IVCUIEN CUV - TRA OBOI
NHAN HIEU NOI TIENG YA BAO HO NHAN HIEU NOI TIENG B A N G CONG c u "NHAN HIEU B A O VE" 6 NHAT BAN
VU TH! PHUONG LAN * T6m tdt: Bdt cu qudc gia nao muSn hudng t&i phdt triin nin kinh ti tri thiic trong thdi dgi Cach mgng cdng nghiep 4.0 deu phdi chd trgng bdo hg sd hOu tri tue. Nhdt Bdn Id nu&c cd nin kinh ti phdt trien hdng ddu the gidi cd che djnh phdp lugt bdo hd nhan hieu noi tiing rdt hieu qud. Bdi viet nghien ciiu ngi dung dieu chinh cua phdp lugt Nhgt Bdn ve nhan hieu noi tiing vd bdo hg nhdn hi^u noi liing.
Tren ca sd dd, bdi viet tgp trung nghien cdu sdu vi "nhan hi^u bdo v^ " - cdng cu dugc phdp lugl Nhdt Bdn cho phep cdc doanh nghiep sir dgng de bdo hd nhan hi^u noi ding.
Tit khod: Nhan hi^u, nhan hieu ndi tiing. nhdn hieu bdo v4, bdo hg. Nhgt Bdn. phai nhgt nhan hieu Nhgn bdi: 24/6/2018 Hodn thdnh biin tgp: 10/12/2019 Duyet ddng: 24/12/2019 WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS AND PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS BY THE "DEFENSIVE MARK " TOOL IN JAPAN
Abstract: Any country which aims at developing a knowledge ecomony in the era of the fourth industrial revolution must pay attention to trademark protection. Japan as a leading ecomony in the world has a very effective legal institution of well-known trademark protection. The paper studies the adjustment of the Japanese law on well-known trademarks and protection of well-known trade marks.
On that basis, the paper offers an in-depth analysis on "defensive mark " — the tool that enterprises are allowed to use for protection of well-known trademarks under the law of Japan.
Keywords: Trademark: well-known trademark; defensive mark; Japan: dilution of mark
Received: Jun 24^, 2018; Editing completed: Dec Kf*', 2019; Accepted for publication: Dec 24*, 2019
T
rong thdi dgi ngay nay, cac n i n kinh t l trudng kinh doanh an toan cho cac doanh tren t h i gidi d i u phat triln theo xu nghiep. 6 bat ki n i n kinh t l nao ciing d i u hudng kinh te tri thirc. Sy phat trien cua cac cd nhiing nhan hieu ndi tieng (NroJT).n i n kinh t l cd dugc tinh cgnh tranh cao deu NHNT khdng chi la bieu tugng sire manh nhd vao ham lugng tri thirc trong cac san cua nen kinh t l qudc gia ma cdn la nilm ty p h i m dugc san xuat ra. Dac biet vdi cugc hao qudc gia. Cac nhan hieu Idn deu la Cach mgng cdng nghiep 4.0, cac n i n kinh t l nhiing dau tau kinh te ciia cac nen kinh te, se cang phat trien dya tren nen tang tri thiic. tgo ra tinh canh tranh cua nen kinh te.
v i n d l bao hO sd hiiu tri tue, trong dd cd Chinh vi vay, cac qudc gia ndi chung, dac bao hd nhan hieu hang hoa, cang ddng vai biet la cac qudc gia phat trien deu het siic trd quan- trgng trong vigc bao dam mdi chu trgng tdi viec bao hd NHNT, vira de bao ve cho doanh nghiep trong nude vira de
*Gifing vien, Tnrtmg Dgi hflcLu^t Hi N?! h i p d i n , tgo SU yen tam cho cac nha d i u tu, E-mail: [email protected] cac tap doan Idn ciia nude ngoai.
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Ngay tir nam 1885, Nhgt Ban da tiln hanh cai each he thing phap lugt lam nen tang cho cdng cugc hien dgi hoa va phat trien dat nude.*'' Qua qua trinh phat triln cua he thong phap luat Nhat Ban, van de bao hd NHNT ludn dugc de cao va thyc hien rat hi^u qua. d Nhat Ban hien nay, NHNT dugc bao hO khdng phai bdi mdt ma tdi ba co che:
CO chi hanh chinh thdng thudng, co che sir dyng nhan hieu bao vd va co chi toa an.
Theo CO chi hanh chinh thdng thudng, moi khi CO nhan hieu mdi xm dang ki, Cyc sang ehl Nhat Ban (Japanese Patent Office - JPG) s6 dang len cdng bao trong thdi gian luat dinh. Chu NHNT nlu phat hien nhan higu xin dang ki cd diu hieu vi phgm nhan hieu cua minh se lam don yeu cau khdng cho dang ki nhan hieu mdi theo quy djnh cua Luat nhan hi^u (Trademark Law).*^' Theo ca chi toa an, nlu chii NHNT thiy ring mgt nhan hiSu nao dd tren thj trudng dang vi phgm quyin ddi vdi NHNT cua minh thi se kien ra toa an dudi hinh thirc kien ddi bdi thudng dan su theo quy dinh cua Luat ngan chan cgnh tranh khdng ianh manh (Unfair Competition Prevention Act).'^' Hai co chi bao ve nay
(1). Masaya Suzuki, "The Trademark Registration System in Japan", Marq. Intell. Prop. L Rev., no. 5 (2001), tr. 135.
(2). LuSt nhSn hi^u hien h^nh cua Nh$t B4n li Luat s6 127 ban h^nh ngiy 13/4/1959, lin siia d6i g ^ nhit theo Lu§t so 55 nim 2015, c6 hi?u I\rc tir ng4y 01/4/2016, http;//www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/detaiIs.
jsp?id=7081, truy cSp 25/11/2019.
(3). Lu^t ng5n chan canh tranh kh6ng linh m^inh hi^n h^nh ciia NhSt Bin lA Luat s6 47 ban h^nh ng^y 19/5/1959, dupe siia doi, bo sung gan nhit bdi Lu^t so 54 ngAy 10/7/2015, http://www.wipo.int/ wipolex/
en/details.jsp?id=16034, fmy cfip 25/11/2019; B. J. Ill Meadows, "Trademark Dilution: Its Development,
dugc ap dyng chung cho nhan hieu thdng thudng va NHNT, dd ciing la nhiing co che bao ve nhan hi^u pho biln tren the gidi.
