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BANG C H L T N G VE CIGUATERA FISH POISONING (CFP)
a CUM DAO SONG TlT, BIEN DONG
Ulysses M. Montojo', Valeriano M. Borja', Mirriam F. Cayme' va Pham Xuan Ky^
' Phong Nghien ciiti Ca bien, Vien Nghien cim va Phat trien Thiiy san Quoc gia. Quezon, Philippin
^Vien Hai duang hgc. Nha Trang, Viet Nam
T O M T A T
D I danh gia sir xuat hien ciia dgc to CFP (Ciguatera Fish Poisoning) vung khoi, mgt cuoc kl>ao sat da dirge tien hanh a cum dao Song Tir, mot dao san ho vong. Cac ket qua da cho thc^y nhung loai ca ran dac biet dirge phat hien duong ti'nh vol ciguatera. 6 loai tao Hai roi bi^u sinh san sinh ciguatera thugc 4 chi Prorocentrum, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis vk Amphidinium da dugc xac dinh tir chat nen ciia tao Ion. Cac loai quan sat duoc o6m Prorocentrum, phan Ion P. lima. P. concavum, va P. emarginatum uu the hon so voi cac locii tao Flai roi khac trong tat cac chat nen. Duy nhat loai ca Cephalopholis aurantia dirong tinh voi phep thir djnh tinh ciguatera. Cac loai khac tron<J 3 oi6n^ ca an thjt hang dau deu am tinh voi ciguatera. Nghien cuu nay ggi y rang Prorocentrum, gi6ng chiem uu the o quan xa ran ngheo dinh duong cua dao vong san ho co th5 la ngu6n san sinh ciguatera 6 viing nay.
I. GIOI THIEU
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) hoac ciguatera la mot hoi chirng eo nhieu anh hirong r6i loan, lam tan tat va gay tir vong o nguoi. Day la mot trong nhimg vhn dh ve an toan thuc phhm dang gia tang o cac nuoc nhiet dai va can nhiet dai tren th§
giai (Ragelis, 1984) do an ca ran sir dung tao hai roi him sinh thuoc 5 chi
Gambierdiscus, Coolia, Amphidinium, Ostreopsis va Prorocentrum. Ciguateraduac tich luy a ca trong qua trinh dai qua chudi thire an (Legrand vd cs, 1998;
Yasumoto vd cs. 1987; Legrand va cs, 1990; Tindal va Morton, 1998; McCaffrey
vacs, 1990).Trong so cac loai tao Hai roi doc. Gambierdiscus toxicus dugc nghien cim nhieu
nhat v^ phuong dien doc hoc va la loai thuimg lien quan d§n ciguatera a ca. Loai
T 1 /r Chuong trinh Hpp tac Khoa hoc & Cong nghe Viet Nam - t-niiippin
nay dugc xac nhan co mat a Thai Binh Dirong (Legrand vd cs, 1998), An Do Duang (Turquet vd cs, 1998), Trung My va Caribe (Tosteson vd cs, 1998).
C) Philippin, CFP dugc xac nhan \hn dhu tien a vimg bien Romblon va Basilan (Montojo vd cs, 2000). Gan day, su lan khSp ciia ciguatera dugc ghi nhan o cac dao Palawan, Panay va Cebu (BFAR thong tin ca nhan) da ggi y rang CFP eo mat rong rai a cac vimg bi^n ven bo eiia qu6c gia. Tuy nhien, chi it nghien cuu dugc tien hanh ve su hien dien eiia tao hai roi hiru sinh.
Cum dao Song Tir (North Danger Reef - NDR) thugc Bien Dong la mot dao san ho dang vong dugc bao quanh bai dai duang. Day la mot quan xa ran righeo dinh duang CO dong chay khong on dinh bat ke gio miia. Nhung manh rong bien gan vao cac da san ho da dugc tim thay dgc ba Bac va Nam dao Song Tir. Nghien cim hien tai nham.xac dinh su nhiem ciguatera a ca va sinh vat gay ra trong vimg nay.
