BAN THfiM VE VAN DE DJA DANH HQC d VIETNAM*

NG6N NGC

S 6 4 2015

BAN THfiM VE VAN D E DJA DANH HQC d VIETNAM*

GS.TS T R A N TRl D O I Abstract: In Vietnam toponymy has been studied is addressed &om different approaches, including geo-historico-cuftural, and linguistic. Such distinction is merely relative because toponymy involves the study of the culture of each geographical area marked by certain nomenclatures. Depending on the data processing methods, each approach will make different contributions to the clarification ofthe cultural content embodied by each nomenclature in question.

In this paper, the study ofthe place name of Cd Loa village is used as an illustration of the two afore-mentioned approaches. We adopt the historico- comparative linguistic perspective in clarifying tfie evolution of a particular place name, which supplements the geohistorico-cultural approach. Our analysis and explanation reveal that the present Sino-Vietnamese form of the name C6 Loa is very likely to have originated fix>m a place name in Austronesian languages.

Key words: toponymy, geography, history, culture, linguistics, Viet Nam.

1. Nhfrng huAng cor b i n ti^p C$11 dja d a n h hgc & Vift Nam

l.L Nghien curu dja danh t£i c ^ h tiep c^n dia chf hpc

d Vi$t Nam, cAc cong trinh nghien cuu dja danh c6 tCr r4t sdm vk chu yeu Ik nhiing sdch theo hu6ng dja chi hpc, nghia \k xem x^t dja danh mpt cdch tong h(?p til g6c dp dja If, ljch sii vh vin hod. Chung ta c6 th^ k l d i n tdc pham tieu bieu d4u tiSn trong lich sur id Du dfa chi cua Nguyin Trai (thl ki XV). Sau dng cho d i n t h l ki thu;

XIX, deu Id nhOng cdng trinh ghi ch6p hay nghign cihi ve dia chf c6 mo td ve dia danh Vi$t Nam', d giai dogn ndy, dSy Id nhfhig cong trinh t$p trung bi€n s o ^ hay chi dan v l dia chf lich

SLTthu^c nhfing vikg ( ^ dnhCbig vung miln khde nhau c i ^ Vi^t Nam. Do d6, nOi dung md td v l dia danh d ddy chii y l u Id nhihig thdng tin v l di6n cdch dia chi cua mSi vung ddt.

' Bdi vilt ndy dugc viet l^i tr6n co sd nhQng n$i dung d3 trinh bdy t^i Vi$n van hgc D^i hpc K^ Nam (Qudng Dfing, Trung Qu6c) ngiy 30.12.2014. NhSn ddy, chiing tdi xin cdm on nhQng trao d6i rSt hthi (ch cOa GS Duong Q u ^ Ba vd cdc GS trong buoi trinh bdy cua chi!ing toi d quJ Vi|n. Bdi vilt cung dd nh§n dugc nhQng g/bp ^ quan trpng ciia GS.TS Nguyin Dfic Tdn khi chfing tdi guri den t^p chf Ngdn ngO", nhSn ddy, xin trdn trpng cdm an s^ g6p ^ ctJia GS.

NgSn ngfr s6 4 nSm 2015 Sang thl ki XX, vi$c n ^ e n curu

dia danh tir gdc ntiin dja clif hpc nhu tmdc ddy vin dupc tiep tyc^. D^ng th6i, con cd them nhfing cdng trinh dd budc dau tilp c^in vdo nghien curu theo timg khfa cgnh cu thl, theo timg ldp dia danh d nhfing vung dja If khde nhau, nghien curu theo tien trinh phdt trien qua s\r kl thira lich sic vd bien s o ^ nhfing tii diln nhdm myc dich tra cim thdng tin vl dia danh Vi$t Nam^

Nhfhig nghien cihi dia danh vd vi$c biSn so?n tii dien nhu thl, taf theo gdc d$ gidi quylt van dl, dd cung ckp cho gidi nghidn curu nhflng thdng tin hflu fch thu0c nhflng khfa cgnh khdo nliau vl dja chf hpc cua dia danh d Vift Nam. Theo nh$n thurc cua chung tdi, nhfing thdng tin hay nhfhig nOi dung nhu thl sS rdt hflu ich trong vifc nghidn curu dja danh theo cdch phan tfch cia ngdn ngfi' hpc.

1.2. Nghidn curu dja danh tir cdch tilp c ^ ngon ngfl" hpc

d Vift Nam cdch tilp c|n ^ danh hpc tfieo hudng ngon ngit hpc, vl n g i ^ tic, mdi chi cd tir thgp niSn 60 ctia thl ki XX. Nhieu nhd ngdn ngCt hpc Vift Nam hifn nay cho rdng bdi vilt MSI lien h$ ve ngdn nga cS dgi d Ddng Nam A qua mgt vdi ten sdng [2] cua Hodng Thi Chau Id cdng trinh ddnh dku m^t cpt moc quan trpng cho vifc nghien cihi dia danh theo hudng ndy.

Qua vifc sur dvng i^ucmg ph^ cik ngdn ngtt hpc so sdnh - lich sir (comparative), tdc gid dd cung cip nhthig thdng tin chn thilt liSn quan din ngu6n goc vd qud trinh hinh thdnh m$t s6 dia danh

chi ten gpi "sdng" trong moi li€n hf ngQ dm gifta cdc ngdn ngit d khu v\rc Ddng Nam A ^ nh$n difn nguon goc ljch sijr cua moi dja danh.

Sau bdi vilt noi trSn, <^ cd khdng it bdi vilt, nhfing cuon sdch vd nhieu lu^n dn tien st ngdn ngCt hpc nghien Clhi vl nhfhig npi dung khde nhau ciia dia danh tren nhihig viing dja li khde nhau. Nhihig edng trinh ngdn ngii hpe nghien curu dia danh vua ndi tdi'* chii ylu Id nghien c ^ d binh difn dong dgi, vdi nhfhig cdch thirc xur If nhu phdn logi dia danh tir nhfhig gdc nhln khde nhau, nghi€n cihi cdch cau tgo, nh$n difn phucmg thuc dinh danh vd sau dd "thdng qua y nghia" eiia dia danh liSn hf dl gidi thfch hay nh$n difn "gid tri vdn hod" cua nhflng dja danh dd. Cdch tilp c ^ d6ng dai trong nhflng cdng trinh nhir thl, tuy van dupc cdc tdc gid hiyen bo Id cd "nghien curu ngu6n g6e" nhung tren dgi thl Id thi8n vl dia chf hpc, tijrc la vl ca bdn cdch gidi thfch ngu6n goc f nghTa

^ danh dlu tren ca sd d\ia vdo y ngMa theo loi gidi thfch "dan gian" ehur chua th$t svr chii y din ca sd biln d6i ngfl dm lich Sli eiia bdn than dia danh.

Hudng nghien curu ngdn ngfi hpc thu hai Id hudng nghien ciiru theo binh difn Uch dai, vdi vifc su dyng phuong phdp ciia ngdn ngfl hpc so sdnh - ljch sii dh xdc l?lp nhflng quy lu|t biln d6i ngfl am ciia m5i ^ a danh nhdm nh$n difn nguon g6c vd qud trinh biln dbi Ijch dgi cua nd. Sau dd, qua vifc md td tiln trinh ljch dgi eiia moi dia danh ngudi ta ehi ra nhfhig

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gid trj vdn hod ifch sur md dia danh luu gifi: hay dupc kf tfide^. Nhfing bdi vilt theo cdch thurc dd hudng tdi vifc xdc dinh ngu^n goc dja danh tren ca sd xdc lgp nhihig biln doi ngfl dm cd quy lugt ciia ngdn ngfl, dl ttr dd nh$n difn qud trinh ehuyen doi, tiep xiie ngdn ngfi- trong s\i phdt triln ljch sir eiia dja danh. Chfnh nhd sy quan sdt dd, ngudi ta khdng chl nhgn bllt rd nguon goc ciia dia danh md cdn nhgn bilt cdc gid trj vdn hod ljch sii dupe luu gifl trong dja danh.