Co che bao ve NHNT thdng qua cdng cy
"Nhan hieu bao v^" (defensive mark) la ca che d ^ thu cua Nhgt Ban. Mac dii hien cd mdt sd qudc gia cung sir dung co che bao ve nay nhu Dai Loan, Trung Qudc'''* song co chi ciia Nhat Ban vin dugc nhac tdi nhu hinh mau ndi bat nhit. Theo mdt sd hgc gia thi chinh ca ehl nay da gdp phan giam dang kl cac vu kiSn d Nhgt Ban lien quan tdi vi phgm NHNT.*^' Mgt sd hgc gia tham chi cdn khuyen nghj Hoa Ky nen hgc hdi co che bao ve NHNT nay cua Nhgt Ban de hoan thien he thdng bao hg nhan hieu cua Hoa Ky.**'
Bai viit phan tich lam rd dgc dilm cua NHNT va CO sd li lugn, dac dilm cua vin dl bao hg nhan NHNT; phan tich lam ro khai niem, dac diem cua nhan hieu bao ve va co chi vgn hanh ciia nhan hieu bao ve nhim bao hd quyin sd hiiu tri tue ddi vdi NHNT d Nhgt Ban, trong dd chu trgng lam rd nhiing uu dilm cua co chi bao ve NHNT dgc thii nay cua Nhat Ban.
1. Nhan hi?u nil tieng va bao hg nhSn hi^u noi tieng
1.1. Khdi niim nhdn hieu ndi tieng Theo each hilu phd biln, nhan hieu la Japan's Experience, and the Mew Usta Federal Proposal", Geo. Wash. J. Int'l L. & Econ., no. 22, 1988, tr. 435, 436.
(4). Matthew Oesterle, "It's as Clear as Mud: A Call to Amend the Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995", Chi.-Kent L Rev., no. 81, 2006, tr. 269.
(5). Kenneth Port, "Trademark Dilution in Japan", Nw. J. Tech. & Intell Prop.. no. 4, 2006, tr. 231.
(6). B. J. Ill Meadows, tldd, tr. 446, 447; Mathhew Oesterle, tldd , tr. 268 - 270.
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bat ki tir ngii h o | e ki hieu nao dugc su dyng de xac dinh ngudn gdc ciia hang hoa hay dich vu tren thi trudng va qua dd phan biet vdi ngudn gdc cua hang hoa, dich vy den tir td ehiic, ca nhan khac.*'' Theo Suzuki, moi nhan hi^u deu cd ba chiic nang: chiic nSng xac dinh ngudn gdc san pham, chiic nang bao dam chat lugng san pham va chiic nang quang ba san phim,*^' cu t h i :
Tha nhdt, nhan hieu chi ra ngudn gdc va nha san xuat ciia san pham. Vi dy, cdng ti XY va cdng ti MN cimg san xuat quat dien.
Khi cdng ti XY g i n nhan hieu AB len san pham qugt dien, cdng ti nay hi vgng r i n g kiii ngudi tieu diing nhin thay qugt dien cd g i n nhan hifu AB thi ngudi tieu dimg nhan bilt dugc qugt dien dd do cdng ti XY chii khdng phai cdng ti MN san xuat. Tuong ty, khi nhin thay qugt dien cd nhan hieu PQ cua cdng ti MN, ngudi tieu dimg se nhgn bilt dugc qugt dien dd la do cdng ti MN san xuat.
Chiic nang ciia nhan hieu AB va PQ d day khdng n h i m phan biet quat dien cua cdng ti XY va ciia cdng ti MN bdi hai chiec qugt dd cd the hoan toan gidng niiau ma hai nhan hieu nay nham chi cho ngudi tieu dimg thay chiec quat nao do cdng ti nao san ximt.
Thu hai, nhan hieu dam bao chat lugng san pham ddi vdi khach hang. Chinh t u chiic nang thir nhat dan tdi chiic nang thii hai ciia nhan hieu. Khi da nhgn biet san pham mang nhan hieu do cd nghia la gi thi ngudi tieu dung cd the lien he tdi chat lugng ciia san pham mang nhan hieu bdi vi hg da nhan biet
(7). Matthew Oesterle, tldd, ff. 236.
(8). Masaya Suzuki, tldd, tr. 136, 137.
dugc ngudn gdc cua san phim. D i i vdi khach hang, cd t h i cdng ti XY la cdng ti cd uy tin trong ITnh vyc dien lanh va do dd chile quat mang nhan hieu AB se cd chit lugng tdt.
Thu ba, nhan hieu cd vai trd quang cao.
Doanh nghiep ludn mudn khach hang thudng xuyen su dyng san pham ciia minh. Khdng cd each gi tdt hon la tao ra an tugng tdt ddi vdi khach hang ve san pham thdng qua nhan hieu gan len san p h i m do. N l u cdng ti XY cd chien luge thi trudng tdt, hg sg tim mgi each quang ba san pham ciia hg gan vdi nhan hieu AB de khi khach hang nhin thiy san pham mang nhan hieu AB lan giiia cac nhan hieu khac, khach hang se mudn mua san pham mang nhan hieu AB.
NHNT cd day du ba chiic nang nhu nhan hieu thdng thudng song mdi chiic nang deu dat dugc miic do hieu qua cao hon so vdi nhan hieu thdng thudng gan tren hang hoa, dich vy cimg logi. Nhd dd, cac NHNT dugc biet den rgng rai trong ngudi tieu dimg va ngudi tieu dimg thudng cd sy tin tudng cao ddi vdi cac san pham gan NHNT. Diem khac biet cua NHNT so vdi nhan hieu thdng thudng la sy phd bien va sy nhan biet rdng rai nhieu hon so vdi cac nhan hieu khac tren thi trudng.
Phap lugt Nhat Ban khdng cd dinh nghia v l NHNT. Lugt nhan hieu nam 1959 chi quy dinh ring mgt nhan hieu se khdng cd kha nSng dugc dang ki neu "trung hogc tuang tu vai NHNT trong ngudi tieu dung Nhdt Bdn hogc a nude ngoai nhu ddu hieu chi ra hdng hod, dich vu gdn vdi viec kinh doanh cda mgt ngudi khdc vd neu nhdn hieu dang xin ddng ki do dugc su dung vi muc dich khong lanh mgnh (dieu nay dp dung ddi vdi muc
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dich thu lgi khong lanh mgnh, muc dich gay thi^t hgi cho nguai khdc. hogc bdt ki muc dich khdng lanh mgnh nao khdc) ".*^'
De mgt nhan hieu dugc xac dinh !a NHNT, Cyc sang ehl Nhgt Ban can cii vao 4 tidu chi: thdi gian su dyng nhan hieu; phgm vi dia li su dyng nhan hieu; sd lugng san phim mang nhan higu, so lugng giao dich va quy md kinh doanh san pham; phuong thiic, tin suat va ngi dung quang cao lien quan tdi san pham.*'°' Mgc du cac tieu chi da dugc xac dinh nhu vay song cac tieu chi nay dugc ap dyng kha linh hogt trong thyc tien.
