C\[ghien diu - Trao ioi 39 - Khoa h o c Chfnh tri
BAN VE Slf DUNG
QUYEN Ll/C LANH DAO
Nguyin Dinh Phong (•)
t
anh dao duge hieu la sU tuong tdc gifla hai n h a n td: ehu the' lanh dao (ca nhan vd nhdm) va dd'i tugng lanh dao (ca n h a n vd nhdm, td chUe xa hdi), trong dd ehu the lanh dao bdng nhflng hdnh vi, Ung xfl eiia minh de anh hudng, dinh hudng, dieu khien vd dieu ehinh hanh vi eua ddi tugng lanh dao nhdm dat den mue tieu, dap Ung ky vgng eiia nhdm, td ehUc. Hieu qua cua boat ddng lanh dao duge danh gid bdng kha nang hoan thdnh mue tieu eiia nhdm - td chfle va mUc do trUdng t h a n h cua ddi tugng lanh dao ve m a t n h a n each.Quyin lue lanh dao dugc hieu la kha nang eua ngudi lanh dao trong viec anh hudng tdi ddi tugng lanh dao nhdm hoan thdnh tdt nhdt nhflng muc tieu eua nhdm - td chfle xa hdi n h a t dinh.
Khi ndi den quyen Iflc, thdng thudng ngudi ta de cap den ba dac diem ca ban:
'•'ThS. Tam ly. Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh khu vifc II, Hoc vien CT-HCQG Ho Chi Minh
Tlid nhdt, quyen liic cd d ngUdi lanh dao, ngUdi lanh dao cd the sU dung hoac khdng suf dung quyin liie;
Tlid hai, quyin lUc lanh dao duge the hien, p h a t huy vai trd khi ddi tugng lanh dao tiep nhdn vd the hien thai dp, hdnh vi trong td chfle;
Thd ba, sUc manh eiia quyen lUc dugc tao ra bdi nd liie ciia ca nhan ngUdi lanh dao - tfle la san pha'm eua qud trinh hgc tap, tich luy kinh nghiem va ren luyen pha'm chat dao dUe cua ngUdi lanh dao va sU cung cap tU sfle manh cua mdi trudng td chUc xa hdi (tUe la vi tri - cap) ehUc vu ma ngUdi lanh dao ddm nhdn.
Quyen lUe Id ngudn sUc manh can ban cua boat ddng lanh dao. De hoat ddng lanh dao dat dugc nhflng mong mudn, ddi hdi ngudi lanh dao (chu the) phai ed nhUng ehie'n lugc hoac ky nang suf dung quyen liic mdt each khoa hgc vd cao hon la nghe thuat.
Quyen lue lanh dao tii nd khdng gidi thich v i hieu qua cua ngudi lanh dao trong tac ddng, dnh hudng tdi nhUng ngudi dudi quyen. Mdi ngUdi lanh dao
40 - Khoa hoc Chinh tri 'J^lghien diu - Trao id'i
trong qua trinh tac ddng, deu cd nhflng ket qua khac nhau dd'i vdi eon ngUdi va td chfle. Hieu qua eua sii tdc ddng phu thudc vao mue tieu, d a n h gia tinh hudng va sd dung eae ngudn quyen liic cua ngUdi lanh dao (ed n h a n va nhdm lanh dao). Trong thiic te, cd ngUdi n h a n thflc duge va cd ngudi khdng n h a n thUc dugc t a m quan trgng eua nhflng chien lugc a n h hudng de dat den diiu mong mudn. Nhflng ngUdi t h d n h cdng thudng la nhflng ngUdi n a n g ddng, danh gia dung tinh hudng va p h a t huy dung quyen liie ma hg cd. De cd chien luge sfl dung hoac hinh t h d n h ky nang sfl dung quyen lUc, ngUdi lanh dao can n a m bdt dugc cac ngudn quyen lUe eiia ban t h a n minh, ddng thdi phai ndm bdt duge cdc dae tinh eua dd'i tugng lanh dao de' phdt huy mdt each tdt n h a t sfle m a n h ciia quyen liic n h d m thiic hien cac muc tieu.
