoat dgng nghien eQu dd chua eac, Cdn cac nha khoa hge tfl nhien vdi phfldng phap nghien cflu la thd sai thi de tim ra mgt chan ly khca hpe khaeh quan, hg phai l i m hang tram Ihi nghiem chfl khdng chi mdt lan la t h i n h eflng Va lgi phflOng phap n i y chi thflc hien dflpc vdi eac mdn khoa hpc ty nhien nen khdng mang linh Qng dyng rflng rai
Cung nhu phuang phap BDTD, phuang phap BTNB
cung chua ai khfii qufit thfinh phfldng phap chung tiln hanh cAc thf nghiflm nghidn cflu hpc t i p cfla hpc sinh l i m theo mdt quy trinh nhu the nao nen vific thyc hi$n cua giao vien cdn r i t md mfim .
Tdm lgi vdi phUdng phap dgy hpc bang BDTD va BTNB ma Bfl GD&DT dang trien khai, ho hao c i c trudng pho Ihdng Irong cfi nUdc tich cflc i p dung van chda phai li phddng phip day hge Tich cpc diy dd. Danh rang vigc Ihyc hifln phuong phap dgy hpc Tich eye cd nhilu trinh dp, mflc dfl khac nhau, luy theo trinh dp cua g i i o vien va hpe sinh, luy theo dieu kien vfit c h i t , ca s6 ky thugt, thiet bi day hpc cho phep ma val trd chti the ctia hpe sinh ehuyin Ifl cho c i c em chl dam nhan v l nhjp digu va eflng viee, ldi chd ty dam nhan lfl Ifla chpn hoan loan v l myc lieu, phfldng lien, Ihe thflc. NghTa la viec dgy hpc tiln tdi ca I h l hda cao dd, tfl do cao dp. Song yeu cau edt loi cua phflong phap dgy hpc Tieh cflc la phai gdp phan boi dfldng n i n g lye sang lao cho hpc sinh thi ca hai ph"fldng phap n i y chflf. l i m dflde. Va nhflng nha xay dflng nen 2 phfldng phap nay cung chfla x i y dyng dflpc Id trinh de thyc hign 2 phuang phap dd.
Sau nhieu nam nghien cflu va van dung phfldng phip dgy hpe Tich eye Irong giang dgy, chung tdi thay va'n de ban chat cua phfldng phap nay thi cac n h i ly luin trong va ngoai nfldc da ban den kha n h i l u . Song de vgn dyng dupc, d i p flng dti cac yeu c i u cfla phfldng phap Ihi co hai dieu vudng m i c chfla dupc giai quye't la :
1/Lp trlnh ctia phfldng phap dgy hpc Tich cflc nhU thl n i o ? Ndi dung IQng bfldc rg sgo ? Gial d i p dflpc nhCfng c i u hdi nay thi mpi giao vien deu cd the Ihyc hien dUpc, 2/Yeu cau cdt Idi ctia phfldng phap dgy hpe Tich ci/c la phai gdp phan bdi dudng nang lflc sang Igo cho ngi/di hpc V i y s i n g lao l i gi ? phflflng phap bdl dfldng ning lye sang tao cho ngudi hpc thdng qua qua trinh dgy hpc nhfl the nao
Tren cd sd n i m vflng ban chat va myc dich, yeu cau etia phfldng phap day hpc Tich cflc; Dong thdi nghien cflu nhan thflc luan bien chflng, tich cflc cua l^^arx, chiing toi da dan dan giai quye'l dUpc hai v i n de tren thdng qua hoat ddng vfla nghien cQu ly luan, vQa Qng dyng ngay trong eong t i c giang day cua minh. NhQng ke'l qua nghien cQu, flng dyng ay, chung tdi da tdng k i t , b i o cao d cac Hdi thao khoa hpc ctia trfldng DHSP Ha Npi, cac trUdng CDSP ddng bang B i c Bfl va dang lai Iren c i e tgp chi Giao Dye, The Gidi Trong Ta va Tuyen Giao . Mdi day dupc tgp hpp in Irong cudn "Mpt so van de cd b i n v^
phUdng phap dgy hpc Tfch Ci/c" do NXB Dgi hgc Quic Gia Ha Npi an hanh quy 11 nam 2012.