Thdng thudng, mire dg ndi tilng cua san phim dugc xac dinh trong phgm vi ngudi dimg dgi chung, vi dy nhSn hi|u Office cua Cdng ti Microsoft. Theo nghien ciiu cua Goto, nam 2001, cd mdt cdng ti xin dang ki nhan hieu iOFFICE2000 tai Nhat Ban. Liic nay, Cdng ti Microsoft khieu ngi phan ddi nhan hieu tren mac du hg chua dang ki nhan hieu Office 2000 tgi Nhgt Ban. Toa an Nhgt Ban phan quyet rang nhan hieu Office qim ndi tilng trong ngudi tieu dimg va theo loat san pham Office thi chac chan san phim mang nhan Office 2000 sef dugc ra ddi va do dd nhan higu iOFFICE2000 khdng dugc dang ki. Miic do ndi tieng d day rd rang la trong phgm vi ngudi dung dai chiing. Trong trudng hgp khac, mOt cdng ti nude ngoai sd hiiu nhan hieu Etnies gin Idn san pham la van trugt tiQ^et. Cdng fi nay kien mgt cdng ti
Nhat Ban da tiln hanh thu tyc dSng ki nhSn hieu ETNIES ciing cho san phim thiet bi trugt tuylt. Nhan hieu Etnies ciing chua dugc dang ki d Nhgt Ban va cung chi gan len cac san pham phyc vu mdn the thao trugt tuyet vdi sd lugng khach hang dgi chung han che. Tuy nhien, Cyc sang ehl Nhgt Bin va Toa an Nhgt Ban van kdt luan ring nhan hieu Etnies la NHNT bdi le cdng ti sd hiiu nhan hieu nay da dam phan ban hang cd gin nhan hi^u Etnies cho 5 ddi tac Nhat Ban, tit ca deu nhan dugc cac loai nhan hi^u ed gin nhan Etnies. Su ndi tilng d dSy da dugc xac dinh la chi cin ndi tilng trong si cac nha san xuat van trugt.' ''
Tieu chi thj phan va quy md san xuit ciing dugc ap dyng kha linJi hogt de xac dinh NHNT. Theo Suzuki, trong vy kien DCC Coffee nam 1982, toa an da khdng chip nhan nhan hieu DCC gSn Idn san pham cafe la NHNT m^c dii nhan hiSu nay chiem tdi 30% thi phin. Li do la san phim nay chi dugc ban trong phgm vi mdt linh ciia Nhat Ban. Toa an cho ring san pham cafe la san phim phd thdng ndn it nhit nhan hieu gan len nd phai dugc phd bien d mgt sd tinh thi mdi cd thi dugc coi la NHNT.'^^* Trong mdt vy viec khac, vu Manhattan Portage nam 2003, Toa an Nhgt Ban lgi phan quyet ring ngay ca nhan hieu chua tiing ndi tieng d Nhat Ban song noi tilng d nude ngoai ciing
(9). Di^nil9w«)anl D i k 4 LuHtnhan hi^u nam ,J959 (t4c gii djch).
(10). C\ic s^g chi Nh^t bin, Hu6ng dan thim ajnh nhan hi^u, 2017, P h ^ 11, in. B.JTSJ Meadows, tidd, tr. 433.
(II). Ryota Charles Goto, "De Facto Abandonment of Teritoriality: Protection of (Not-So-) Well-Known Foreign Trademarks in Japan and the United States", Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev., no. 28 (2004), tr. 131-133.
(12). Masaya Suzuki, tldd, tr. 166.
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cd the dugc bao hd nhu NHNT d Nhat Ban.
Hay trong vu Zanotta/Sacco, Toa an Nhat Ban phan quyet rang mgt nhSn hieu dii chi chiem 0,2% thi phin cita san pham dd ndi thit d Italy cung cd thi dugc coi la NHNT d Nhgt Ban bdi vi nd cd thiet ke dgc dao, nhgn dugc nhilu giai thudng va mgt so san phim mang nhSn hieu nay da dugc tnmg bay d cac bao tang d New York va Munich.^''^^ 6 vu viec nay, sy ndi tilng ciia nhSn hieu dugc xac dinh dudng nhu khdng phu thudc vao thi phin ciia san pham ma bdi tinh ddc dao cua san pham so vdi cac logi san pham cimg loai.
L 2. Dgc thil cua bdo hg nhdn hiiu noi tieng Vdi tu each la dau hieu do ca nhan, td chiic hogc doanh nghiep tgo ra dl phan biet san phim cua minh vdi san phim cd ngudn gdc tir ca nhan, td chiic ho^c doanh nghiep khac tren thi trudng, nhan hieu la mdt dgng tai san. Viec bao hd nhan hieu nham ba muc dich la bao ve ngudi tieu dung, bao ve quyin cua chu nhan hieu va thiic day tinh hieu qua ciia nhan hieu tren thi trudng.*''**
Thu nhdt, bao hd nhan hieu nham bao ve ngudi tieu dimg khdng bi lira ddi vl ngudn gdc san phim va qua do la chit lugng cua san phim. Khi ngudi tieu dimg nhin thay nhan hieu AB tren qugt dien va quylt dinh mua chile qugt dd nghia la hg cho ring chiec qugt dd do cdng ti XY san xuat va hg tin tudng vao chit lugng cua nd. Bao hd nhan hieu tiic la bao dam khdng cd tinh trang cd qugt dien gin nhan AB ma khdng phai do cdng ti XY san xuat bdi vi neu tinh trgng dd xay ra thi ngudi mua se bi danh lira.
(13). Ryota Charles Goto, tldd, tr. 135,136.
(14). Mathew Oesterle, tldd, tr. 236.