1. Cac n g u o n q u y e n Ivfc v a nhiJng y e u c a u k h i svt d u n g q u y e n \\ic
Cac nhd khoa hge da ed nhieu nghien eflu v i quyin liic va dUa ra n h i i u each phan loai ngudn quyen liic. Tuy nhien, each p h a n loai eua French va Raven dugc quan t a m va sfl dung phd bie'n. Hai dng da p h a n ra lam 5 ngudn quyin liic co ban eua lanh dao: quyen liie phdp ly, quyen liie cUflng bUc, quyin lUe khuyen khich, quyen lue tU van va quyen liic chuyen mdn.
+ Quyen Idc phdp ly: la sfle m a n h ed d ngudi lanh dao, quan ly, cd kha n a n g ehi phdi, dieu khien ngUdi dUdi quyin diia tren co sd sii thfla n h a n ve vai trd, vi tri, nhiem vu cua ngUdi lanh dao, quan ly trong mdt td chfle eua he thd'ng xa hdi n h a t dinh.
Dd'i vdi viee sfl dung quyen liie phap ly, ngudi lanh dao, quan ly phai ddp dng cdc yeu cau sau day:
- Ung xfl lich thiep vdi ddng chi,
ddng nghiep, cac t h a n h vien trong to chfle;
- Tac phong tii tin, n h i e t tinh trong cdng tac;
- Yeu cau cao va nghiem khde doi vdi nhflng ngfldi dfldi quyen;
- P h a i lam eho cap dfldi hieu dugc nhflng yeu cau, m e n h lenh cua minh la nhflng ddi hdi hgp p h a p ;
- Can t h a n khi dfla ra eae yeu cau ddi vdi cap dfldi;
- Sfl dung thdng tin da chiiu;
- Sfl dung quyen Ifle mdt each thudng xuyen va ludn y thUe de ndng cao tinh hop phap ve quyen liie;
- P h a i ludn ddi hdi sii phuc tung cua cap dudi va kiem t r a viee thuc hien ciia cap dudi;
- Kiem t r a va s a n s a n g giai quyet nhUng khd k h a n eua cap dUdi; tim hieu nhUng nguyen n h a n cua sii khdng phuc tung.
+ Quyen lUc cddng bde: la ngudn sfle m a n h cua ngUdi lanh dao, quan ly ed the ehi phdi, diiu khien, bdt budc cap dudi phai thiie hien nhflng n h i e m vu diia tren CO sd nhflng h i n h phat. Nhflng ngfldi dfldi quyen ed the tuan theo hoac tfl chd'i sii trflng phat. Quyen lUe cUOng bUc ehu yeu sfl dung vdi nhflng h a n h vi sai trai hoac kem hieu qua eua ngUdi dUdi quyin. The hien eua nd la cac h i n h thflc ky luat nhU:
khien trach, canh cao, sa thai...
Khi sfl dung quyin lUe eUdng bflc, ngUdi lanh dao, quan ly phai ludn thu nlidng yeu cau sau:
- Thdng bao cho cap dUdi nhflng quyet dinh va h i n h p h a t dd'i vdi hg vi ho da vi p h a m chuan miie eua td chfle;
- P h a i ed nhflng nguyen tdc phii hgp va linh boat trong td chfle;
- Thdng bao day du eho nhflng ngfldi dudi quyen nhUng canh bao trUde khi ho mdc sai lam vd chi rd eho hg nhUng dieu
9{£hien diu - Trao ioi Khoa h o c Chinh tri
hg ed the cd dugc khi sfla chfla nhflng sai lam dd;
- Phan tieh thau dao trfldc khi dfla ra nhflng hinh p h a t dd'i vdi cap dfldi.
Tranh su trflng p h a t bat cdng, vd ly se lam buy hoai uy tin va quyin luc eua ngUdi lanh dao;
- Trdnh sii lam dung hinh phat de thiic hien nhflng mflu dd ea nhdn;
- Binh tinh va khdng t h d n h kien vdi cap dfldi, trdnh t h a i do thu dich vdi cap dfldi;
- Sfl dung hinh p h a t mdt each phu hgp, dung ngfldi, dung mfle do;
- Tranh sfl m a t sdt, si nhue dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi dfldi quyen trong khi sfl dung hinh phat.
