Thifc tiln - Kinh nghidm
^Bao ve riAig ngap man ven hien, thich ijftig vofi liien doi khi hau
O ThS. HOANG THI HUONG HANH Dpi hgc Tii nguyen vi Mdi trodng Hi Ndi
R
dng ngap man (RNM) ven bien Nam Bg cung nhu rdng ngpp mpn noi Chung diu co vai tro trong phit triin KT-XH vi bio dim QP-AN, diiu hoa khi hpu cho khu vpc ven bien vi cho ca qudc gia. Vdi tam quan trpng do, cdng tic trdng, khai thic vi bao vp nguon tii nguyin niy c6 f nghia to Idn, ddi hoi sp vio cugc cua ci cgng ding. Tdthpc ticho thiy, can nhin nhpn rang nguon kinh phi dau tucha hopt dgng niy rat Idn, trong khi nudc ta dang thiiu ngudn kinh phidi thpc hign cic chuang trinh, ki hopch da de ra.Nhufng ap l^c
Bd biln nude ta trdi dai vd thupc dja ban 29 tinh/thanh p h i , ting dien tfeh vung ven bien la 1,6 trieu ha; chiem 4% dien tfeh ty nhien; dan cU sinh sing ehilm trdn 10% ddn s i d nudc. NhQng nam gan ddy, RNM ven bien tilp tyc bj suy gidm vi phii chju ap lye eda kinh t l , thien tai do BDKH gdy ra. RNM bj mat, cac cdng trinh cd sfl ha t i n g , d§c biet Id hd thong de biln, de cda sdng, d i t eanh tdc ndng nghidp, lang mac bj tan phd. Dac bidt, nhilu dja phudng cd hd thong de biln, dd eda sdng dang ddng trude nhOng m i l de dpa eua thidn tai, trong dd bao Id nhan t l tae dpng ldn nhlt.
Theo tai lieu nghidn edu thing ke cho thay, nam 1943, tong didn tfeh RNM todn quic la 408.500 ha, den nay ehf edn 166.000 ha, da mit di gin 60%, trong khi do, d u true rdng cung thay doi khi chung phyc hii trfl lpi.
Nguyen nhan vi Ipi fch kinh t l , eon ngudi chfnh la thu pham; Phi rdng iam dim nudi tdm; ehuyin mye dfeh SDD hpp phap sang nudi trong thOy sdn, s i n xuit ndng nghidp, d i p de, xdy dpng khu edng nghidp; khai thdc gd, cdi RNM va tai nguyen thdy sin mdt each qud mUc; QNMT do Inh hudng nang n l ci!ia vide x l thdi bUa bai eae chit ran, ehIt long edng nghiep trong sinh hoat va edng nghiep, mdt so iUpng Ifln phdn hda hpc, thude trd sau dU thda trong ndng nghidp; edng tae quan ly hd slnh thdi rdng cdn kha Iflng ldo, thieu sp phoi hpp dong bd giQa d e ngdnh va d e dja phUdng...
Thidn nhidn ngay mpt khd'c Net, nUflc bien ddng da va dang iam mat d i n didn tfeh RNM ven biln, lan sau v i o d i t liln. Hidn trong tong so 768 km chieu ddi bd biln eija vung ven biln Ding bing sdng Cdu Long, nhQng doan bd biln va doan sdng xdi Ifl cd chieu dai hdn 310 km. Ting ehilu dai ede doan bd biln bj xdi Ifl fl cde tlnh: Tiln Giang 42,7 km;
B i n Tre 29,22 km, Tra Vinh 14,2
km, Sdc Trang 18,7 km, Bpe Lidu 6,3 km, Kien Giang gan 88 km va Ca Mau cd dien tieh bj xdi Ifl ldn id 111,6 km.
Ben eanh do, dieu kidn trong rdng ven biln rit khd khan trong khi NSNN dlu tu eho trlng rdng phdng bg thip. Vi vay, tl Id cay song thdnh rdng chl dpt td 50 - 60%. Mat khae, edng tac qudn Iv-, QHSDD edn bat cap, thilu sU phii hop, thing nhat giQa cae nganh lidn quan cung gdp phin vao ldm suy giam didn tfeh RNM.
Hdn nQa, khdu quy hoach rdng fl tdng dia phUdng thieu I n djnh, thudng b| dilu chinh do nhu d u SDD va ehuyin doi mye dfch SDD d l phat triln kinh te tai dja phudng. Vide giao khoan RNM cho eae hd gia dinh bdo ve edn nhilu han che.
Hidn tupng BDKH va nUfle bien ddng lam cho nhilu dien tfeh rdng bi ngap sau, biln dang cd xu huflng tiln sau vao ndi dja, cae boat ddng td thupng nguon sdng Me Kdng nhu xdy dpng eae dap thdy dien, ngan ddng da tdc dgng manh me d i n he thing RNM. cac nha may s i n xuat trong khu vpc x l thii lam ONMT eung ed tae ddng tidu epe hd sinh thai RNM.
Da dau tUde phuc hoi Vide dlu tU bio ve, phyc hii va phat triln rdng phdng hp ven Tdi nguyen vd Mdi trudng | Ky 2-Thang4/2016 4 3
biln fl eae dja phuong trong nhdng nam qua chd yd'u td ngan sach thdng qua d c ehUdng trinh, dp an lam nghidp eua nhd nuflc vfli nguon v i n d l u tU thip, hau nhu chua dip dng hit nhu d u v l ke hoach phat triln rdng ven biln. TQ ChUdng trinh, dp an cua nha nUfle, nam 2008 - 2013, toan quic trong dUde 17.650 ha; didn tfeh RNM todn quic dupe bao ve la 166.000 ha. TQ nam 2008- 2014, td ChUdng trinh eung e l va nang d p dd biln da ed 22 dp dn eung co, bio vd vd nang d p de bien thpe bien tren 10 tlnh ven bien, da trong dUde241ha RNM.