Tha hai, khi nhan hieu phat huy tac dyng phan biet ngudn gdc hang hoa cua nd thi ngudi chu nhan hieu se dugc lgi, bdi le khach hang, thdng qua viec tim den nhan hieu, se tim den mua san phim ciia hg. Nhan hieu cang cd uy tin thi ngudi tieu dimg tim mua san pham cang nhieu. Bao hg nhan hieu ciing chinh la bao ve cho lgi ich ma nhan hieu dem lai cho chu nhan hieu.
Tha ba, khi nhSn hieu dugc bao hg mgt each hieu qua se giam thieu tinh trgng vi phgm nhan hieu. Cac vi pham nhan hieu hi phat hien va xir li kip thdi, cac nhan hieu gia de gay nhim lan ddi vdi ngudi tieu dung bi logi khdi thi trudng. Tren thi trudng, do dd, chi cdn cac nhan hieu hgp phap va dugc phat huy diy du kha nang phan biet cua minh ddi vdi khach hang. CJ gdc do nha san xuit va gdc do quan li thi trudng ndi chung, viec bao hg hieu qua sS thiic diy tinh hieu qua ciia nhan hieu.
Nhu da dl cap, NHNT dac biet hon nhan hieu thdng thudng d chd sy ndi tieng cua nhan hieu lam cho san phim dugc ban chgy hon, miic dg tnmg thanh cua ngudi tieu dung va kha nang chilm ITnh thi trudng mdi ciia san phim dugc gin NHNT cao ban. Trong nin kinh tl hien dgi, cac NHNT deu trd thanh tai san cua doanh nghiep, cd nhung nhan hieu cd gia tri bing ca mgt nin kinh te, vi dy SHARP, SONY, FACEBOOK... Chinh vi vgy ma d Nhgt Ban ciing nhu d nhieu qudc gia khac viec bao hd NHNT ciing cd nhiing dilm khac biet co ban so vdi nhSn hieu thdng thudng.
CJ Nhat Ban, nlu nhan hieu chua dugc dang ki vdi co quan nha nude cd tham quyen
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la Cue sang clil Nhgt Ban I^JPO) thi nhan hieu dd se khdng dugc bao ve. Gia sii cdng ti XY tren day gan nhan hieu AB len san phim cua minh song khdng dang ki nhan hieu AB vdi JPO. Neu sau dd cdng ti MN di dang ki nhan hieu AB vdi JPO va gin nd len san phim qugt dien cua minh thi cdng ti XY khdng the kien cdng ti MN vdi ii do minh da sir dyng nhan hieu AB ttr trudc. Co che nay dugc ggi la ca che bao hg nhan hieu tren co sd dang ki.''^'
Ddi vdi NHNT thi khdng phai nhu vgy.
Mgt khi nhan hieu da trd nen ndi tieng thi nd se dugc bao hd ma khdng can dSng ki vdi JPO.*' * Vi dy minh hga dien iiinh cho quy tic nay la vu kien li6n quan tdi nhan hieu cua cdng ti McDonald's. Trudc nam 1966, cai ten
"McDonald's" chua he xuat hien d Nhat Ban.
Tit nam 1966 den nam 1969, Cdng ti McDonald's bat diu trd ndn dugc biet tdi nhieu d Nhat Ban vdi tu each mdt nhan hieu cua Hoa Ky. Mac dii vay, tdi giiia nam 1971, Cdng ti McDonald's mdi md i M hang dau tien d Tokyo. Den liic nay, Cdng ti McDonald's vin chua dang ki nhan hieu cua minh d Nhat Ban. Vao thang 7/1969, Cdng ti K.K.Marushin Foods cua Nhgt Ban tien hanh dang ki mdt sd nhan hieu gidng vdi nhan hieu ma Cdng ti McDonald's thudng dimg va dugc chinh thiic dang ki vao nam 1972, thdi diem Cdng ti K.K.Marushin Foods da sii dyng nhan hieu hg da dang ki. Cdng ti McDonald's sau do kien Cdng fi K.K.Marushin Foods vi vi phgm quyin nhan hieu cua hg. Nam 1978,
toa an thugng thim Tokyo ra phan quylt rang viec sii dyng mdt nhan hieu giong vdi mgt NHNT la bat hgp phap cho dii nhan hi6u bit hgp phap dd da dugc dang ki va NHNT chua dugc dang ki. Trong trudng hgp nay, cac nhan hieu ciia Cdng ti McDonald's diu la cac NHNT va do dd Cdng ti K.K.Marushm Foods mac du da dang ki nhan hieu ciia minh - nhirng nhan hiSu gidng vdi cac NHNT ciia Cdng ti McDonald's nhung van khdng dugc su dyng cac nhan hieu dd. Ban an nay dugc Toa an tdi cao Nhat Ban ddng y va trd thanh an I?.""
Dac thil thii hai trong van de bao hg NHNT d Nhgt Ban la co sd cua viec bao ho.
Bao hg nhan hieu mang tinh truyen thdng ludn nhim myc dich ngan ngua sy nham lan cua cdng chung vl ngudn glc cua san phim mang nhan hieu.*'^' Neu nhan hieu PQ chua dugc dang ki va gidng vdi nhan hieu AB da dugc dang ki va ciing dung chung cho san pham qugt dien thi khi cdng ti MN xin dSng ki nhan hieu PQ se bi tir chdi. Bdi vi neu nhan hieu PQ dugc dang ki va dugc gan len quat dien cua cdng ti MN, khach hang khi nhin thay chiec qugt do se lam tudng dd- la do Cdng ti XY san xuat.
Bao hg NHNT lgi dya tren co sd hoan toan khac, ggi la "phai nhgt nhSn hieu"
{dilution of mark). Nam 1965, mgt cdng ti Nhat Ban dang ki nhan hieu SONY cho san phim banh mi va banh lam tir bdt mi. Tap doan Sony phan ddi don dang ki nay bdi
(15). Ryota Charles Goto, tldd, tr. 127.
(16). Masaya Suzuki, tldd, tr. 164.
(17). Kenneth Port "Protection of Famous Trademarks in Japan and the United States," Wis. Int'l L J., no. 15, 1996, tr. 264,265.
(18). B.J.III. Meadows, tldd, tr. 421.