+ Quyen lUc khuyen khich: la sUc manh cd d ngudi lanh dao, quan ly, cd kha nang chi phdi, a n h hudng, diiu khien ngUdi dudi quyin bdng each dUa ra nhflng hinh thflc ddng vien, khen thfldng, kieh thich phu hgp. Sfl ban thudng nay dugc the hien ro trong eae hinh thflc: d i xuat t h a n g tien, tao eo hdi de hge tap vflon len, thfldng bdng vat chat, khen trUde tap the...
Khi thue hien quyin liic khuyen khich, ngudi lanh dao, quan ly can chu y thuc hien cdc yeu cau:
- Dua ra nhflng yeu cau, ddi hdi vUa sfle vdi cap dudi;
- Ndm dugc mong mudn cua cap dudi;
- Lam cho cap dudi hieu dugc la ngUdi lanh dao cd the ban thudng eho hg;
- Lam eho cap dudi hie'u dugc la hg phai phuc tung;
- Phdi lam eho ngUdi dudi quyin hieu dugc cdc yeu cau eua lanh dao ddi vdi hg la nhflng chuan mfle;
- Chii trgng khen thudng bdng tinh than dd'i vdi edp dudi.
-1- Quyen luc td vdn: la sfle m a n h ed d ngudi lanh dao, quan ly ed kha n a n g
anh hudng, chi phdi ngudi dudi quyen dua t r e n co sd quan he ehia se kinh nghiem, hieu biet vd ky nang trong hoat ddng. Quyen lue tU van cdn dugc ggi la quyin luc h a p dan. Khi ngUdi lanh dao, quan ly trd t h a n h t h a n tugng cua cap dudi, la t a m guong cho cap dudi hge t a p , noi theo thi sUc anh hudng, thuyet phuc cua ngudi lanh dao cung duge t a n g len.
De' phdt trie'n ve quyin liic tU van, ngUdi lanh dao, quan Iy phai thuc hien cdc yeu cau:
- Biet sfl dung nhflng flu die'm cua cd nhdn trong quan he vdi edp dfldi;
- Xay diing dflge mdi quan he tinh cam, t h a n thien vdi cap dudi;
- Thudng xuyen trau ddi pha'm chat va nang liie cua minh.
-I- Quyen luc chuyen mdn: la sUc manh ed d ngUdi lanh dao, quan ly cd kha nang anh hudng, diiu khien ngUdi dUdi quyen bdng sU thUa n h a n eua hg vao trinh do chuyen mdn, nghiep vu, bdng cap, kinh nghiem cua ngUdi lanh dao.
Khi sfl dung quyen lUc chuyen mdn, ngUdi lanh dao, quan ly can ddm bao cdc yen cau sau:
- Nang cao v i trinh do chuyen mdn cua minh;
- Ndm bdt dugc cdc thdng tin trong td chfle;
- Biet thuc day sfl mong mudn cua cap dfldi;
- Tranh sfl cau tha, tuy tien, thieu traeh nhiem trong khi giao tiep vdi cap dfldi;
- Khdng bieu hien sfl nghi ngd vdi cap dfldi, hdnh ddng phai tfl tin, quyet doan;
- Kip thdi giai quyet nhflng vUdng mdc, khd khan eua cap dudi;
- Ludn yeu cau cao ddi vdi cap dudi trong thiie hien nhiem vu;
42 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri '?{ghien ciiu - Trao ioi
- Tranh nhflng h a n h vi lam ton hai den long tfl trgng cua cap dfldi.