Trong giai doan td nam 2015 - 2020, dy kiln se thpe hien tilp 22 dp an nQa vdi dien tfeh trlng khoang 1.029 ha.
Thpc hidn Quyet djnh so 1183/QD-TTg cda Thili tudng Chfnh phu phd duydt Chuong trinh mpc tidu Quic gia Qng phd vdi BDKH giai dopn 2012-2015, hidn nay dd cd 6 tfnh phe duyet dp an bdo vd va phat trien RNM ven biln de dng phd vdi BDKH gdm: Nam Djnh, Quang Ngdi, Tra Vinh, Sde Trang, Thanh Hda va Ninh Binh vdi quy md trong rUng la 1.509 ha; cai tao phpc hii 771 ha; tong nguin v i n cua 6 dp an nayia 132,12t5'dlng.5dpancd hang myc trong RNM, trong cay chin sdng bdo vd de tai eae tlnh:
Phu Ydn, Binh Djnh, Ha TTnh, Nghd An va Qudng Ninh. Tuy nhidn, nam 2013 eae dp an ehl mdi dupe bo trf von de xdy dyng, cung CO, nang d p he thong dd dilu, thCiy Ipi ma ehua b l tri v i n cho trong rdng ven bien.
Cung vfli ndi IUe san ed, nhieu to ehQc phi ehfnh phu trong nude eung nhu quoe t l da hd trp
d l cac dja phudng ven bien cd them dilu kidn phyc hdi va trlng lai mdi RNM. Nhilu dp an dupe triln khai thpe hien vdi nhQng hieu q u i ban d l u : ChUdng trinh trlng RNM phdng ngda tham hga do Hdi ChQ thap dd Nhlt Bin va Hgi ChQ thap dd Dan Mach tai trp dupc trien khai td nam 1994 trdn dja ban 8 tfnh ven bien td Qudng Ninh d i n Ha TTnh, vdi phpm vi quy md gin 20 ngan ha. K i t q u i da trong va cham sde dupe g i n 22.000 ha RNM.
Dp dn quan ly dat ngap nUflc tai 4 tfnh: Sdc Trang, Bpc Lieu, Tra Vinh vk ca Mau do Ngan hang T h i gidi (WB) tai trp, da trong, cham sdc va bdo ve khoing 44.000 ha. Du an qudn ly ben vdng hd sinh thai rdng ngap man do DQ an GIZ tai trp tpi Ca Mau, Kien Giang, Sdc Trdng, gin qudn ly tdi nguyen vdi phat trien sinh ke thay the cho ngudi dan...
Theo sd lieu thong kd chua d i y dd thi tong kinh phi d l u tU, bao ve vd phat triln rdng ven bien tQ nam 2000 d i n nay khoing tren 1.5001^ ding; trong dd von ngan sach ehiem khoing 3/4, edn lai la eae nguon khae (ehu yeu la do eae chfnh phu va cde to ehde phi ehfnh phu tai trd khoang gin 500 ty ding).
Giai phap de phat t r i l n b i n vCirng
Trong ehien lupc phat triln lam nghiep, dng phe vdi BDKH, du kien c l nudc phat tnen didn tfeh RNM, rdng phdng hd ven biln, ehong cdt bay dpt 330.000 ha vac nam 2015 va dpt 500.000 ha vao nam 2025. De dat myc tieu dd, d n thye hidn dong bp, quylt liet td khau quy hoach, ra soat lai quy hoach dien tich RNM,
d l i mdi va nang cao hi0u q u i cfia ehfnh sich d l u tu trlng, bio v6, phat triln RNM.
NhQng gidi phap cd t h i thpc hidn trong viee bdo ve RNM, rdng phdng hp ven bien. Dd la tSng cUdng cdng tae khuyin lam fl co sfl nham nang eao nhan thdc cOa ngUdi dan trong edng tde bao vd rdng, p h i bien qudng ba cae m6 hinh ndng lam k i t hpp dat hieu q u i nhU md hinh nudi ong mat dudi tan rdng, md hinh eay IOa nude va cay trdm k i t hpp vdi ga thd vudn, nghien edu va tuyen ehpn giong eay trong thfeh nghi tren cac dang lap dja. Khuyin khfch mfl vudn Udm cay giing chit lupng, h i trd cung d p cay giing eho ngUfli dan trong cay phdn tan.
Viee xay dpng quy hopch ting the RNM trdn pham vi ck nude, khdi phuc phat trien he sinh thai RNM fl tdng dja ban ey the se giup ed quan chde nang quin ly td't didn tfeh vd ehat lUpng RNIwl hidn nay. Ddi vdi eae trudng hpp sis dyng didn tfeh rdng khdng dung quy hopch d n thu hii v l xi(
ly nghidm khic. Ngoai ra, dli vdi cdc edng trinh dd biln thi phil coi RNM la mdt hang mye thanh phin, tQ do ddnh mdt phin kinh phf thoa dang d l d l u tU, ch§m sde, bao ve.
Khi thpc hidn cdng tde quin If rdng eung d n chd trpng kTthuSt GIS (He thing thdng tin dia ly) va edng nghe vien thdm giam s^t chat lupng rdng va luu trQ nhQng s i lidu cua rdng de theo doi. Cin thpc hien quan trie chat lupng nUfle de n i m nhQng dae trUng cda sdng, dai didn cho ylu t l mdi trudng ed t h i nhay d m vdi sdc khde eCia RNM.•
4 4 Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tru'dng | KV 2-Thang 4/2016