II. VAT LIEU VA PHLrONG PHAP L Vj tri nghien cuu
Nghien ciru la mot phan ciia Chuang trinh Nghien cim Khoa hgc Bien va Dai duang phoi hgp giira Philippin - Viet Nam lan 4 (JOMSRE) a Bien Dong. Khao sat dugc tic^n hanh a cum dao Song Tir (Hinh 1). Song Tir Tay (11°25'N; 114°21.5'E) tir
17 thang 4 den 01 thang 05 nam 2007 tren tau nghien cuu BRP Hydrographer Presbitero.
2. Thu mau ca va xac djnh ciguatera '{
Ca ran dugc bat bang cau day vai luai gan moi suot dem tren bong tau tha neo.
Cac mau ca dugc phan loai, can va sau do dem mo. Mot ft mo gan va ca dugc lay de xac dinh ciguatera bang CiguaCheck (Oceanit Test Systems Inc., USA). Thir nghiem hap phu mien dich dugc tien hanh theo huong dan. Phuong phap nay khong phai dinh lugng, vi vay su thay doi mau chi ra ciguatera va eac dgc to polyethers lien quan khac la diroTig tinh o thit ca.
3. Thu mau tao
Mau tao lan dugc thu tir viing bien bang viec lan vai ong hoi va lan vo. MSu dugc lay khoi lop dat da, dong kin trong cac tiii nhua it xao trgn va giu trong hop Styrofoam de xac dinh tao hai roi hiai sinh va tinh dac trung ciia chat n6n. Mlu thu them ciia moi loai tao dugc giu' trong 10% formon pha trong nuac bien dk phan loai sau do.
4. Giir mau
Cac till chira tao dugc lac manh va cac manh vi.in thu dugc dugc lgc lien tuc qua ray co kich co 16 60 va 20(im. Chat lgc dugc ly tam den th^ tich eu6i ciins 50ml trong khi tong trgng lugng ciia tao dugc can ddng thai.
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Ky yeu. HOI NGHI TONG KET CAC CHUYEN KHAO SAT NCKH BIEN PHOI HOP VIET NA,M - PHILIPPIN TREN BIEN DONG 3 1 7
5. Phan tich hien vi
Viec xac dinh tao hai roi hiru sinh dugc quan sat theo Fukuyo (1981). Cae te bao tao ciia 2 mau con lay tir moi mau goc dugc dem tren budng d§m each hang Sedgevvick duai kinh hien vi quang hoc (Nikon, Nhat ban). Dinh lugng moi lien he ciia chk n^n ciia'tao - tao hai roi dugc dien ta bSng s6 lugng t6 bao trung binh/gam tao.
III. KET QUA 1. Doc tinh cua ca
Ciguatera cua 5 loai ca ran dai dien thuoc cac giong Cephalopholis, Lutjanus^
Epinephelus, Lethrinus va Parupeneus da dugc danh gia. Trong so cac mau dugc kiem tra, chi Cephalopholis aurantia co phan img duang tinh vai ciguatoxins (Bang 1).
2. Tao doc hai roi hiru sinh
Ngoai trir Laurencia sp, hau het cac loai tao lan deu phat hien co tao Hai roi hiru sinh. Trong so cae chat nen eiia tao, Asparagopsis taxiformes duang nhu khong chgn loc va chira hau het cac loai tao dpc Hai roi (Bang 2).
6 loai tao dgc hiai sinh thuoc 4 chi Prorocentrum (82,13%), Gambierdiscus (12,80%), ^Ostreopsis (4.20%) va Amphidinium (2,00%) da dugc xac dinh.