2. Cac t i n h h u o n g sii d u n g q u y e n li^c l a n h d a o
Trong thflc te, eae tinh hudng lanh dao r a t phong phu, sinh ddng gdn lien vdi cac quan he nhieu m a t eua td chfle trong mdi trfldng xa hdi. Trong p h a m vi eua bai viet, ehung tdi ehi de cap den cdc tinh hudng gdn lien vdi eon ngfldi trong td chfle dfldi gdc do cua khoa hge Tam ly hgc lanh dao, quan ly.
a) Sit phdt trien cua nhdm - to chiic Nhflbat ky mdt sfl vat va hien tflgng nao, nhdm - td chfle eflng cd qua trinh hinh t h a n h , van ddng p h a t trien vd m a t di. Nghien eflu v i qua t r i n h nay, cdc nha t a m ly hgc da ehia qua trinh phdt trien eua nhdm - td chfle t h a n h ba giai doan, dd la: giai doan tong hgp ban dau, giai doan phan hda va giai doan tdng hgp cao. Mdi giai doan cd nhflng dac tinh khac nhau - nhflng dae tinh nay tao nen tinh hudng trong thUe tien lanh dao, ddi hdi ngUdi lanh dao phai giai quyet thda dang de thuc day sii phdt trien cua nhdm - td ehUc.
- Giai doan tong hgp ban ddu: O giai doan doan nay, nhdm - td ehUc mdi hinh t h a n h , cac t h d n h vien ehua ed n h i i u nhUng hieu biet lan nhau, eae quan he lien n h a n each trong tap the' chUa phat trien, y thUe ve viee thiic hien nhiem vu chUa eao.
- Giai dogn phdn hda: Dae trUng cua giai doan nay la sii p h a n hda ve quan he khdng chinh thflc trong nhdm - td chfle dfla t r e n sfl hieu biet lan nhau ve m a t n h a n each da bdt dau p h a t trien. Trong CO cau khdng chinh thflc cua nhdm - to chfle bdt dau xuat hien day du cac mdi quan he tieh eiic va tieu eflc. Ddi vdi eae ca nhdn va nhdm tich eflc, y thflc ve viee thflc hien nhiem vu da dflge n a n g len,
luc nay eae t h a n h vien da tfl giac, ehu ddng trong boat ddng cua minh gdn lien vdi muc tieu eua nhdm - td chfle.
- Giai dogn long hgp cao: Day la giai doan cd sfl p h a t trie'n eao ve tinh than, t h a i do flng xfl trong quan he va cong viec d cac t h d n h vien. Cac t h a n h vien cua nhdm - td chfle tfl giac thflc hien nhflng nhiem vu dflge giao phd. Lue nay, nhdm - td chfle da xay diing dflge truyen thd'ng td't dep.
b) Cdc dac tinh ve tdm ly cua cd nhdn hoac nhdm
Nghien eflu ve tinh hudng trong lanh dao, Paul Hersy va Kent Blanc Hart da p h a t trien quan niem v i viec sfl dung quyen liic phai xem xet v i "tinh sdn sang" eua n h a n vien (ca n h a n va nhom) de sfl dung eho phu hgp. Tinh san sang eua nhdn vien dflge hieu la "mfle do ma 0 dd n h a n vien san s a n g thflc hien mgt nhiem vu cu the". Tinh san sdng dugc cau true dfla t r e n hai yeu td: khd nang hoan t h a n h cdng viec vd thdi do dd'i vdi nhiem vu.
- Khd ndng hodn tlidnli nhiem uu:
la mfle do md d dd cac ca n h a n vd nhom the' hien tri thflc, kinh nghiem, ky nang chuyen mdn de hoan t h d n h nhiem vu.
- Thdi do ddi vdi nhiem vu: la miifc do ma 0 dd eae ea n h a n va nhdm the hien sfl thien y dd'i vdi edng viec, y thiifc vd ddng CO thue day hoan t h a n h cdng viee dflge giao.
Dfla tren hai yeu to nay, ehung ta chia ra lam 3 loai nhdn vien (xem Bdng 1).
Diiu dac biet eua nghien eflu nay la ngudi lanh dao cd the xem xet d goc do chieu ngang va chieu dgc trong m6i nhdm - td chfle cua the che de xdc dinh dae tinh eo ban eua dd'i tugng lanh dao, quan ly.