Xin Idm tat 2 van de tren nhU sau • MVe Id trinh eua phUdng phip day hge Tich Cpc 1.1 Lp Irinh long q u i t : Oua nghien edu vi dng dyng, ehung tPi rut ra Ip trinh tdng quit eua phddng phip dg)l hpc Tieh cpc cd Ihe phit biiu nhU sau Lam cho ngiidi hpc tie'p cgn tal lipu hpc tgp d trgng thai vgn dpng theo hg thong va phe phan .
Cae phuong phap dgy hpc truyen ihdng deu l i m cho ngfldi hpc t i i p c^n tai ligu hpc tap d trang thai TTnh vdi quy trinh phd bie'n la : sau khi truyen thy hay l i m cho ngudi hpc ty tim ra kie'n thflc cua toan bfl npi dung bii
DiflfvaHpC 502-2013
23
hpc thi giao vifin t i n g k i t , tom t i l npi dung chO y l u ctia b i i hpc gdm nhflng v i n d l gi, van de n i o la trpng tfim vfi yeu c i u ngfldi hpc ghi nhd day du nfli dung dd. Lam nhu vfiy la giao vifln ch! giflp ngudi hpc phSn anh tai ligu hpc t i p vdi tfl cfich "Wd li nd" nhfl nhan thflc luan cfla Descartes. Triit hpc bl^n chflng ctia Marx d i chi ra : mpi sfl vflt hifln tflpng d i u ludn Iuon vfin dpng Van dpng la luyfll ddi, dflng yen l i tfldng d d i . Mudn nhan thflc dflpc dung dfin, d l y du ve sy vat hien tflpng thi ta phai nhfin thflc nd d trgng t h i i v i n ddng. Theo do thi npi dung tfii li^u hpc tSp {TLHT) eQng vay. Nd ludn van ddng theo logic cua mdn hpc: tQ p h i n np tdi p h i n kia etia mflt bal, b i i np tdi b i i kia cua mpl chuang, chuong np ldi chUdng kia cfla mpt mon, d mpl Idp _
Sau moi b i i , mol chuong, giao vien phai lfim cho ngudi hpe thfiy dupc logic vgn dpng tuyln linh ay bfing each lam cho hp phfin lich, d i n h g i i hieu dupc vai trd, vi tri hpp ly cfla IQng dan vi tri thflc, tflng p h i n eua npi dung bai hpc hay tflng bai trong mot chflong tren ip trinh van dflng logic tuyin tinh cua nfli dung TLHT. Tren quan diem dd, n l u thfiy trd thiy ed the sap xep Igl cho hpp ly hdn theo logic van de thl vigc bien sogn Sieh giio khoa, giio Irinh chfla I n Cd nhifln de x i c d!nh dflpc vai tro, vj trf hpp ly cua IQng ddn vj in IhQc, iflng p h i n k i l n thflc trong mpt bfii thi ngudi hpc phfii tim hieu TLHT d trgng thfii ITnh trudc d l hieu npi dung ctia nd thi mdi x i c djnh dflpc vai trfl, vj tri hpp ly tren lfl Irlnh v^n dpng logic etia npi dung v i n d l dupc. NghTa la cfic phuang phap dgy hpc truyln thing nhu thuyfl't trinh, v i n d i p , dpc l i i li^u v i s i c h giio khoa ..v v van dupc sfl dpng , Cd dieu la nhflng phflpng phip n i y dflpc chuyin hogt dpng sang ngfldi hpc l i chlnh.
Nfli dung TLHT khflng chi v§n dflng iheo loogic vi'n d l , mfi cdn lifin k i t vdi nhau theo mflt e l u trOc hfl thing nhit djnh. Trong q u i trinh t l chflc, hfldng d i n hogt dflng hpc tap, ngfldi thfiy c i n lam cho ngQdi hpc danh gia TLHT ed nhflng flu, nhflpc d i l m gi v l eac m $ t :
• Npi dung thfla, thilu nhflng gi Iheo quan diem ve mpt c i u trOc t o i n vgn cho van de ctia TLHT
- C i u true da hpp 1^, tdl flu ehfla Ihec logic vgn dflng tuyin tfnh cfla van de
Nhflng thieu sdt v l hai mgt n i y thiy trd cung phan tich, d i n h g i i d l cung xfiy dyng Igi. Lfim dupe nhu vay ehlnh l i dfi l i m cho ngudi hpc tiep thu mflt each ed phe phin TLHT va bdi dudng phuong phfip lufln eho nang lye sing tgo thflng qua qua trlnh dgy hpc rdi dd .