1.3. MOt vdi nhgn x6t Nhu v§y, cd thl ndi rdng, dia danh hpc hay nghien cihi dja danh d Vift Nam hifn nay dang dupc tilp efn theo hai hudng khde nhau. Cdch tiep cgn thur nhat cd tCr thl ki thti XV cho din nay vlin dupc tilp tyc Id cdch tilp cgn theo hudng dja chi hpc. Vdi cdch tilp c|in ndy, vl bdn chit, ngudi ta nghien eihi dja danh theo nhflng thdng tin md td ve dien cdch dja chf ciia vfing dit. Vifc nghien cuu theo cdch tilp c ^ ndy ti^ cung ndi ve ngu^n g6c (Qa danh nhung thudng xuit phdt tCr gdc nhln "^ ng^a" cfla cdc dia danh theo loi gidi ttiich ddn gian hay qua sy thay thl nhihig dgng thiirc dja danh khde nhau dd dupe xdc nh^n hay ghi ch^P trong moi giai dogn Uch sur.

Cdch tilp egn thii hai thl hifn rd ndt nhit tu th§p nien 60 ciia thl ki XX Id cdch tiep e ^ eiia ngdn ngfl hpc. Vd edeh tilp c|ln ndy, din lupt mlnti, lgi dupc phdn hod tfieo hai hudng xii If khde nhau. Mpt hudng nghien Clhi chu ylu d m$t dong dgi, lay vifc

md td phdn logi, xdc djnh d$c diem cau tgo vd cdch thiirc dinh danh eung nhu "y nghia vdn hod" lam ndi dung nghi€n cim ehfnh. Cdn m^t hudng khde Id nghien cihi theo binh difn Ijch dgi, liy vifc xde Ifp nhflng quy lu^t biln <^i i ^ dm eiia (Qa danh dl khdi phye nguon g6c vd qud trinh biln ddi ciia nd; sau do, qua md td tiln trinh ljch dgi eua dja danti, ngudi ta etii ra nhihig gia trj vdn hod ljch su md dja danh dd vd dang luu gifi:. Chiing tdi nh$n thiy rdng, cdch xu^ If thur hai ndy eiia ngdn ngfl hpc phih: tgp hem, do nd ddi hdi phdi cd dupe nhfing tri thurc ngfl dm ljch sur dii dl ntiin nhgn sy biln doi cua ngdn ngfl, vl thl Id mpt edng vifc khdng dan gidn d6i vdi nhilu ngudi ngtiien curu.

Vift Nam Id mpt vung dat liay mOt dia t>dn da dgng vdn hod, cho nen dii Id ngtii€n cihi dia danh theo cdch tiep e$n dia ctif hpc hay edeh tilp c ^ ngdn ngfi- hpe eung sd ed rat nhieu nhflng npi dung khde nhau ean dupe xu If mpt each dong thdi. Ctidng han nhu ktii nghien ciiru cde ^a danh thuan Vift (dia danh Ndm), trong qud trinh md td cdch tfiuc djnh danh ciia nd ngudi ta cung ptidi d$t nd trong moi lien hf vdi dja danh Hdn - Vift tuong iing.

Hay nhu khi md td vd truy tim nguon goc ciia cae dia danh ed nguon goe dan tOc thilu so d nliieu vung cu tni ktide ntiau t r ^ ldnh th6 Vift Nam nhu

^ danh goe ddm, (Qa danh goc Khmer, dja danh goc Thdi, v.v..., vifc md td tiay nh|n d i ^ sS vlin thilu thiQ'lt phye neu nhu chua xdc lgp dupc hay ctii ra nhibig tnln d^ ngfl am cua chiing, v.v...

Ngon ngft so 4 ndm 2015 Dilu dd cd nghia Id nhfing kit qud

ngtiien curu dja danh theo cdch tilp edn ktidc nhau sS gdp plian b6 sung cho nhau, cd vl phuong difn If thuylt tin phuang difn tn.lifu. Cd nhu vfy, ngdnh dia danh hpc Vift Nam m(Si hiia h^n thu dupe nhflng kit qud th^t sy ddng tin c$y.

2. Dja danh hgc d Vift Nam:

nghiSn clSru tnrdng hgp dja danh Co Loa

2.1. Nghien curu dia danh Co Loa theo gdc ntiln dia ctif hpc

De minh hpa eho sy ktidc bift nhung t)d sung cho nhau gifla tiai cdch tilp cfn trong dja danh hpc d Vift Nam, chiing tdi xin liy trudng hpp nghien cihi dja danh Cd Loa ldm ttif dy. Lf do Id, dli vdi trudng hpp dja danh ndy dd cd edeh tilp egn dia chf hpc (md tieu bilu Id nghlSn c ^ ciia hpc gid Ddo Duy Anh [1]); dbng tfidi dia danh ndi tren cfing dd (hipc nghign cihi tir gde ntiln ciia ngdn ngfl hpc so sdnh - lich sii (md kit qud budc diu dd dupe chiing tdi cdng t>6 [7e]).

Cd Loa Id ten gpi ciia ldng hay cflng Id tSn gpi tod thdnh ciia Thyc An Duong Vuong - Vua nudc Au Lgc trong ljch sii Vift Nam. Hifn nay, dja danh ndy Id m0t tSn gpi Hdn - Vift, tucmg duong vdi nhfhig ten gpi Hdn - Vift khde Id Khd LQ hay Loa Thdnh;

(^ng tfidi nd eflng cd m^t ten gpi Ndm Id {chg/ldng) Chu. Tdn gpi Idng hay tod thdnh ed gid trj nhu ntiau vi di chi thdnh ciia An Duong Vuong thudc iQa

^ Idng C6 Loa, xd C6 Loa, huyfn Doig Anti, ngogi ttidnh phia bdc Hd Npi.

2.1.1. Cdch II gidi ciia hpc gid Ddo Duy Anh

v l f ngtua cfing nhu xuit xi^ ciia nhfhig dgng Hdn - Vift lien quan den dja danh Co Loa, dd cd mpt vdi cdch If gidi khac itfiau. Trong so dd, hpc gid Ddo Duy Anh Id ngudi cd nhflng gidi tfifch chi tilt, cd hf thong vd chura dyng nhilu tfidng tin nhit. Vi tfil, cd tfil coi nghien cihi eiia dng Id tieu bilu cho cdch tilp cgn dia chf hpe. Cho n€n, khi ldm rd cdch gidi ttifch eua dng, ciing cd nghia chiing tdi trinh l)dy lgi theo edeh hilu eiia minh vl mdt edeh thurc nghiSn ciiru dia danh hpc dang dupc nhilu nhd ngtiiSn eihi sfl dyng d Vift Nam theo djnh hudng do.

Trong cuon Ddt nudc Vi$t Nam qua cdc ddi [1], khi trinh bdy ve nudc Au Lgc vd Loa Thdnh, hpc gid Ddo Duy Anh dd vilt nguySn vSn nhu sau:

".. .thdnh An Duong Vuong Id d ldng Co Loa, huyfn Ddng Anh thuOc Hd Npi ngdy nay, thdnh iy xdy hinh t r ^ 6c (dio nen dupc gpi Id Loa Ihdnh...

Mdi din tfil ki XV ngudi ta mm fliiy trong thu tjch Trung Qu6c cd sdeh An Nam Chi [nguy6n] ch^p den ten Loa Thdnh Id thdnh tiinh xody 6c md t$p truyen Id eiia An Ducmg Vucmg.

Trong thu tjch Vift Nam thi ten Loa Thdnh xuit Iiif n dau tiSn d LTnh Nam trich qudi, dilu ay chihig td rdng t6n iy dd cd trong tgp truyin ciia nlidn ddn ta tii tiirdc. Le Tdc (tfil ki XIII)

Bdn th£m vl...

viet sdeh An Nam Chi Lug^ trude khi sdch LTnh Nam trich qudi dupc biSn tgp till gpi tfidnh iy Id flidnh Khd Lu.