64 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 8/2019
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trong nhilu nam cho san phim di^n tu. Hai cdng ti sau dd ty thoa thugn vdi nhau va nhan hidu SONY khdng dugc sir dung cho san phim banh mi va banh lam tir bgt mi.
cac nha nghidn ciiu cho ring, neu hai ben khdng thda thugn thi JPO ciing se dua ra quylt dinh gidng nhu vgy. Nam 1978, mdt cdng ti Nhgt Ban xin dang ki nhan hieu FOTURE cho san pham giay va san pham van phdng cua minh. Tap chi Time da khilu ngi yeu cau JPO khdng cho cdng ti dd dang ki nhan hi$u FOTURE bdi nhan hieu imy da dugc tgp ciu Time sir dyng. JPO da chip thuan don khieu ngi cda tap chi. Time m ^ du san pham gan nhan FOTURE cua hg khac han san phim giay va van phdng ciia cdng ti Nhgt Ban.'*'*
Khai niem "phai nhgt nhan hieu" xuit phat tir mgt vu kien ndi tieng cua Diic (vy Odol nam 1924) va sau dd dugc du nhgp vao Hoa Ky va Nhgt Ban. Trong vy kien nay, mdt cdng ti san xuat nude sue mieng kien mdt cdng ti san xuat thep vi su dung nhan hieu gidng vdi minh. Neu nhan hieu cua cdng ti nude siic mieng la nhan hieu thdng thudng thi hg se khdng the thing kien bdi le ngudi tiSu dung cho dii nhin thiy nhan hieu gidng vdi nhan hieu ciia hg tren san pham la sit thep cung khdng the nham lan san phim sat thep dd la do cdng ti nude sue mieng san xuat. Ndi each khac, san pham ciia hai cdng ti khdng cgnh tranh vdi nhau nen dii nhan hieu cd tuong tu thi ciing khdng gay nhim lin cho khach hang. Tuy nhien, trong trudng
hgp nay, nhan hieu cua cdng ti nude sue mieng lai la NHNT va toa an Diic phan quylt ring viec sii dyng nhan hieu dd bdi cdng ti san xciat thep lam phai tihat, ndi each khac la lam yeu di nhan hieu cua cdng ti nude sue mieng v.a do dd nhan hieu cua cdng ti nay hi mat siic canh tranh so vdi cac nhan hieu khac.^^°'
Nhu vgy, phai nhat NHNT dugc hilu la viec sii dyng mdt nhan Lneu tuong tu vdi NHNT lam giam nang lye ciia NHNT trong viec xac dinh va phan bi^t hang hoa, dich vu.
Viec nay nhu mgt cSn benh truyin nhiem ma neu phat tan se dan tdi huy hoai gia tri quang ba cua nhan hidu. Vi vay, NHNT phai dugc bao hd de khdng bi phai nhat cho dii nhan hieu vi phgm kia cd lam cho ngucri tiSu dimg nhim lan ve ngudn gdc san pham hay khdng.
Hon niia khi ngudi tieu dimg nhin thiy NHNT dugc gan len mdt san pham khac loai khdng phai cd ngudn gdc tir chu sd hiiu NHNT thi ngudi tieu dung van cd xu hudng nghi rang san pham khac loai do vin cd ngudn gdc tir chu sd hftu NHNT va se cd xu hudng mua san pham do tin vao uy tin ciia NHNT. Trong trudng hgp nay ngudi sii dyng trai phep NHNT se dugc lgi va ngudi chu NHNT se bi thiet.^^''
2. Khai ni^m v^ dac diem ciia nhan hi^u bao v^
Nhiing phan tich tren cho thiy, phgm vi va mire do bao hg ddi vdi NHNT cao han va rgng hon rat nhieu so vdi bao hg nhan hieu thdng thudng. "Nhan hieu bao ve" (sau day
(19). B.J.m. Meadows, tr. 433, 434.
(20).B.J.in. Meadows, tldd, tr. 420 - 422, 431 - 437.
(21). B.L11I Oesterle, tldd, tr. 237.
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viit tit la "NHBV") la cdng cu giiip Nhat Ban dap ling dugc mire dg bao hd cao nhu vay ddi vdi NHNT.
2.1. Khdi niem nhdn hieu hao ve Trong Luat nhan hie,u hien hanh cua Nhat Ban, NHBV d u g c quy dinh tgi mgt chuong rieng - Chuong 7 vdi 5 dilu khoan kha chi tilt. Trong dd, D i l u 64, khoan 1 va khoan 2 da de cap thugt ngii "nhan hieu bao ve" vdi ndi dung nhu sau:
"Khi mot nhdn hieu dd dugc ddng ki gdn vdi hdng hod hogc dich vg tra nen ndi tieng ddi vdi ngudi tieu diing, tuc Id nhdn hieu chi ra sdn phdm md nd dugc gdn nhan lien quan tdi cdng viec kinh doanh cua nguai nam giU quyen nhdn hieu; khi ngudi khdc su dung nhdn hieu dd ddng ki do cho hdng hod hogc dich vv khdng phdi Id hdng hod dich vu mang nhdn da dugc ddng ki, hogc hdng hod, dich vu twang tu cd the gay nhdm lan vai hdng hod, dich vy cua ngudi nam giU quyin nhan hieu, nguai nam giu quyin nhdn hiiu cd the ddng ki nhdn hieu bdo ve gidng hit vdi nhdn hieu da dugc ddng ki ddi vai hdng hod hay dich vu md a do cd the tdn tgi sit nhdm Idn".^^^^
Nhu vay, NHBV la nhSn hieu gidng NHNT, do ban than ngudi chu cua NHNT dang ki vdi Cue sang che ciia Nhgt Ban cho cac logi hang hoa, dich vu khac hogc tuong tu vdi hang hoa, dich vy da dang ki NHNT nhim muc dich ngan ngira ngudi khac sir dyng NHNT cda minh len cac san pham ma minh khdng mong mudn, qua dd lam "phai
(22). Lft-i djch ciia t^c gia, ht^^/www.wipo. int/wipo lex/en/details.jsp?id=7081, tniy cSp 25/11/2019.
nhat" NHNT cua minh. Ndi each khac, NHBV chinh la N H N T song dugc dang ki vdi nhiing logi hang boa, dich vy khac hoac tuong ty vdi hang boa, djch vy cd gan NHNT. Vi dy nhan hifu AB g i n tren qugt dien la NHNT ciia cdng ti XY. Theo phap lugt Nhgt Ban, Cdng ti XY ed thi dang ki nhan hieu AB cho cac san phim cimg loai nhu til iam mat, may dieu hoa... hoac tham chi cac san pham khac vdi qugt dien nhu binh ndng lanh, bep ga ... Sau khi nhan hieu AB dugc dang ki nhu vgy, s6 khdng the cd ca nhan hay doanh nghigp nao khac dang ki nhan hieu AB ddi vdi cac san pham dd nGa.