- (J goc do chieu ngang: Dd'i tUOng lanh dao, quan ly la con ngudi (ca nhan
I^hien ciiu - Trao ioi 43 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri
B a n g 1: Mvic do 'Hinh sdn sdng" ciia doi tiCcfng Idnh dao
Cao R4
- Co tri thflc, ky n a n g - Co thai do t h i e n y cao
Vijfa p h a i R3
- Co n a n g lUc
- T h a i do thien y chUa cao, thieu chdc chan
R2 - N a n g lUc t h a p - Thai do thien y cao, tich cUc n h i e t tinh
T h a p RI - N a n g lUc t h a p - Thien y thap
hoac nhdm cu the) cd r a t n h i i u dae diem tam ly khac nhau. Tuy nhien, de di dang trong viec lua chgn each thflc tac ddng bdng cac ngudn quyen liic d bat cfl thdi die'm ndo cua qud trinh phdt trien cua nhdm - td ehflc, ngfldi lanh dao vdn ed the xem xet tinh san sang cua hg dfla vao hai yeu to' t r e n de' phdn loai dd'i tflgng t h d n h 4 dang co ban (xem Bdng 1): (1) Nang liic t h a p , thien y thap - mfle do sdn sang tha'p (RI); (2) Nang luc thap, thien y eao - mUc do sdn sang vfla phdi (R2); (3) Nang lUe eao, thien y thap - mfle do sdn sang vfla phdi (R3);
(4) Nang lUe cao, thien y eao - mUc do san sang eao (R4).
- (J goc do chieu dgc: Paul Hersey va Kent Blanc Hart da diia tren hai yeu to tren de xem xet cac tinh hudng theo
"chu ky mfle do trUdng t h a n h eua ngUdi lao dgng". Hai dng da cho rdng, mdi chu ky trudng t h a n h eua dd'i tugng lanh dao, quan ly la 4 giai doan.
(1) Ngddi bdt ddu nhiet tinh: La giai doan dau tien khi dd'i tugng lanh dao, quan ly mdi nhan viec, tinh san sdng cua hg dang d giai doan (R2). TUe la d giai doan nay ve thdi do hg hang hdi, nhiet tinh, dang ap ii nhUng hodi bao va mong dgi td't dep, nhUng lue nay d hg trinh do, nang lUc va kinh nghiem lam viec cdn thap.
(2) Ngudi hgc viec va mong (RI): Vdi nhflng ham hd nhiet tinh ban dau nhung khi bdt tay vdo edng viee thi nhUng khd khan bde Id, eai ma dd'i tugng lanh dao.
quan ly chUa n h a n thUc dugc day du trUdc dd. Ve mat thai do, hg bdt dau hoang mang, thieu tii tin, t h a t vgng vd budn rau (thai do thap), cdn ve mat nang liic, kinh nghiem lam viee van cdn d mfle thap.
(3) Ngudi tham gia mien cUang (R3):
O giai doan nay, trinh do va ky nang lam viee eua ddi tugng da dugc nang len va bdt dau hoan thien do nhflng cd gdng va kinh nghiem trong qua trinh thflc hien nhiem vu. Tuy nhien, v i mat thai do chfla dn dinh, thieu chdc chdn. Cd lue dd'i tflgng r a t tich eflc tham gia, nhUng cd luc sii nhiet tinh vd tich cUc lai thap.
(4) Ngudi nhiet tinh tuyet dinh (R4):
O giai doan nay, ddi tugng lanh dao, quan ly da ed mfle do nhiet tinh cao, dn dinh ve mat thdi do dd'i vdi nhiem vu;
kha nang chuyen mdn, kinh nghiem va ky nang da phdt trien hoan thien.
3. Nhi?ng e a c h thii'c suf d u n g q u y e n li^c l a n h d a o cho p h u hgfp vdi cac tinh h u o n g
a) Sii dung quyen liic lanh dao phu hap vdi cdc giai doan phdt trien
ciia nhom - to chiic
Tren eo sd 5 loai quyin Iflc, ngfldi lanh dao ed the thay rdng, khdng cd mdt loai quyen liie nao phu hgp vdi td't ea cdc giai doan phat trie'n ma mdi giai doan cd nhflng yeu cau khde nhau ve quyin Iflc cua ngfldi lanh dao.