Sdch An Nam chi [nguyen] Id sach sao tgp itfiilu dogn eiia An Nam chi lu(rc chdp rdng Loa Ttidnh ciing cd tin Id flidnh Khd La Cdi ten Khd Lfl iy khiln ptidi suy ngiu. Chiing tdi nhgn thiy ICtid Lu v(5i C6 Loa (tSn ldng hifn nay cd di tfch Loa Ttidnh) Id d6ng am.

Nhung cS Loa, tiieo chiing tdi, khdng cd nghia Id Loa Thdnh xua (c6). Mu6n tim hilu y ngtua chfl co, chiing ta hdy so sdnh tgn C6 Loa vdi nhihig tSn C6 Bdn vd C6 Djnh" [1, 30-31].

. Phdn tich mpt cdch ctii tilt nhfbig thdng tin ndi tren, chiing ta ntign tliiy nhflng vin dl nhu sau:

- Thli nhit, ten gpi Cd Loa, Loa Thdnh vd cd Khd LU Id nhflng ten gpi Hdn - Vift xuit hifn d thu tich Vift Nam vd Trung Qu6c sihn nhit cung chi tfl (ho$c sau) till ki tfiur XHI. Dilu dd cho phdp ghi n h ^ rdng trudc dd dd cd m0t ten gpi thuan Vift (tSn gpi Ndm) trong ddn gian ngudi Vift Vd nhu vgy, nhflng t6n gpi Hdn - Vift chi Id sy "Hdn - Vift hod" (Sino - Vietiiamesed) ten gpi thuin Vift tiinSre dd cua ngudi Vift theo nhfhig edeh khde nliau md thdi.

- Thli tiai, dia danh Loa Thdnh dupc gidi nghia Id "thdnh tilnh xody 6c" vd ehinh f nghia Hdn - Vift ndy qity dinh ten gpi Loa Thdnh. Vl nguygn tdc, ed thl dia danh Id mdt ttr Hdn - Vift dupc ngudi ta dimg dl gjai lgi nghia ciia mdt tgn gpi Ndm tnn5c ddy;

nhung ciing cd thl, dia danh Id mpt tCr Hdn - Vift chi thuin tu^ ghi lgi am dpc cua mpt ten Ndm trudc dd, cdn f i^lna Id suy ra tii i ^ a ciia tfl Hdn - Vift sau khi nd trd thdnh dia danh.

IGii Ddo Duy Anh cho rdng "Cd Loa, tfieo chiing tdi, khdng ed nghia Id Loa Thdnh xua (eo)", di^ (K gian tilp eho bilt edi y ngtim 'ihdnh liinh xody 6c"

nghieng vl Idid ndng Id do suy ra tfl i^tiia cua ctifnh tfl Han - Vift khi nd dd tKJ thdnh dia danh dd ddnh dau tod ttidnh d lang C6 Loa.

- Thur ba, tfieo Ddo Duy Anh tfii Khd LU vd CS Loa Id "ding dm", cd nghta Id hai dia danh dd cd thl Id hai dgng thure ngfl dm vl sau eua ciing mdt dgng thure tnrdc day. Trong hai dgng thiic iy, cd mpt van dl dupc 6^t ra Id gifla Khd LU vd Cd Loa, ten gpi ndo cd trudc hay cd hai dlu dupc dSn xuat tfl mpt ten gpi khac. Ddy Id mpt vin de rat quan trpng, vi nd Id mOt trong nhfhig chiing cfl dl hilu diing y nghia ciing nhu xuit xii ciia dia danh ndy.

Theo edeh If gidi ndi trdn, nhu v$y, trong ba dia danh Han - Vift dd, Loa Thdnh Id mpt trudng hpp rigng theo kilu logic tilng Trung Qu6c; edn Khd Lu vd Cd Loa dudng nhu cd mpt cdch xur If ngfl dm khde. Vl m$t f nghia, Cd Loa vd Khd LU dupc xlp chung mpt ben, cdn Loa Thdnh thu$c vdo mdt t}gn ktidc; d6ng thdi vl thl hai dja danh Khd LU vd Cd Loa khdng till mang y nghia "tfidnh tilnh xody 6c"

xAax Loa Thdnh.

8 Ngon ngft »& 4 nSm 2015 Li giai "nguon g6c" cua yeu to

cd trong ten gpi Cd Loa, Dk) Duy Anli da viet:

"D6! chiiu chft Co Loa vdi lai Ijch cho C6 Bon vi C6 Djnh, chiing ta c6 thi d o ^ riing t£n C6 Loa hin IS do ten Nom cu KS Loa mii ra. Trong tiing Vi^ Nam c6 c4i 1? liy chft Ke d$t len tr€n mOt chft khde dl gpi t€n m0t Itag..., vl du nhu KS Chp... Khi ngu6i ta phi6n Sm tiing KS tfaMh chft Hdn thi nguW ta phiSn thdnh chtt C6, nhu Co Bon, CA Ninh...

...chiing t6i nghi ring chft Co Loa c6 IS Id do phiSn am chft KS Loa ciia ddn gian, md KS Loa tile Id ngu6i ldng c6 thdnh Loa. Song chft Loa Ihdnh khdng phdi Id ciia ddn gian md Id chft Hdn = 6c. Chiing toi cho ring cdi ten Loa Tiidnh thay xuit h i ^ d LTnh Nam (rfc/i ^aii ciia ta c6 IS Cling c6 tft trade, tft thisri nhd Tong (sau sdch Thdt Binh hodn vd ky) do nguoi Trung Quoe ddt ra di gpi thdnh xua ciia An Duong Vuong md tdp trayin cho Id hinh xody oc, vi thiy no v6ng trong v6ng ngodi (bdn do Co Loa ngdy nay con cho thiy rB) nSn tudng tupng nhu hinh xoay oc. Do tSn Loa Tiidnh cua ngudi Trang Quoc ddt dd, dan gian mdi gpi ten ldng d dd Id KS Loa; LS Tie khi d Trung Quic viet sdch An Nam chl lugc Iji viit thanh Khd Lu Id phiSn chft KS Loa cila Vi^t Nam theo tiing Trung Quoe biy gid" [1, 31-32].

Chiing ta ed thi phdn tich chi tiet edeh nhin nh|n vi mdt y nghia eung nhu trinh t\r xuit hifn dja danh

Cd Loa theo nhiing gidi thich ndi tren ciia Ddo Duy Anh nhu sau:

- Thft nhit, dia danh Cd Log cd hai yiu t6 kit hpp l^i vdi nhau Id Cd vd Lga. Trong dd, Cd Id d ^ g thftc Hdn - Vi^t hod vi sau eiia dm Ndm Ae vdi y nghia "ngudi cfta Idng...", edn Lga ed ngu6n goe Hdn do ngudi Trung Quic ddi Ting thiy thanh cia An Duong Vuong xody nhiiu vdng nhu hinh i c nSn *tudng tupng" md gpi nhu the (!). Vd nhu vdy, theo dng, hinh nhu d Vi$t Nam sg cd mpt kiiu dja danh nhu ke Lga, trong dd ke Id thuin ViSt ehi thdnh t i chung', edn yiu to laa Id "tSn riSng" do dan gian Vi?t vay mupn tft tSn gpi cua tiing Hdn(!).

- Thft hai, niu vdy dja danh ke Lga xuit hi^n Id do ddn gian ViSt ghSp yiu ti *i cua mtah vdi yiu ti loa ciia tiing Hdn liy tli ioo TTidnA da cd trade day. Vi sau, tft khodng thi ki Xffl ie Loa dupe Hdn - Vi$t hod thdnh Cd Loa (theo cdch ke Loa > Cd Loa);

cdn LS Tie cung vdo thi kl XHI khi viet An Nam chl luge bSn Trung Quic dd phiSn ke Loa thdnh lOid LU theo cdch ciia tiing Hdn "luc bay gid".