Prorocentrum chiSm uu the trong quan xa tao bao gom P. lima, 48,79%, P.
concavum, 33,81%, va P. emarginatum, 17,39%. Nhung loai nay song tren tat ca cac tao lan nhung hhu hk la Padina sp. (48,79%) va C. serrulata (15,94%). Mat khac Gambierdiscus toxicus chiem uu the a A. taxiformes (94%) trong khi it tk bao O.
lenticularis va Amphidinium sp. dugc tim thay d eac loai tao dugc lira chgn.
IV. THAO LUAN
Cae k§t qua ciia nghien ciru da xac nhan cd su nhiem ciguatera d NDR. Dieu nay chi ra sir xuat hien rdng rai ciia ciguatoxin d viing bien ven bd eua Philippin nhu da dugc ghi nhan trudc day (BFAR, thdng tin ca nhan.; Montojo va cs, 2000). Viec tim th^y ciguatera d Cephalopholis aurantia dua loai nay vao danh sach cae loai ea ran dugc xac dinh mang ciguatera d dia phuang va cac nude khac (UNESCO/IOC/VVESTPAC; Yasumoto va cs. 1990; Gamboa vd cs, 1990; Legrand va cs, 2000; and Tosteson vd cs, 1998). Ket qua cung ggi y rSng sir nhiem CFP d ca la ed tinh dac trirng vi khdng phai tat ca eac loai tir ciing mot viing d^u cho kk qua duong tinh. Mdt so loai thudc giong Lutjanus, Epinephelus va Lethrinus da duoc ghi nhan la cac loai mang ciguatera (UNESCO/IOC/WESTPAC, 2000) nhung am tinh trong nghien ciru hien tai.
CI khu vuc thu mau, viec phan tich chat nen da cho thay su xuat hien rdng rai va tru th^ ciia Prorocentrum trong tat ca cac tao Ion dugc kiem tra. Dieu nay ggi y rSng
3 1 g Chu-ong trinh Hc?p tac Khoa hoc & Cong nghe Viet Nam - Philippin
nhimg loai thudc chi nay cd the la ngudn gay nhiem ciguatera d ca. Gambierdiscus toxicus, ngudn nguyen thiiy ciia CFP nhu de nghi ciia Yasumoto va cs (1977) dugc tim thay chi6m uu the chi d mdt loai tao voi mat do kha thap. Sir uu the ciia Prorocentrum lima, dac biet d viing bien gan bo d Philippin da dugc bao cao truoc day (Marasigan vd cs, 2001) ggi y rang Prorocentrum cd the la ngudn san sinh CFP d cac viing bien qudc gia nay.
Ngudi ta da ghi nhan rang Ostreopsis lenticularis chiem uu thu trong quan xa huu sinh trong mdi trudng ngheo dinh duong (Carlson va Tindall, 1985), nhimg sir uu the ciia loai Prorocentrum cung da dugc quan sat trong mdi trudng tuong tu df cum dao Song Tir. Dang chu y la Prorocentrum cd mat do te bao dugc ghi nhan cao hon gap 20 lan loai O. lenticularis va dugc tim thay trong hau het cac chat nen tao Idn.
Dieu nay ed nghTa la loai he sinh thai cd le khdng phai la yeu td duy nhat khi xem xet loai sinh vat gay ra ciguatera thich nghi trong quan xa ran nao dd. Nghien cuu hien tai ggi y rang Prorocentrum cung cd the chiem uu the d" quan xa ngheo dinh duong ciia he sinh thai bien d Philippin.
V. KET LUAN VA DE NGHI
Danh gia ve CFP eiia chiing tdi d quan xa sinh vat dao vdng san hd gia tang su ehu y rang viec nhiem ciguatoxin dudng nhu cd tinh chgn lgc ddi vdi cae loai ca ran, va Prorocentrum cd the la ngudn ciguatera chinh d quan xa ngheo dinh duong. O Philippin, nghien ciru ve ciguatera nen tap trung vao loai Prorocentrum va thdng tin ciguatoxin d ca ran de quan tam mdt each hieu qua den van de gia tang CFP ciia
qudc gia. * LOfI CAM ON
Chiing tdi chan thanh cam on Tien sT Hilconida Calumpong, Dai hgc Silliman da thu mau va xac dinh eac loai tao tren tau. Cam on ed Fe L. Gonzales va Norvida C.