Nhan hieu AB dang ki ddi vdi cac nhdm hang khdng phai qugt difin dugc ggi la NHBV cua nhan hieu AB dang ki vdi san pham qugt dien va da trd thanh ndi tilng.
Viec dang ki nay de ngan chan viec ngudi khac su dyng nhan hieu AB tren thi trudng.
Viec quy dinh ve NHBV cua Nhgt Ban khac vdi quy dinh ve cho phep dang ki NHNT cua Viet Nam. Theo phap luat Viet Nam, NHNT cd the dugc cdng nhgn theo thu tyc td tyng dan su hoac theo quyet dinh cdng nhan cda Cyc sd hiiu tri tud. Theo thu tyc td tung dan sy cd nghia la toa an qua viec xet xti cd the cdng nhgn mgt nhan hieu la NHNT theo yeu cau cua chu nhan hieu dd va dua vao phan quyet ciia minh. Dieu nay xay ra khi cd tranh chip va toa an la co quan giai quyet. Trong trudng hgp khdng cd tranh chap giai quyet tgi toa an, chii nhan hieu van cd the yeu cau Cyc sd hiiu tri tu? Viet Nam, thdng qua thu tyc dang ki hanh chinh ra quyet djnh bang van ban cdng nhgn nh§n hieu dd la NHNT. Quylt dinh dd la minh
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chiing rang nhSin hi$u do la NW.^T. Sau khi CO quylt dinh, N H N T se duoc ghi vao .Danh muc NHNT cua Vi?t Nam.'^^'
V l m^t hinh t h t e , N H ^ - ^ , ^ ^ gi6„g het voi N H N T - ng khflng phai \k NHNT.
Khi NHBV duoc dang \d thi khong chi NHNT duoc cong nhan ma NHBV con chi rs cu tha nhimg l o ^ hang ho4 n i o khong dupe dang ki d6i vcri NHNT, qua do c6 tac dung true tiep ngan ngiia vice sii dung trai phep NHNT.
NHBV cua Nhjt Ban ciing khac voi nhan hieu lien k i t cua Viet Nam. Theo phap luat Viet Nam, nhan hiSu Hen k i t la "cdc (23). Miic 42 Theng tu so 01/2007/TT-BKHCN ngSy
14/02/2007 cija Bp khoa hpc v4 c6ng ngh? hu6ng din thi htah Nghi dinh sd 103/2006/ND-CP ngSy 22/9/2006 cua Chinh phu quy djnh chi tiet v4 hu6ng dSn thi h^nh m^t s6 dieu ciia Lu^t sd h&u tri tu? ve so hihi c6ng nghifp, c6 hi?u l\rc ke tit ng^y 09/5/2007, dupe sua doi, b6 sung bdi: Thdng tu so 13/2010/rr- BKHCN ng^y 30/7/2010 ciia Bd khoa hpc v» cdng ngh^ sua ddi, b6 sung mdt s6 quy djnh cCia Thdng tu sd l7/2009nT DKHCN ueSy 18/6/2009 v4 Thdng tu sd 01/2007/Tr-BKHCN ngSy UmrzuMl, co ni5u iin, ke tit ngay 13/9/2010; Thdng tu s6 18/201 l/TT- BKHCN ngiy 22/7/2011 ciia Bp khoa hpc v4 cdng ngh§ siia d6i, bd sung mpt sd quy dinh ciia Thdng tu s6 OI/2007/rr-BKHCN ngiy 14/02/2007, dupe sta iii, b6 sung theo Thdng tu s6 13/2010/Tr-BKHCN ng4y 31/7/2010 vi Thdng tu so 01/2008rrr-BKHCN ngdy 25/02/2008, dupe siia d6i, b6 sung theo Thdng tu so 04/2009/rr-BKHCN ngiy 27/3/2009, c6 hieu luc ki tit ngiy 05/9/2011; Thdng tu so 05/2013/TT- BKHCN ngiy 20/02/2013 cCia Bp khoa hpc vi cdng ngh? siia ddi, bo sung mdt so dieu ciia Thdng tu s6 01/2007/Tr-BKHCN ngiy 14/02/2007 hudng dSn thi hinh Nghi dinh sd 103/2006/ND-CP quy dinh chi tiat mdt s6 diiu ciia LuSt sd htiu tri tu? vi sd hOu cdng nghilp, dupe siia d6i, b6 sung theo Thdng nr so 13/2010/rr-BKHCN ngiy 30/7/2010 vi Thdng to s6 18/201 l/TT-BKHQ* ngiy 22/7/2011, cd hi$u l\ic ki tit ngiy 06/4/2013.
nhdn hieu do cung mot chii the dang ki, trung hogc tuang tv nhau diing cho sdn phdm, dich vu ciing logi hogc tuong tu nhau hOflc cd ' ' ^ " 9 " ^ " ^^ nhgu"P^^ Nhu vay, nhan hieu lien kc.* .'*°"B bat buQc lien quan iryc tiep tcri NHNT. Tuy imien, nnan hieu lien kh c6 t h i dupe sil dung cho NhT^T. Khi si! dyng' cho NHNT, nhSn hieu lien kai thudng la I'ap hop mpt 5^ nhan hieu tuong tu NHNT duoc vdang ki doi voi chinh loai san ph&n mang N H N T dS tranh nguoi khac su dung cac n h t o hieu tuong tgr nay, qua do Uiic loi tir su n6i tilng cua NHNT. Truong hop dien hinh la nhan hiSu LIOA duqrc xem nhu mot NHNT gSn len san phfai bien t h i dien.
Chu nhan hieu LIOA da dang ki nhan hiSu LYOA, LEOA, LIWA, LYWA ciing d i i voi mat hang "May tu dpng 6n dinh di^n dp".'^"
Co the xem day nhu la nhOng NHBV nham ngan ngiia doi thii ding ki cac nhan hieu nay cho cac san pham bien the dien ciia ho.
2.2. Dgc diem ciia nhdn hieu bdo ve Qua phan tich khai niem tren day cho thay NHBV ciia Nhat Ban cung la mot loai nhan hiea. Tuy nhien, so vcji nhan hieu thong thuomg, NHBV co mot so dac dilm rieng sau:
Thit nhdt, NHBV khong co ciang muc dich v(M nhan hi^u. Nhan hieu, cho dii la nhan hieu thong thuong, NHNT hay nhan hieu chimg nh|in deu co ciing m\ic dich la phan biet nguIn g6c cua san pham. Muc dich cua NHBV khong phai la phan biet (24). Khoan 19 DiSu 4 Luit sd httu tri tu? nam 2013 cua Vi?t Nam.