2.1.2. Gid thiit cua Ddo Duy Anh Nhu v^y, li gidi ciia Ddo Duy Anh vi dja danh Cd Loa cd trinh Vf nhu sau. Dja danh Hdn Loa Thdnh xuit hiSn diu tiSn (gid djnh d thdi nhd Ting bSn Trung Quic trade the ki XDI) do thay "thdnh xdy xody oe";

tiip sau ddn gian Vi^t dvra vdo dd d^t tSn Ndm ke Loa di chi "ngudi ldng

Bdn thSm vl...

cd Loa Thdnh"; vl sau (khodng thl ki Xni-XV) ngudi ta Hdn - Vift hod ten Ndm ke Loa ay thdnh Cd Loa (d Vift Nam) hay Khd Lu (theo cdch d Trung Qu6e).

Cdch tilp cgn dja danh theo dja chf hqc ndi tren dd cho ph^p Ddo Duy Anh ptidc hpa ljeh sfl dja danh Cd Loa nhu vfla tdm tdt d trSn. Nhung cdi co chl ehuyln hod tii dja (ianh Ndm sang dja danh Hdn - Vift theo edeh li gidi cfla dng nhu vfla trinh bdy, r5 rdng Id rat ktii€n cudng. Bdi IS, khi dng vilt "cdi ten Loa Ihdnh tfiiy xuit hifn d Linh Nam trich qudi efla ta cd 16 cflng cd tCr tiirde, tfl thdi nhd T6ng (sau sdch Thdi Btnh hodn vfi ky) do ngudi Trung Qu6c d$t ra dl gpi thdnh xua cfla An Duong Vucmg" Id mpt gid (^nh cdn ttiilu ca sd. Vi rdng chfnh LTnh Nam trich qudi dd ghi rd rdng

"ngudi ddi Dudng gpi Id Cdn Ldn tfidnh" (V. Q u ^ , 1960, ti.59). Dilu dd cd ngtua trude ddi Tong, d Trung Quoc dd cd ghi dia danh Cd Loa bdi^

ten gpi Cdn Ldn chu khdng phdi din ddi T6ng mdi cd tfin gpi Loa Thdnh.

Cho nen, dk Idm sdng td vin dl md Ddo Duy Arfli d§t ra, cd IS chiing ta phdi phan tich tfiem van dl Hdn - Vift hod dja danh d Bdc Bp Vift Nam.

2.2. Phdn tich dja danh Cd Loa theo edeh tilp e|ln eiia ngdn ngfl hpc 2.2.1. vin dl Hdn - Vift hod dia danh d Bde B$ Vift Nam

TrSn CO sd phdn tich dja danh nhflng ldng d Bdc BO Vift Nam viia cd ten Ndm viia cd tSn Hdn - Vift,

trong nhfhig bdi vilt cdng b6 ndm 2008 [7c], chiing tdi (^ dua ra mdt vdi ntign x6t ban diu nhu sau.

Thu ntiit, vl ngfl am dja danh Ndm ehi Idng thudng cd mpt dm tilt, cdn dja danh Hdn - Vift tuong flng bao gid cung Id hai dm tilt. D6ng thdi m6i quan hf gifla tSn Ndm mft dm tilt vd tSn Hdn - Vift hai dm tilt thudng cd sy tucmg flng.

a) Am tilt ciia ^ danh Ndm dupe

"till hifn" hay '*tuong ung ngfl dm cd quy lugt"^ vdi mdt dm tiet ciia dja danh Hdn - Vift vd tinh trang ndy etiiem da s6. Thf dy, dd Id nhflng trudng hpp nhu (k6/ ldng) Ta - (Idng) Cd Dd, (k6/

Idng) Duoi - (ldng) Khdn Duy, (ke/

ldng) A/pc - (ldng) A?)^ Mfic, (k^ Idng) Met - (Idng) Cd Mi^tl An Mi^t, v.v...

Ndi mdt edeh khde, khi Hdn - Vift hod dja danh Ndm, ngudi ta thudng dling mpt dm tilt Hdn - Vift dl phien dm dia danh Ndm cd trudc dd. Mdt am tilt cdn lgi trong dia danh Hdn - Vift thudng ft ehju tdc dpng cua ngfl dm dja danh Ndm. Nhu vfy, trong hai dm tilt cfla dja danh Hdn - Vift, chl cd mpt dm tilt chju trdeh ntiifm chuyen tdi ngfl dm (hay phiSn dm) dm dpe eua dia danh Ndm cd trudc.

b) Hai Id, trong sy tuong flng ngfl dm ndi tren, lgi cd the chia thdnh hai kilu khde nhau. Theo do, cd trudng hpp dm Ndm ctii dupe thl tiif n trong am tilt thfl' ntiat eua dia danh Hdn - Vift; edn Igl da s6 dm Ndm dupc the hifn trong dm tilt thii tiai ciia dia danh Hdn - Vift. TM dy, d kilu tiifl nhit Id (k^ Idng) Leo ~ (ldng) Luu Khi,

10 Ngdn ngft so 4 nim 2015 (kS/ ldng) Ggch - Odng) Cdch Bl, (kS/

ldng) Ngd - Gdng) Ngd Xd, v.v..; cdn d kiiu thft hai Id (kS/ ldng) Dudi - (ldng) Khdn Diiy, (kS/ Idng) Ta - Gdng) Cd Bd, (ke/ Idng) Trdl Gdng) - KhUc Togi, v.v...

c) Ngodi hai kieu tuong ftng dd dupe neu d tren, chiing ta cdn thiy cd khd ndng ngft dm ciia dm tiit dfa danh Ndm ding thdi tuong ftng vdi cd hai am tiit cua d|a danh Hdn - ViSt Ching h ^ dd Id nhftng d)a danh (kS/

ldng) Chdp - Gang) Cd Lgp, (ki/ ldng) Chim - Gdng) Tie Lilm, (^ Idng) Ddu/

Giaa - (Idng) G5 CWi/, OtS/ldng) C«m- (ldng) Cd Ldm, QcS/ ldng) Dgm - Gdng) Cd Ldm, (kil ldng) Xdm/Som - (ldng) Cd Ldm, GcS/ Idng/ ch?) Chu - (Idng) Cd Log/Khd La. a ddy, dm tiit thft hai ciia dja danh Hdn - Vi^t phdn dnh ngft dm cua dja danh Ndm Id rat di nhdn thay (thi dvi, Chdp - Lep, Chim - Lilm, Chu - Loa/LO, v.v.); cdn hi$n tupng am tiit thft nhit cua dja danh Hdn - ViSt phdn dnh ngft am ctia dja danh Ndm thi khd nhdn wit hon nhung khong phdi Id khdng nhdn thiy dupc.

Ching h?n, d dja danh Ndm Chdp, Chim, Chi, nhd nhiing quy lujt ngft am ljch sft cua tiing ViSt da dupc Idm sdng td, chung ta cd thi hodn todn khdi phye l?i Giay tdi IJp) Ijii djng thftc ban diu eua chung thdnh *kldp/ tldp >

Chdp, *klem/llem > Chim vd *klu/

kio/khiu > Chu*.

Doi vdi trudng hpp thft ba ndy, theo ehiing tdi, ehinh d ^ g thftc ngft am cua dja danh Ndm dd chi phii cdch Iva chpn kieu tuong ftng khi ngudi

ta Hdn - ViSt hod dja danh Ndm. Theo dd, cd IS dm tiit thft hai trong dja danh Hdn - Vi$t dung di phiSn dm ngft Sm phin vin hay todn bp dm tiit ciia dja danh Ndm: *U^tl^ > lap (Cd Ldp),

*kllm/tlem > Item (TuLllm) vd *klu/

khiu/ klg > lu/ loa (Khd LB/ Cd Loa).

Trong khi dd, dm tiit thft nhit trong dja danh Han - ViSt dd phdn dnh ngtt dm chi riSng am diu, th$m chi Id yiu t i phy dm trong t i hpp phy dm diu eua dja danh Ndm: *kl/tl/k>cd (Cd Lgp), •kl/ll/t>ia (Tu Lilm), *kl/

khi/k> khd/ cd (Khd LU/ Cd Log).