Gatdula ciia NFRDI da xac dinh loai ca va gdp y ve ban thao. CiguaCheck diing cho thir nghiem ciguatoxin ciia cac mau ca dugc cung cap bdi Phdng Ddc to Sinli hgc Bien, Cue Ngudn Igi Thiiy san va Ca eiia Philippin. Nghien ciru nay dugc tai trg mot phan bdi Vu Cac van de ve Bien va Dai duong, Bd Ngoai giao.
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Carlson RD and Tindall DR (1985). Distribution and periodicity of toxic dinoflagellates in the Virgin Islands. In: Anderson DM, -White AW and Baden DG (eds), Toxic Dinoflagellates. Elsevier, New York. p. 171-176.
2. Fukuyo Y (1981). Taxonomical study on benthic dinoflagellates collected in coral reefs. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47: 967-978.
3. Gamboa PM, Park DL and Fremy JM (1992). Extraction and purification and toxic fractions from barracuda {Sphyraena barracuda) implicated in ciguatera
Kyyeu. HQI N G H I TONG KET CAC CHUYEN KHAO SAT NCKH BIEN PHOI HOP VIET NAM - PHIUPPIN TREN BIEN EXDNG 3 1 9
poisoning. In: Tosteson TR (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning. Puerto Rico 1990. Polyscience Publications. Quebec, p. 13-24.
4. Legrand AM, Fukui M, Cruchet P, Ishibashi Y and Yasumoto T (1990).
Characterization -of ciguatoxins from different fish species and wild Gambierdiscus toxicus. In: Tosteson TR (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cieuatera Fish Poisonin-^, Puerto Rico 1990.
Polyscience Publications, Quebec, p. 25-32.
5. Legrand AM. Teai T, Cruchet P, Stake M., Murata K, and Yasumoto T (1998).
Two structural types of ciguatoxin involved in ciguatera. In: Reguera B, Blanco J, Fernandez ML and Wyatt T (eds.), Llarmful Algae. Proceedings of the VIII • International Conference on Harm till Algae, Xunta de Galicia, IOC-UNESCO.
p. 473-475.
6. Marasigan AN, Tamse AF and Fukuyo Y (2001). Prorocentrum (prorocentrales: Dinophyceae) populations on seagrass-blade surface in Taklong Island, Guimaras Province, Philippines. Plankton Bio. Eco. 48(2): 79-84.
7. McCaffrey EJ, Shimizu MMK, Scheuer PJ, Miyahara JT (1990). Seasonal abundance and toxicity of Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo from O'ahu, Hawa'i. In: Tosteson TR (cd.). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning. Puerto Rico 1990. Polyscience Publications. Quebec, p. 146-156.
8. Montojo UM, Cruz NL, Formeloza MA and Candia DN (2000). Shellfish and fish poisonings other than paralytic shellfish poisoning. In: Gonzales CL, Sakamoto S.. Furio E.F, Ogata T, Kodama M and Fukuyo Y. (eds.). Practical Guide on Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Monitoring in the Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and Japan International Cooperating Agency. Manila, Philippines, p. 115-124.
9. Ragelis EP (1984). Ciguatera seafood poisoning: Overview. In: Ragelis EP (ed.). Seafood Toxins. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1984. p.
25-36.
10. Tindal DR and Morton SLl (1998). Community dynamics and physiology of epiphytic/benthic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera. In: Anderson DM, Cembella AD, and Hallegraeff GM (eds). Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms. N.A.TO ASl series. Series G, Ecological Sciences 41: 293-313.