(25). IP Lib, htlp;//ipUb.noip.gov.vn/WebUIAVSean;h.php, ffuy cap 25/11/2019.
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ngudn gdc san pham ma ia bao ve NHNT khdi bi vi phgm. NhSn hieu AB ciia cdng ti XY da la NHNT. Khi nhan hieu AB duac dang ki la NHBV thi muc dich cua NHBV AB la dl bao ve NHNT AB chii khdng phai dl phan biet mat hang dieu hoa hay binh ndng Ignh cua cdng ti XY tren thi trudng.
Chinh muc dich cua NHBV dan tdi dgc diem thii hai cua NBHV.
Thu hai, NHBV khi duac dang ki se khdng di kem vdi nghia vy su dung. Nhan hieu la dl phan biet nguon gdc san phim cho ngudi tieu diing chii khdng phai cho chii sd hiiu nhan hieu, neu nhan hieu khdng dugc dung, tiic la khdng dugc gin len san phim dua ra thi trudng trong mgt thdi gian dai thi cdng nang ciia nhan hieu se bi mat di va sy tdn tgi cua nhan hieu la khdng cdn y nghia.
Khi dd, viec dang ki nhan hieu se trd thanh chilm dyng, ngan can mgt each khdng chinh dang kha nang su dung nhan hieu dd cua ngudi khac. Chinh vi vay, phap luat ve nhan hieu cua NTiat Ban, ciing gidng phap lugt nhilu qudc gia khac, thilt lap co sd de bao ve nhan hieu dya tren viec sii dung nhan hi^u trong thyc te. Chu nhan hieu cd nghia vu sii dimg nhan hieu va viec khdng sii dyng nhan hieu da dang ki trong mgt khoang thdi gian nhat dinh se dan tdi sy cham diit bao hd doi vdi nhan hieu. Tuy nhien, doi vdi NHBV, phap luat Nhat Ban khdng rang bugc chii sd hiiu NHBV nghia vu sii dung NHBV tren san pham ma nd dugc dang ki.'^^^ Nhan hieu AB sau khi dugc dang ki la NHBV ddi
vdi m$t hang may dilu hoa hay binh ndng Ignh thi cdng ti XY cd thi khdng bao gid san xuat dieu hoa hay binh ndng lanh va khdng gan nhan hieu imy Ien cac mat hang dd.
Tha ba, dl dang ki dugc NHBV thi NHNT phai dugc dang ki trudc dd.'"^ Nhu tren de cgp, da la NHNT thi se dugc phap lugt Nhat Ban bao hg ma khdng phy thugc vao viec dang ki. Tuy nhien, dd la viSc bao hg ddi vdi ban than NHNT. NHBV la mgt cdng cy dl bao ve NHNT. Do dd khi mdt nhan hidu dugc dang ki lam NHBV thi trudc dd nhan hieu gdc da phai dugc xac dinh la NHNT. Toan bd qua trinh nay thyc hien tai ca quan hanh chinh, do dd nhan hieu gdc phai dugc dang ki va phai la NHNT thi chu sd hiiu nhan hidu dd mdi cd the dang ki nhan hieu do iam NHBV.
Thu tu, NHBV la nhan hieu phai sinh.
Nhu da dl cap, muc dich cua NHBV la bao ve NHNT. Phap lugt nhan hieu ciia Nhat Ban quy dinh cac quyen cua chii sd hiiu ddi vdi NHBV se tir dong mat di khi quyen ddi vdi nhan hieu gdc, tiic ia NHNT bi mit di. Nlu nhan hieu gdc dugc chuyin nhugng cho ngudi khac thi NHBV cua nhan hieu dd ciing dugc chuyin giao theo. Thgm chi, khi quyen ddi vdi nhan hieu gdc bj chia cat, tiic la dugc chuyin nhugng mdt phan thi quyen ddi vdi NHBV ciing hi vd hieu.*^^' Nhu vgy la NHBV khdng cd muc dich ty than. Sy tdn tai va hieu luc cua NHBV la tuy thudc hoan toan vao nhan hidu ma nd bao ve - NHNT.
(26). Ryota Charles Goto, tldd, tr. 129; Matthew
Oesterle, tldd, tr. 269 - 270.
(27). Di^u 64 Lu§t nhSn hi?u cua Nhat Ban nam 1959.
(28). K h o ^ 1, 2, 3, Dieu 66 LuSt nhan hi^u cua Nh§t Bin nam 1959.
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3. Ctf chi v^n hanh yk iru diem cua nhan hi^u bao v^ & Nhgt Ban
3.7. Ca che van hdnh cua nhdn hi$u bdo ve d Nhgt Bdn
Ca chi van hanh cua NHBV vdi tu each ta cdng cy dl bao ve NHNT vl ca ban la ca chi hanh chinh. Khi JPO chip nhgn dang ki mgt NHBV ddi vdi mgt sd san phim thi ciing cd nghia la JPO da tham dinh va cdng n h ^ NHNT tucmg ling ddi vdi mgt sd san phim khac. Sau khi dugc dang ki, NHBV sg dugc ghi vao sd dang ki cvmg vdi phgm vi cy the danh myc san pham gan lien vdi nhan hieu do. Khi mdt td chiic hogc ca nhan nao dd mudn dang ki nhan hidu tucmg tu vdi NHBV cho cac san phim trdng vdi hang hoa dang ki cho NHBV thi JPO se phat Men ra thdng qua ra soat va qua dd tii chdi dang ki.
Ca che van hanh ciia NHBV tuy mang tinh hanh chinh song nd ciing hd trg die lye cho ca che bao ve bang toa an. Nlu viec vi phgm doi vdi NHNT xay ra va chu sd hiiu NHNT kien ra toa va neu NHBV da dugc dang ki thi toa an se khdng mat thdi gian xac dinh nhan hieu bi vi phgm ed phai NHNT hay khdng bdi le dieu dd coi nhu da dugc JPO xac dinh thdng qua viec cap dang ki cho NHBV. NIU vi phgm bi cao bugc dugc xac dinh trilng vdi md ta trong quy dinh ve vi phgm NHBV cua Dieu 67 Luat nhSn hieu ciia Nhgt Ban nam 1959, hanh vi vi pham doi vdi NHNT coi nhu da dugc xac dinh ro rang va cdng viec cda toa an trd nen kha don gian.