Li do Id khi Hdn - ViSt hod, ngft dm tieng Vi^t dang cdn luu gitt rd nSt ti hpp phy dm dau trong dm tiet dja danh Ndm. d) thdi ki vi sau, to hpp phy am diu dd bien dii thdnh don dm trong tiing Vi?t (thi dy, • i f rJ'*:> cA (C/4').

*kl/tUl> ch (Chim), *kl/khl/k> ch (Chu), v.v...). Nhu vjy, d tradng hpp ndy, am tiit dja danh Ndm hi^n nay (Chdp, Chem, Chit) dd Id mpt khii thong nhit md khdng cdn gift dupc

"in tupng hai dm tiet" nhu dpng thftc ci xua trude ddy dd cd.

Thft hai, vi li do cdch lya chpn am tiit cdn Ipi trong dia danh Hdn - Vi^ thi t?m thdi chiing ta ehua dft co sd ngdn ngft hpc di If gidi. Thi dy, d tradng hpp (kS/ ldng) Mgc Gdng) - Nhdn M^c thi d dja danh Hdn - Vift ngudi ta ehpn yeu to n/i^ Id do ^ nghm hay ngft dm (!) cfta dm tiet nhdn quy djnh. Tuy nhiSn, chftng tdi dy dodn xu hudng lya chpn d day trSn "d^

thi" Id thi hiSn d mdt ngft nghia. Nd ed thi phy thupc vdo "udc vpng" cfta

Bdn thgm v^...

cdng d6ng hay "d$c dilm vdn hod"

ho$c "djch ngtiia" mft ylu t6 trong to hpp dja danti, v.v.. cua viing dat khi ngudi ta Hdn - Vift hod dja danh Ndm.

Thfl ba, nhu vgy d ddy khd cd tfil cd khd ndng ttidnh t6 chui^ trong dja danh Ndm (nhu ke trong ke/ ldng Loa) chuyin ttidnh mpt thdnh t6 trong ( ^ danh Hdn - Vift Dilu dd cflng cd nghia rit khd cd ktid ndng mdt trong hai dm tilt cfla dia danh Hdn - Vift Id dgng thiie phien dm ngfl dm eua thdnh t6 ehung ciu thdnh nSn phflc hpp dia danh Ndm. Cho nSn, gjd thilt toTDng trudng hpp CS Loa/ Khd LU, Cd Dfnh, CS Bdn, v.v... (vd cd tfil cd Cd Ldp hay Tie Liem), ylu t6 C6 cfla C6 Loa, C6 Bdn, C6 Dfnh, v.v... (cflng nhu Cd cua Cd Ldp chdng hgn) Id sy Hdn - Vift hod tfidnh t6 chung ki tixing phiie h(;rp dja danh Ndm Id gid djnh khiSn cudng. Vd lgi nhfhig gl dd ptidn tich cho bilt, khdng nhit tiiilt tiidnh t6 chung ke trong dia danh Ndm ptidi dupc Hdn - Vift hod. Trudng hi?p ke Loa ehuyln d6i sang Cd Loa, nlu cd, till ddy ptidi Id mdt ngogi If ein dxtxjc gidi thfeh If do.

Mye dfch eua chflng ta ktii tim hilu CO che Hdn - Vift hod dia danh Ndm ^n Idng (k£/ ctig) Id dk %(sp phin xde dinh xuit xfl vd y nghia dich thyc cua trudng hpp dia danh Co Loa. Cdch gidi ttiich cfla Ddo Duy Anh, nhu d ti^n dd trinh bdy, phd vd tinh nhit qudn cfla cdch hilu vl dja danh md ngdn ngfl hpc cd till md td d m$t d6ng dgi. Trong khi dd, tr€n thyc tl ldng C6 Loa cd mdt t6n gpi Ndm Id ChU

n

(trong chg/ ke CM) nhung Dao Duy Anh lgi chua ndi tm. Cho nen d ddy, vl bdn chit can tim hieu mdi lien hf giua ten Ndm (chg/ ke) Chu vdi (ldng) .Kftd iu/Cd iofl cd is hpp If hon. Khi ddn gian Vift cd tSn Ndm chg Chii nhung dl gpi noi cu tni ciia minti, cdch gidi ttiich ctia Ddo Duy Anh cho rdng ngudi ta mupn tii tilng Hdn ten gpi Loa Thdnh dl tgo ra phuc hpp dja (ianh ke/ chg Loa vfla Vift vfla Hdn Id khdng phfl hpp vdi tfiyc tl xuit hifn cdc dja danh Khd LU - Cd Loa - Loa Thdnh hifn ed trong thu tjch.

2.3. v i n dl Hdn - Vift hod dia danh Cd Loa

d trSn, chiing tdi dd trinh bdy vi sao cd thl nhgn thiy edeh gidi ttifeh ngu6n goc vd y nghia dia (ianh Cd Loa cfla hpc gid Ddo Duy Anh la chua phu hpp vdi cdch thuc Hdn - Vift hod dia danh Ndm. Theo do, rit khd cd khd ndng mdt ttidnh t6 chung cfla dia danh Ndm lgi chuyen tfidnh mdt ylu to eau thdnh ten rieng trong dia danh Hdn - Vift. Trong khi dd, dng lgi bd qua sy hifn difn gifia ten Ndm {chg/ke) Chu vdi ten gpi Hdn - Vift Cd Loa. Cd 16 m6i lien hf ngfl dm gifia tiai dang tfiflc ndy m(ii la cMa khod dl ehiing ta gidi ttifeh nguon g6e vd y nghia cua dja danh Hdn - Vift cfla ldng ndy.

2.3.1. Ca sd de tdi lgp ten Ndm Chu trong (chg/ke) Chu

Dja danh Ndm chg Chii cd nghia Id long Cha hay ke Chii. Phflc hpp iy gom hai ylu t6, frong do chg, long, ke Id thdnh t6 chung ctii "logi dem vj

12 Ngon ngit s6 4 ndm 2015 cu tni", cdn yiu to Chi mdi chlnh

Id thdnh ti chl tSn riSng. Di ldm rd moi liSn h? ngtt dm dang dupc quan tam giiia (chg/ ke) Chi vd "ldng Cd Lod', trudc hit chiing ta sS nh§n diSn

(hay tdi I|ip) dpng thftc eo xua cfta Chi.

£)i ldm dupc dieu do, chiing ta sS phdn tich sy tuong iing gifta nhftng dia danh Ndm vd dia danh Hdn - ViSt tucmg ftng sau ddy:

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Dja danh N6m (kit ldng) Chdp (kit ldng) Chem (kit Idng) ChS (kil Idng) Chdy Oii) Chudng Oii) Ddu/Gidu (kit Idng) Chdm (ch«/ kS) Chti (kil ling) Chai (\lmg/ki)Giai (kil ldng) Dgm (kil ling) Giai (ki) sdm/xdm (ling/U) Sdu (kS/ ling) Troi (Mag/ki) Choi

Dja danh Hdn - ViSt (ling) Cd Lap (lang) Tir Lilm (ling) Cao Thg (Iki^ Tri Li/l/dc Li (ling) Phuang Trung (ling) Co CMa (ling) Co iam (ling) Co i o a / K W i i ! (ling) Co Trai (ling) Thu Trai (ling) Co Lam (ling) Cd Trai (ling) Co Mm (ldng) Hd Lieu (ling) Khue Togi (ling) Thugng Thuy

Vj tri dja li Quing Xuong, Thanh Hod Tft LiSm, H i NOi Gia Binh, Bdc Ninh Thanh Oai, Hd Npi Thanh Oai, Hd Npi Tft Son, Bic Ninh Luong Tii, Bdc Ninh Dong Anh, H i N$i Kien Thyy, Hii Phdng Phuc Thp, Hd Npi Va Gidng, Bdc Ninh DuySn Hd, Thdi Binh Hd Ddng, H i Npi Thanh Tri, H i Npi V6 Giing, BSc Ninh Dan Phupng, H i NOi Nhttng trudng hpp tuong ftng ndi

trSn phdn dnh khd ndng bien ddi nhu sau:

a) Cd 5 trudng hpp thi hi$n sy tuong ftng gifta dm dau ch cfta am tiit Ndm vdi dm diu / eua dm tiit Hdn - Vi^

thft hai. Dd Id Ch^ > Cdl^p; Chim >

Tic Liem; Chdy > Tri Ll/ Vdc Le:

Chdm > Cd Ldm vdChu> Cd Loa/

Khd Ld. Dya vdo tuong ftng ngft dm gitta dm dau vd phin vin cua dm tiit Ndm vdi am tiit Hdn - Vipt thft hai, ngft am ijch sft tiing Vi$t' cho biit cd the d ^ g thftc tien ngdn ngft ciia Chim Id *kllm/ *tl6m, eua Chdp Id 'kldpt *tldp vd cua Chu Id *m/ *tli.