- Giai dogn 1 - giai dogn tdng hgp ban ddu: Ngfldi lanh dao can cam tay
(xem tiep trang 49)
• 9{ghien dtu - Trao ioi 49 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri
lanh dao eua can bd n h a m t r a n h tinh trang lam quyin, lgi dung quyen luc de tham nhung, ddng thdi thiic hien nghiem tlie viee ke khai tdi sdn, nhdt la dd'i vdi can bd cap eao. Thiic hien nghiem tue Cdng Udc Qud'c te' ve chd'ng tham nhUng ma Viet Nam eung 137 qud'c gia khde da ky vd cd hieu liic tfl ngay 14/12/2006;
ddng thdi n a n g cao vai trd cua bao ehi vd cdc phflong tien t r u y i n thdng khac trong chd'ng tham nhung.
- Can cd co che bao ve vd khen thfldng vat chat dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi to' cdo hdnh vi tham nhung, lam an phi phap; nang eao hieu qua edng tdc gido due dao dflc;
phdt huy tinh gflong mdu eua ddi ngu cdn bd quan ly; tang efldng gido due cho ddi ngu can bd, cdng chfle cdc bai hge vi tinh trung thflc va y thflc ve hau qua, he luy va nhflng tdc ddng tieu eflc ma nan tham nhung gay ra, ldm can trd sfl phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua dat nudc.Q
B A N VE Slf DUNG QUYEN Ll/C LANH DAO
(tiep trang 43)
chi viee, sfl dung quyen lUe phap ly vd quyen lUc chuyen mdn Id phu hgp vdi giai doan nay.
- Giai dogn 2 - giai dogn phdn hoa:
Ngudi lanh dao can m a n h tay trdn dp nhflng nhdm tieu cue, phdt huy quyen lam chii cua cdc ea nhdn vd nhdm tieh cue. Quyen liic phu hgp la quyen lUe cudng bflc ket hgp vdi quyen lue tU van.
- Giai dogn 3 - giai dogn tdng hgp cao:
NgUdi lanh dao ehu ddng chia se quyin luc vdi dd'i tugng lanh dao, quan Iy, tao dieu kien cho hg chu ddng gidi quyet cac nhiem vu. Quyin lUc phu hgp la quyin lue phap ly vd quyen lue tU van.
b) sa dung quyen liic lanh dao phii hap vdi cdc dac tinh cua ddi
tiigfng lanh dg.o, qudn ly
Cach thflc ndy ddi hdi ngudi lanh dao xem xet sfl dung quyin lUc eho phu hgp vdi "chu ky p h a t trien cua dd'i tugng lanh dao" cung nhu dae tinh eua dd'i tugng lanh dao, quan ly.
- Vdi "ngudi bdt dau nhiet tinh" (1) va mUe do ve tinh sdn sang vUa phai (R3), ngudi lanh dao can the' hien ro vai trd ehi dao, phan cdng va giam sat edng
viee mdt each chat che. Dang quyin lUc phu hgp Id quyen lUc phdp ly va quyen liie chuyen mdn.
- Vdi "ngudi hge viee vo mdng" (2) va mfle dp ve tinh sdn sang thap (RI), ngudi lanh dao nen hd trg v i mat chuyen mdn vd gan gui thuyet phuc eung cd cho hg v i mat n i i m tin, thai do dd'i vdi cdng viee vd td ehUe. Dang quyin luc phu hgp la quyen luc tU van, quyin lUe chuyen mdn va quyin luc euong bUc.
- Vdi "ngudi tham gia m i i n eUflng"
(3) va mUc do v i ti'nh sdn sang vUa phai (R3), ngudi lanh dao can gan gui, ehia se va tu van eho hg v i mat tam ly thi thai do cua hg se trd nen dn dinh vd chdc chdn. Quyen luc phu hgp Id quyen luc tu van vd kieh thich ddng vien.
- Vdi "ngudi thue hien tuyet dinh" (4) va mUe do ve tinh sdn sdng eao (R4) (hg da trudng t h a n h v i tinh sdn sang: trinh do, kinh nghiem vd ky nang da phat trien eao; thai do, n i i m tin dn dinh), ngUdi lanh dao can tao dieu kien cho hg chu dgng tii td chUc va hoan thanh cdng viec. Quyen lUe phu hgp la quyen liie khuyen k h i c h . •