3.2. ifu diem cua nhdn hieu bdo ve cua Nhdt Bdn
Vdi each thiic van hanh nhu trSn, ca chi bao ve NHNT thdng qua NHBV so vdi ca che bao ve NHNT khac cd nhiing tru dilm rd ret.
Thu nhdt, ca chi sii dyng NHBV dl bao ve NHNT la ca che mang tinh ngan chan trudc, tilt kiem thdi gian va dd ton kem vl mat tai chinh. Day la uu dilm ndi bgt so vdi ca ehl bao v$ NHNT bang toa an. Chu sd huu NHNT cd thi hoan toan chii ddng trong viec dang ki NHBV va chgn phgm vi hang hoa, dich vu ma NHNT ciia hg ed nhilu kha nang bi Igi dung. Phgm vi dd rdng hay hep la do chu sd hiiu NHNT lya chgn. Chi phi dl dang ki va duy tri dang ki nhan hieu chi la chi phi hanh chinh va khdng qua tdn kem.
Mdt khi NHBV da dugc dang ki thi vide theo ddi hanh vi vi phgm ddi vdi NHNT va sau dd cd cac bien phap mang tinh hanh chinh hoac tu phap la kha dan gian. Chinh vi vgy ma ca che nay cd kha nang ngan chan hidu qua vi phgm ddi vdi NHNT ngay tir gle chii khdng dgi tdi liic cd tranh chip xay ra.
Co che bao ve bang toa an, ngugc lgi, rat tdn kem ca ve thdi gian va tai chinh. Mgt vy kien nhan hiSu, dgc bidt la kien lien quan tdi NHNT thudng mat rat nhieu thdi gian. Toa an se phai tien hanh xac dinh td dau xem nhan hieu cd thyc sy la NHNT va sau dd la xac dinh hanh vi bi cao huge cd thyc sy vi phgm quyin dii vdi NHNT. Toan bg qua trinh nay cd thi keo dai rit lau vi cac tranh chap ve sd hfiu tri tue ndi chung thudng het sue phiic tgp ve mat ki thuat. Bdn cgnh dd ca che toa an cung kha rui ro ddi vdi chii NHNT bdi thii tyc tu phap la thii tyc ddi khang, moi ben deu cd nhung li le rieng ciia minh. Vy viec keo dai ciing keo theo chi phi tham gia td tung rit Idn cho cac ben lien quan. Ddi vdi Nha nude, ca ehl su dyng NHBV ciing cho phep ca quan nha nude theo ddi va kiem soat thuc tien lien quan tdi NHNT.
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Tha hai, ca ehl sii dyng NHBV dl bao ve NHNT iam cho vife bao hd ddi vdi NHNT cd the dugc tien hanh mgt each minh bgch va de dang. Nhu da dl cap, phgm vi san phim dl dang ki NHBV la do chu NHNT l\ia chgn nen khi NHNT dugc sii dyng doi vdi san phim da dugc dang ki thi su vi pham da ro rang va khdng can ban cai. Co quan nha nude cd thim quyen cd thi ngay Igp tiic ra quyet dinh bang van ban. Co ehl giai quyet tranh chap vd NHNT bing toa an, vdi nhihig d^e diem de cgp tren day, chac chan la se phiic tap hon nhilu.
Chinh vi nhiing uu diem tr6n day ma ca chi bao ve NHNT thdng qua cdng cy NHBV cua Nh|lt Ban nhgn dugc sy^ danh gia cao. Co che nay cung dugc coi la cd tac dyng tdt trong thiic diy diu tu nude ngoai va hdi nhap quoc te bdi nd mang Igi thdng diep tich cyc cho cac tap doan xuyen quoc gia, nhfing doanh nghiep thudng cd cac NHNT tren toan thi gidi. cac hgc gia Hoa YJ/ ciing danh gia CO ehl NHBV cua Nhgt Ban dap fing dugc chuin muc cao cua TRIPs ve bao hg NHNT.
Da cd mgt sd kiln nghj tir cac hgc gia cho ring quoc gia nay nen hgc hdi ca chi NHBV cua Nhgt Ban dl hoan thien co che bao ve NHNT cua Hoa Ky.*^'*
Nhiing phan tich tren day cho thay Nhat Ban cd mgt chi dinh phap lugt tien tiln de quy dinh va bao vd NHNT. Viec bao hd NHNT dugc dilu chinh vdi sy phan biet mdt each rd rang gifia bao hd nhSn hieu thdng thudng va bao h$ NHNT. Tren ca sd dd da (29). Matthew Oesterle, tldd, tr. 268 - 270; B.J.III Meadows, tldd, tr. 446, 447.
hinh thanh chi djnh vl NHBV nhu cdng cy hieu qua dl bao h§ NHNT khdng chi ciia Nhgt Ban ma cua toan thi gidi tren lanh thd Nhgt Ban.
La qudc gia cd trinh dg phat triln kinh te, khoa hgc, ki thugt thip hon nhilu so vdi Nhgt Ban song vdi dyih hudng xay dyng nin kinh tl theo hudng hien dgi hoa va hgi nhap qudc tl, Viet Nam cd the nghien eiiu hgc hdi dugc nhieu tii kinh nghiem tien tiln cua Nhgt Ban trong linh vyc bao hg NHNT, dJic biet la ehl dinh vl NHBV./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Masaya Suzuki, "The Trademark
Registration System in Japan", Marq.
Intell. Prop. L Rev., no. 5,2001.
2. B. J. Ill Meadows, "Trademark Dilution:
Its Development, Japan's Experience, and the Mew Usta Federal Proposal", Geo.
Wash. J Int'lL. & Econ., no. 22, 1988.
3. Matthew Oesterle, "It's as Clear as Mud:
A Call to Amend the Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995", Chi.-Kent L. Rev., no. 81,2006.
4. Kenneth Port, 'Trademark Dilution in J^jan", Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop., no. 4,2006.
5. Ryota Charles Goto, "De Facto Abandonment of Teritoriality: Protection of (Not-So-) Well-Known Foreign Trademarks in Japan and the United States", Hastings Int'l & Comp. L Rev., no. 28, 2004.
6. Kermeth Port, "Protection of Famous Trademarks m Japan and the United States," Wis. Int'l L. J., no. 15, 1996.
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