Diy ed 15 Id nhiing tuong ftng phdn dnh v i ^ chuyen tu ngft dm thuin Vi^t sang ngft dm Hdn Vipt thdng thudng vd diin hinh nhit.

b) Cd 5 trudng hpp the hi?n sy tuong irng gifta am dau dm tiit Ndm ch hay tr vdi dm diu th, I hay tr cua am ait Hdn Vipt thft hai. Dd Id ChS >

Cao Thg; Chudng > Phuang Trung;

Chdi > cd Trai; Trbi > Khue Togi;

Choi > Thugng Thw. ^ nhOng trudng hpp ndy, sy khde biSt gifta chvitrd am tiit Ndm chi Id sy khde biSt vi mjt vdn ty. VI thi cdn eft vdo am diu th.

Bin thim v i . . 13 fr vd f cfta am tiit thft hai trong dia

danh Hdn - ViSt, ngudi ta cd thi nghi ring to hpp dm diu thuin ViSt nhieu khd ndng Id mpt t i hpp gom mOt dm tic I hay k vdi mdt dm ldng / hay r kieu kll kr hay (/ md hiSn nay tiing Mudng vd mpt vdi phuong ngft Vipt vin cdn luu gift.

Nhu v$y, d?ng thftc tien ngdn ngft cua am tiit Ndm Chd, Chudng, Chdi, Trdi, Chdi tat cd thi Id *tld,

*tludng, 'tldi, *lldt vd *lldi. Sy khde biSt gitta trudng hpp (a) vd (b) cho chftng ta biit thSm ring cd thi id chiing dupc chuyin sang Hdn Vi^t khdng ciing thdi diim vdi nhau, tiic sy chuyin dii tft Ndm sang Hdn - Vi$t d nhftng trudng hpp (b) mudn hon khi cdc t i hpp dm diu dd dd ed sy biin dpi khde vdi d^ng tiin ngdn ngft.

c) Cdn 6 trudng hpp cd sy tuong ftng giiia am diu dm tiit Ndm vdi am diu am tiit thft hai dia danh Hdn - Vipt phftc t?p hon. Theo dd, dm diu cfta dm tiit Ndm Id d/gi hay s/x tuong iing vdi am diu cfta dm tiit thft hai trong dia danh Hdn Vi^ Id cA/fr hay /.

TTnh Wnh ey thi id Ddu/Giiu > Cd Chdu: Cuti > Thu Trai; Dgm > Cd Ldm; Giai > Cd Trai; Sdm/Xdm >

cd Lam; Sdu > Hd Liiu.

Nhin bSn ngodi, trudng hpp (c) ndy cd vS khde vdi hai trudng hpp (a) vd (b). Nhung rit cd thi chung ehi ciing Id mdt kiiu tiin ngdn ngtt trong tiing Vi^t trudc day. Bdi vi trong ngtt am lich sft tiing Vi^ sy khde bipt mdt bSn ^tl/gi h i ^ nay vdi mpt ben kbdc

Id ch/ tr cd thi chuyin doi eho nhau;

eung v$y, sy khac bipt giiia m^t bSn Id s/ X hi$n nay vdi mpt ben khde id ch/ ti- hay / deu cd thi chuyen doi cho nhau'°. Vi thi, cd thi tdi Ijp diing tiin ngdn ngtt trong tieng Vi|t cdc am tiet tSn Ndm Ddu/ Gidu, Giai, Dgm, Glal, sdm/Xdm, Sdu Id *tldu, *tlgl, *tlgm,

*tlgl. 'tidm, *tldu. Sy khde biSt d trudng hpp (e) vdi hai trudng hpp (a) vd (b), nhu tbi. Id phdn dnh sy khae nhau ve thdi gian ngudi ta Han - ViSt hod dia danh Ndm. Trong ngtt dm Iich sft tiing ViSt ngudi ta dd chftng mmh rit rd dieu dd [5a], [li].

2.3.2. Dgng thftc ban ddu ciia tSn Ndm Chit trong (chg/ke) Chu

Vdi nhiing gi vfta phdn tich d trSn, chiing ta cd the eho ring dang thftc am Ndm Chu trong phftc hpp dia danh chg Chu hipn nay ed d ^ g tien Vipt id *kli/ *tli hay *tlo/ 'Mo.

Tbeo quy ludt chuyin dii ngft am lich sft tiing Vi$t, d?ng thftc tiin ViSt ndy dd chuyin tbdnh dang ngft am chu vd hi^n nd Id tSn Ndm cua ldng. Khi Hdn - ViSt hod dia danh Ndm, am tiit thft hai trong dia danh Hdn - Vipt dupc dung di phien dm dang thftc ngft dm cua dm tiet Ndm; cho nSn tuong ftng vdi *klu/ 'tiu hay 'llo/ *klo tiudc day s6 Id li hay log Han - ViSt. Cdn am tiit thft nhit trong dia danh Han - ViSt thudng chi phdn dnh dgng thftc ngft dm cua yiu t i thft nhit trong t i hpp dm dau ciia dia danh Ndm nSn tuong ftng vdi *klu/ tli hay 'tig/ 'kio trudc kia sS Id khd hay cd hipn nay.

14 Ngdn ngli' so 4 ndm 2015 Nhu vgy, neu nhin d m$t ngfl dm

ljch sfl tilng Vift, rS rdng s\r tiifn difn cua tSn ndm chg ChU tuong flng vdi ten Hdn - Vift Cd Loa hay Khd LU Id hpp If. Cd nghTa Id Khd LU hay Cd Loa hifn nay Id tif qud cfla edeh Uki - Vift hod dja danh *khi/ *tlu hay *tlo/ *klo trudc kia.

2.3.3. Gid thiet lich sfl cfla dia danh Cd Loa

Vdi khd ndng gidi ttifch xuit xfl dia danh Cd Loa nhu vvra trinh bdy, ehiing tdi xin dua ra gid ttiilt lieh sfl efla dja danh Cd Loa nhu sau. Dgng thflc ban dau cua nd sg Id *klu/ *tlu tiay *A/o/ *tlo. Dgng ban dau ndy biln d6i theo ngfl am Iich sfl tilng Vift dl cd am chu (tSn Ndm) nhu tiifn nay;

dong thdi dgng thflc ban diu iy klii dupc Hdn - Vift hod (tfl/ sau till ki XJII) tfidnh Khd LS hay Cd Loa. Ten gpi Loa Thdnh phdi xuat tiif n sau khi dd cd tSn gpi Cd Loa.

Cdeh gidi tiifch *klu/ *tlu > (chg) ChO/ Khd LU hay *klo/ *tlo > C6 Loa hodn todn rd rdng vl m§t ngft dm lich Sli tieng Vift vd phfl hpp vdi tiifn tupng Hdn - Vift hod dia danh Ndm Id ten Idng. Cd co sd dl cho rdi^ dgng tfiux; ban dau *A/u/ *r/« hay •A/o/ *tlo Id mpt dgng thflc cd nguon g6c Nam Ddo (Austronesian) vdi nghia Id "ngd ba sdng". "Va tfil cd tfil gidi tfifeh (ldng/

k6/chg) CAii > .K/id ifi ho$e > Cd Zoa Id ldng "d ngd ba sdng"; cdn iofl 77ww/j Id "tod tiidnh d lang C6 Loa".