11. Tosteson TR, Ballantine DL and Winter A (2000). Sea surface temperature, benthic dinoflagellate toxicitv' and toxin transmission in the ciguatera food web. In: Reguera B, Blanco J. Fernandez M L and Wyatt T (eds.), Harmful Algae. Proceedings of the VIII International Conference on llannful Algae, Xunta de Galicia, IOC-UNESCO, p. 48-49.
12. Turquet J, Quod JP, Coute A and Faust MA (1998). Assemblage of benthic
I
dinoflagellates and monitoring of harmful species in reunion island, SW Indian3 2 0 chu-ong trinh Hpp tac Khoa hoc & Cong nghe Viet Nam - Philippin
Ocean, 1993-1996. In: Reguera B, Blanco J, Fernandez M L and Wyatt T (eds.), Harmful Algae. Proceedings of the VIII International Conference on Harmful Algae, Xunta de Galicia, IOC-UNESCO: 44-47.
13. Yasumoto T. Murata M, Ishibashi Y. Fukui M and Legrand AM (1990).
Structure determination of ciguatoxin from moray eels and Gambierdiscus toxicus. In: Tosteson, TR (ed.). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, Puerto Rico 1990. Polyscience Publications, Quebec, p. 3-14.
14. Yasumoto Y, Seino, N, Murukami Y, and Murata M (1987). Toxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates. Biol. Bull. 172: 128-131.
15. Yasumoto T, Nakajima I, Bagnis R, and Adachi R (1977). Finding of a dinoflagellate as a likely culprit of ciguatera. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 43: 1021-
1021.
DANH MUC HINH VA BANG
Hinh 1: Ban dd Bien Ddng the hien viing thu mau d ciim dao Song Tir
Bang 1: Su nhiem cd tinh chon lgc ciia ciguatera 6 ca ran viing cum dao Song Tir.
Kit qud duong tinh (+) co nghTa la su co mat ciia ciguatoxin vd cdc polyether khac trong thit cd.
Ky y e u . HOl NGHI TONG KET CAC CHUYEN KHAO SAT NCKH BIEN PHdl HOP VIET N A M - PHIUPPIN TREN BIEN EXDNG 32:
DA NAM KILOMETERS
Hinh 1 : Ban do Bien Dong va viing thu m i u a cum dao Song Ti>
Bang 1: S u nhi§m co tinh chgn Igc cua ciguatera a ca ran vung cum dao Song Ti> . (+) = SI/ CO mat cua ciguatoxin va cac polyether kh^c trong thit ca; (-) = khong co
Loai ca Cephalopholis aurantia Epinephelus maculatus Lethrinus variegatus Lutjanus kasmira Parupeneus sp.
Bia diem Cum dao Song TIF Cum dao Song Ti>
Cum dao Song TLP Cum dao Song Tu' Cum dao Song TLH
MLPC 6Q nhiem ciguatoxin (+)
(-) (-) (-) (-)
322 chu-ong trinh Hpp tac Khoa hpc & Cong nghe Viet Nam • Philippin
Bang 2: Ty le giua cac te bao tao hai roi huu sinh san sinh ciguatera va gram cua tao vat chu Ion. ND tuong ung voi khong xac dinh co te bao san sinh
ciguatera a tao lan.
Loai tao
Tao Hai roi (te bao/g tao)
Amphidinium Gambierdiscus Ostreopsis Prorocentrum Prorocentrum Prorocentrum sp. toxicus lenticularis lima concavum emarginatum
Rhodoptiyta
Asparagopsis taxiformis 3
Laurencia sp. ND Galaxaura oblongata ND Trichogloca sp. ND
30 ND 2 ND
5 ND
1 ND
5 ND
4 3
8 ND
5 5
3 ND
4 2
Chlorophyta
Halimeda opuntia Caulerpa serullata Dictyosphaeria verslaysll Rhizoclonium sp.
Tydemania expediciones
ND ND 2 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND
ND 4 ND ND ND
4 13
4 3 1
6 16
6 3 2
4 4 4 7 1
Phaeophyta
Padina sp. ND ND ND 63 30