t. 21 Lp trinh cp thi di nim vdng mdl khii niem ca bin (KNCB)
CfJng theo kfl't qufi nghifln eflu va flng dyng cua chung tfli; qufi trinh nfim vflng mfli khai nidm cd ban cho ngfldi hpc theo phfldng phfip dgy hpe Tieh cflc trfii qua 5 bude sau :
1.2.1 Phin tkh ciu true npi dung cua KNCB Mpi KNCB deu dupc dtnh nghTa bdi sy k i t hpp nhilu
tfl, nhilu menh de theo mpt trinh ty n h i l dinh. Vi vay la cd the phfin tich no ra lam nhieu thfinh phan k h i c nhau theo cac nhdm tfl, mflnh de ay d l bfldc d i u hieu dflpc bfin chat cija KNCB .
1.2.2 Xic dinh nhiJng thinh phin ca bin nhal trong ciu Irdc eua KNCB di hiiu dau hieu bin ehit nhit cua khii nidm
Vfdy: Ojnh nghTa : Hlnh vudng la A/mdt lfl giac C/ed eac dfldng eheo C/ b i n g nhau (Cl), vuong gdc vdi nhau (C2) vfi chia doi mdi dudng (C3) lgi giao diem ctia chung {C4). Trong dinh nghTa niy cd 3 thinh phan ehinh la A,B,C {C1-C4). Trong do thinh phan C la CO ban nhit ndi len d i u hieu rieng bifil ctJa hinh vudng
.12.3 Diin dgt KNCB bing nhieu hinh thdc khic nhau tren cd sd dam bao du eac Ihinh phin eua npi dung KNCB Vi dy dmh nghTa Ire n ed the hoan vj A+B+C=B+A+C=C+B+A ...
1.2.4 Xie dinh gdc dp liip can de xiy dung KNCB vi danh gii npi dung KNCB d goc dp tiip can dd .
Moi sU vit hien tupng cd vd van thugc tinh ban cha't vi mii lien he. Tuy theo nhiem vu nghien edu, gdc dp tiip can khie nhau ma ngUdi ta kham phi ra nhdng thudc tinh ban chi't, nhdng mil lien he khac nhau eua sd vit hien tdpng. Vdi nhdng nhiem vu, gdc dp tiip can khic nhau i'y cd dinh nghia khie nhau. Song dd tiip can d gdc dp nio cua sp vat hien tdpng thi dinh nghia cdng phai neu dupc nhdng thupc tinh cd bin nha't. du di nhin biil ra sp vit hien tdpng vi phin biet dUdc no vdi nhdng sp vit hiin tupng khac tUdng dng. edng loai.
1.2.5 Ddng KNCB lim diem tpa di dinh gii phin npi dung kiin Ihdc bii hgc mi KNCB do liin quan. chi phoi Ddng Ihdi tlm hiiu fi nghia Ihpc tiin. lfi luan cua KNCB dd
Trfln ed sd n i m vflng bfin chat, nfli dung KNCB, ngudi dgy td ehfle, dan dfit ngudi hpe xem xfit nhflng npi dung kien thflc b i i hpc cd lien quan v i chiu sfl chi phdi cua npi dung KNCB da day dti, hpp ly chua ? V i n de n i o thilu, v i n de nao thfla v i sfl s i p xep nhflng kie'n Ihfle dd da hp thdng theo sfl van dflng logic eua k i l n thflc mdn hgc khdng ? Khau nay gitip eho ngudi hpe bie'l liep thu ndi dung k i l n thQe bai hpe mpl each ec phfi phan v i do chinh l i bdi dudng phuang phap luan, ren luyfin nang lye s i n g Igo eho ngudi hgc. Dgt den mflc do nay, KNCB trd Ihinh diem tfla, thanh cong cy de ngUdi hpc nam vflng npi dung k i l n thfle bai hpe ; tren cd sd dd, suy lugn mdt each logic, bien ehflng theo mdl he thdng cau true t o i n vgn cho cac van de ma KNCB lien quan, chi phdi . Nhd dd vigc ghi nhd nfli dung bai hpc se ghi nhd mot c i c h co y nghTa, thdng minh, ben vflng
2/ Viic boi dddng ning lUc sing tgo: Ve k h i i niflm sang tgo da trinh bay d phan dau. Cdn viec bdi dudng nang lyc s i n g tgg chg hpc stnh thflng qua qua trinh dgy hpc la hfl qua t i t ye'u eua viec thyc hien hai lp trinh irfln nhu dfi phan tich.