Nhu vf y, hai edeh tilp egn trong n^&i cuu dia danh cho ta gid tiiilt khde ntiau nhimg chflng b6 sung eho nliau.

CHU THICH

' Thf dy nhu cfc tec phim D(?i Vi$t sit ky torn thr dia. Ngd ST Li6n (thl ki XV), 6 chdu cgn li/ic cua Duong Yin An (the ki XVI), Phu bien tqp Ivc cua L6 Quy Don (till ki XVn), Lfch trieu hien chuang logi chi cua Phan Huy Chfl (thl kl XVIII). Gia dinh thdnh thong chi cfla Trinh HoSi Dtic (the ki XVni), Dong Khdnh du dfa chi (till ki XIX), Ten lang xa Vi^t Nam dau the ki XIX (thuge cdc tinh tir Nghe An tra ra) (do Ducmg Thi The vJl Phgm Thj Thoa dich vd bi€n sogn n&m 1981), Bja danh vd tdi li$u luu tni ve long xd B&c Ky [9], i)<n Nam nhdt thong chi cua Qii6c sir qu5n trilu Nguyin, v.v...

^ Chang hgn, Ngo Vi Lien (nSm 1928) vdi Ten long x3 va dia du cdc tinh Bdc K^, Ddo Duy Anh (nSm 1964, in lgi nam 1997) vdi Dat nu&c Viet Nam qua cdc dai 6i nghien cflu dia danh nhu Ik chflng cd dk ldm rd qud trinh xdc lgp, phan djnh lanh th6 vi tCmg khu vvrc; Nguyin Quang An vdi Vi^t Nam, nhiing thay doi dfa danh va dia gidi cdc dan vj hdnh chinh 1945-1997 da trinh b^y qud trinh thay d6i dja danh hdnh chfnh tfl xS (phirdng, thi trin) trong Hon 50 nam ke tfl ngdy Vi^t Nam gidnh dupc dpc l§p; NgiQ'ln V5n Au vdi Mgt so vdn di vi dfa danh Vi^t Nam (nam 2000) cung budc dau h$ 1h6ng hod theo logi, kilu, dgng vd cdc vflng dia danh kbdc nhau d Vi$t Nam.

' Trong s6 dd, c6 till kl din nhUng tdc gii nhu Thdi Hodng (nam 1982) vdi Bdn vi ten long a VietNam, Bia Tiak (nam 1987) da If giii tfl g6c nhin ljch sfl Sit hinh thdnh vd dien biin cua cdc tin ldng ngu&i Vi?t cho den nSm 1945, T6 Dinh NghTa (nam 1990) gidi thfch ve Nguon goc va-p nghia cdc yeu tS Bak, Ya, Krong... trong

Bdn them ve... 15

mgt so dfa danh & Toy Nguyen, Ng6 Dfle Thp (1997) nghign cflu nguyen nhdn ki huj lim thay doi cdc ( ^ danh trong Nghien cuu chif huy Vi0t Nam qua cdc triiu dgi, Bui Dfle Tinh (1999) vdi Lugc khdo ngudn goc dia danh Nam Bg, Vu Ngpc Kh^nh (nam 2000) l^p hpp lgi tfl g6c nhin dja chl thinh t§p Chuydn ki dfa danh Viei Nam, D 6 van Ninh (nam 2001) xem xit Khdng gian phdn bo dfa danh co co tir to "chiing"

tu Viil Nam din Thdi Lan, Ninh Vilt Giao (nam 2009) vdi Qud trinh hinh thanh long xa &Nghe An, Phgm Tnrdng Khang (nim 2009) viet dudi dgng Hoi ddp dia danh Uch sir VietNam, v.v...

Nhttng tfl diln nhim myc dfch tra cflu thong tin vl dja danh Vi§t Nam nhu Tir diin Hd Ngi: Bia danh (nSm 1993) vd Bfa danh vdn hod Viet Nam (nam 1999) cua Biii Thilt, cuon Tir diin du&ng pho HdNgi cCia nh6m Nguyin Loan (nam 1994), cu6n So tay dfa danh Vi?t Nam cua Dio Xudn Vinh (nam 1995), cu6n So tay dfa danh Vi$t Nam cua Nguyin Dirpc - Trung Hdi (nam 1998), cu6n Tir diin bdch khoa dfa danh Hdi Phong do Ng6 Dang Lpi chfl biSn (nam 1998), cu6n Bfa danh thanh phS Hui cOa nh6m Tran Thanh TSm (nam 2001), cuIn So toy dfa danh du Ifch cdc tinh Trung Trung Bg cua nh6m Ngi^ln Quang Hd vd nhieu tdc gii khic (nam 2002), cuon Tir dien dfa danh thdnh j ^ Sdi Gon- Ho Chi Minh" do L8 Tnmg Hoa chu bien (cu6n 2003), cu6n Tir diin dfa danh vdn hod va thdng cdnh Viit Nam (nam 2004) do nh6m Nguyin Nhu Y, Nguyen Thinh Chuong, Bfli Thilt bifin sogn, v.v...

'' v l l u ^ in tien si ngdn ngfl hpc, cd till kl din cdng trinh Nhimg ddc diim

chinh cua dfa danh & thdnh phd Ho Chi Mmh (nam 1990) cua Le Tnmg Hoa, Nhiing dgc diem chinh cua dfa danh Hdi Phong (sa bg so sdnh v&i mgt so vimg khac) (nam 1996) cda Nguyin Ki6n Tmdng, Nghien cuu dfa danh Qudng Trf (nam 2003) cda Tfl Thu Mai, Nhimg ddc diem chinh ciia dfa danh Dak Ldk (nim 2005) cua Trin van Dung, Khdo sdt cdc dfa danh & Nghi An (nSm 2006) cfla Phan Xuan Dgm, Bfa danh co nguon goc ngon ngir ddn tgc thieu so a Tdy Thira Thiin Hui (nam 2013) cua T r ^ van Sing, Bdc trung ngon ngfi - vdn hod cua dfa danh Thanh Hod (nam 2014) cua Vu TTij Thing, A/joo cwu ($3 obn/i gudng Binh (2015) cfla Nguyen Dinh Hflng v.v...

Nhttng cuon sich xudt bdn vilt vl dja danh Vift Nam theo cich thurc tiep c^n ngon ngtt hpc nhu Bfa danh & thanh phd Ho Chi Mmh (nim 1991) hay nhftng cu6n Tim hieu nguon goc dfa danh Nam Bg vd tieng Viit vdn hgc (nam 2002), Bfa danh hgc Viit Nam (nam 2006) cua Le Trung Hoa v.v... C6n nhChig bii bio (dupc c6ng b6 trfin nhttng tgp chf chuyen nginh nhu tgp chf Ngon ngir, Ngon ngU & B&i song, Vdn hda ddn gian, Vdn hod Nghi thugt, Xua & Nay, Hdn Nom...) ching hgn nhu:

V5 Xudn Trang vdi bii Bir&c dau tim hiiu cdc tin long co tien t6 "Ke" & Binh Trf Thiin (nim 1985); HuyIn Nam vdi bdi iowg va ke trong hi thong td chuc ca s&

CO truyin (nam 1986); Tg Vin Th6ng vdi cdc bii Ten rieng trong tieng Kaho (nam 1993), Biim qua m0t so dfa danh Thdi trin miin Toy BSc (nam 1997); Hoing Tit TTiing vdi bii Dfa danh Bd Ndng t^ cdch tiip cgn ngon ngU hgc (nim 2003); Nguyen Van Hi§u vdi nhttng bii nhu Nhiing dfa danh

16 Ngdn ngfr s6 4 nfim 2015 gdc Hdn a m^ so vimg ddn tgc Mmg-Dao

& Vi$t Nam (tren cir liiu dfa danh hdnh chinh tinh Lao Cai) (nim 2005), Vdn hod ddn lgc M^g - Dao & Lao Ceu dugc phdn mh qua ngfi n^m cua dfa danh hanh diinh goc Hdn (nam 2006), Vdn de quoc ngU hod hi thong phu dm ddu trong cdc dja danh goc Hdn quan thogi Toy Nam a Viet Nam (nam 2007); nh6m Nguyen Diic Tin vdi bii Thu tim hieu y nghia dfa danh Vo Nhai (Thdi Nguyen) (nam 2009); Virong Toin vdi bii Cdc ddc diim cia dja danh Toy Nung a Lgng San (nim 2009); hay nhu Cdc phuang diin vdn hod cia dfa danh &

Thira Thiin Hui (nim 2009), Gid trf phdn dnh hiin th\rc cua dfa danh co nguon goc ngon ngU ddn tgc thieu so & Thiia Thien Hue (nam 2009), Bgc diem cdu tgo va y nghia cdc dja danh cd nguon gSc ngdn ngU ddn tgc thiiu so Pa co-Ta oi & huyin A Lir&i. Thua Thiin Hui (nim 2010), Dgc diim ngon ngU - vdn hda cdc dia danh cd nguon goc tieng Ca~tu & ThUa Thien Hui (nam 2011) cua Trin Vftn Sing v.v...

' Cy till Id nhttng bii cua Trin Tri DOi nhir Vi dia danh Cua Lo (nim 2000), Ve mgi vdi dfa danh, tin rieng goc Nam Bdo trong vimg Hd Ngi xua (nam 2000), Khdng gian ngon ngir va tinh ke thira da chiiu cua dfa danh (qua phdn tich mgt vai dfa danh & Viit Nam) (nam 2001), Vdn di dfa danh biin gidi Tdy Nam: mgt vdi nhgn xit vd nhirng hen nghf (nim 2001), Tiip tvc tim hiiu ve xudt xu vd y nghia dia danh Cd Loa (Qua cdch gidi thich dfa danh nay cua Gido su Bao Duy Anh) {t^an 2005), Ba bdi viit vi dfa danh Cd Loa (nam 2008), Ten ggi cua song Hong: ddu tich biiu hien net da dgng van hod trong

Ifch su ngu&i Viit (nam 2008), Tin ggi thdnh 'Dong' vd li hgi 'Phii Dong': goc ntan tir r^ anlfcJisir tia^ Viit (nam 2012), Thu di xudt cdch phdn tich vd nhgn difn tif nguyen goc Chdm m0t so dfa danh ddo a biin Dong (nam 2012), v.v...

* Ve cich hilu "tiidnh t l chung" ciia phflc hpp dia danh, chi tilt c6 thl xem d (Jix Thu Mai, 2003). Trong tnrdng hpp ten gpi N6m {chg/ ke/ long) Chu, Hin - Vifit (long) Cd Loa/ Khd ifi till cic ylu t l chg/

ke/ long li "thinh t l chung" cua phflc hpp dja danh (ddi khi gpi tit li dja danh), c6n Cha, Cd Loa. Khd LQ, Loa (neu c6) li tfin rifing mdi thyc sy li dia danh.

' Nhttng "tuong flng cd quy lu|t"

trong biln d6i ngtt dm cua lich sfl tilng Vift vd thdi gian Uch sir ciia nhttng hi§n tupng iy xin xem chi tilt d tii lifiu tham khio [5b]. [7d], [7e]. Chflng t6i xin ndi tiifim ddi dieu d diy. Cy till, cic im tiet N6m Ch<^, Chem. Chu cttng cd thl vilt bang chft Quic ngft l>dp. Trim, TH. Hifin nay, quy lu$t ngtt Im ljch sfl tilng Vi$t Iheo dd Sm diu cl *kl/tl/khl > tr/ch dupc xdc dinh rd khi so sinh gifta tilng Mudng, ti^ng Vift till ki XVII {Tfl diln Viit - Bd - Latinh cua A. de Rhodes nim 1651), phuong ngft Vift Bac Trung BO vi tieng Vift hifn nay. Thf dy, tilng Mudng: kiu, tlau, kl&i/

tidi - tieng Vift till kl XVII: kiu/ tru. tidu/

trau, kl&i/tiai/tr&i/l&i-^ti^W^ijQy&ng Binh: kiu. kidu. tl&i - vi tilng Vift hifin m^: trdu/chdu, trdu/chau. tr&i/ch&i/gi&i.

' Trong dgng thflc tdi Up niy, dl trinh sy phflc tgp chua cin tiiilt, chiing ta tgm thdi coi dgng thflc thanh difiu hifn nay li dgng thflc c l xua. Trong thyc tl tinh hinh thanh difiu khdng don giin nhir v§y.

Bdn th6m vl...

" Ngudi ta c6 till din ra nhftng tuong flng sau ddy cua tilng Vift dl chimg minh cho hifin tupng ndy. Thf dy, Vifit: (con) trdu, Vifit d Ninh Binh: (con) tdu. Mudng (con) ldu; Vift (c^) tre, Vifit d Ninh Binh:

(cdy) te. Mudng (cdy) kle; Vift: trdng, Vift dNinhBinh: i^g, Mudng: JfeSii^/i&^g v,v...

'" Trong tilng Vifit hifin nay hifin vHn luu gitt cich ndi kilu (con) trai, (in) tr^u, tr&i v6i kilu (con) giai, (in) gidu, gi&i vi (gi) ti-ong. (ldm) trdi, (cdi) treo vdi (gd) song, (l^sdi, (cii) seo... cdlfildsyphin dnh chuyin dli ngtt dm ndi trfin.

T A I L I $ U THAM K H A O 1. E)ao Dio' Anh, Dot nudc Viet Nam qua cdc d&i, Nxb TTiudn Hoa - Hue, 1997.

2. Hodng Thj Chdu, Moi lien h$ ve ngdn ngU co dgi d Ddng Nam A qua mgt vdi tin song, Thdng bio khoa hpc, Dgi hpc Tong hpp Hd NOi, Tdp 3,1964.

3. Ngd Vi Lien, TSn ldng xa vd dia du cdc tinh B^c Ky, Nxb VHTT, 1999.

4. Nguyin Kifin Trudng, Mo hlnh Ki + X trong ten ldng xd co truyen, T/c Vdn hoa ddn gian, S6 2 (54), 1996.

5. Nguyin Tdi Cin,

a. Gido trinh lfch su ngS dm tieng Vi?t(sa thdo).'Nxb GD, 1995.

b. Nguon goc vd qud tiinh hinh thdnh cdch dgc Hdn mt, Nxb DHQGHN, 2001.

17

\i. Mgt so chung tich vi ngon ngU, vdn t^vd vdn hod, Nxb DHQGHN, 2001.

6. Tran Quoc Vupng (chu bien), Vdn hod hgc dgi cuong vd ca sa vdn hod Vi^t Nam, Nxb KHXH, H., 1996.

7. Tran Trf D5i

a. Ngon ngU vd s{r phdt triin vdn hodxa hgi, Nxb VHTT, 2001.

b. Tiep tvc tint hieu vi xuat xu vd y nghia dfa danh Co Loa (gua cdch gidi thich dja danh ndy cua GSBdo DuyAnH), T/c Ngdn ngtt, So 11, 2005.

c. Ba bdi viet ve dfa danh Co Loa, In trong 20 ndm Viet Nam hgc theo dfnh hu&ng lien ngdnh, Nxb The gjdi, R, 2008.

d. Mgt vdi van di nghiin ciru so sdnh Ifch sd nhdm ngon ngti Vi$t - Mudng, Nxb DHQG, H., 2011.

e. Gido trinh lfch sir tieng Vi^t, Nxb GD.H.,2011.

8. Tfl Thu Mai, Nghien cim dfa danh Qudng Trf, Lugn dn Tien sT Ngtt vin, Tnidng DHKHXH&NV, DHQGHN. 2004.

9. Vu Thi Minh Huong, Nguyen van Nguyen, Philippe Papin, Dfa danh vd tdi lieu luu trir vi long xa Bac - Ky, Nxb VHTT, 1999.

10. Vifn Khdo co hpc, Hiing Vuang dvngmr&c, Tgp I, Nxb KHXH, H , 1970.