Bat binh dang mwc song ct nong thon Viet Nam qua sv dung dat nong nghiep cua ho gia dinh
D5 Thien Kinh^ '
Tom tat: Bdi viet pdi thieu khdi qudt mot sd kit qud ciia Di tdi cdp Bp (2015-2016) "Bdt hinh ddng miec sdng d ndng thdn Vi^t Nam qua su dung vd qudn ly ddt dai hien nay " do tdc gid ldm chd nhiem, Vien Xa hdi hpc Id ca quan chu tri, nghiin cdu dnh hudng cUa ngudn luc ddt ndng nghiep den miec sdng cua ngudi dan trong 20 ndm (1992-2012) dua trin viec phdn tich vd xu ly sdu sd li$u 8 cupc Dieu tra mUc sdng ddn cu Viet Nam (VHLSS) dgi diin cho cd nudc do Tdng cue Thdng ke thuc hien tie ndm 1992 din 2012.
Kit qud nghien cuu chi ra: Bdt binh ddng tdng len d Viet Nam da thi hien thdnh su phdn cue xd hpi, mpt cue Id nhdm hp gidu cd muc song cao nhdt, cue kia Id cdc nhdm hd cdn lgi (trong do nhdm hd ngheo la thdp nhdt). Qud trinh tich tu vd tap trung ddt nong nghiep (bao gdm ddt sdn xudt ndng nghiep - SXNN, ddt ldm nghiep, ddt thdy sdn, ddt ldm mudi,..., trong do chit yeu la ddt SXNN) dang dien ra khd chgm a ndng thdn
Viet Nam. Nhin theo cd giai dogn 20 ndm tie 1992-2012, nhdn td ddt ndng nghiep cUng cd tdc dpng ldm gidm hp ngheo vd tdng hp gidu, vd ndng cao muc sdng cho hp gia dinh ndng thon nhieng khong nhiiu so vdi cdc nhdn to khde.
Tir Ithda: Bat binh ddng, Phan cue muc sdng, Tich ty dat ndng nghiep, Hifiu qud sd dyng dat
1. Bat binh ddng ve miic sdng d Viet Nam va ban chat ciia su- phan circ
* Mdc dp bdt binh ddng vda dang tdng len cao, vd su phdn hoa thdnh hai cue gidu ngheo ve muc sdng (suphdn cue ve mdc sdng)
Ket qua nghien ciiu thyc trgng bat binh dang ve muc sfing d Viet Nam va khu vyc ndng thdn trong thdi ky 20 ndm (1992-2012) cho thdy, bdt binh ddng trong phara vi ca nudc ngay cdng tang len va d
'•' TS., Vien Xa hdi hpc, Vien Han iam KHXH Viet Nam; Email: [email protected]
mvrc cao nhdt, tifip din la khu vyc dfi thi, cudi cung la khu vyc ndng thfin (Hinh la).
Trfin CO sd chi bdo thu nhdp ket hgp vdi cac chi bao khac, c6 thfi thdy bdt binh dang miic sfing d Viet Nam ndi ehung it nhat da thudc miic do bdt binh ddng vwa tir ndm 2008 dfin 2012. Chi tieu cho ngoai dn ufing dfiu thufic logi miic do bdt binh ddng vda trong ca 20 nam (1992-2012).
Mfit so mat khac ciia miic sfing (chi tieu cho y tfi, gia tri cho d) da d miic dg bdt binh ddng cao.
Qua trinh bat binh dang tang len d Viet Nam (ciing nhu khu vyc nfing thdn)
22 Thdng hn Khoa hQC xa h$t. sd 3.2017 dd thi hifin thdnh sy phdn cue xa hdi
(Hinh lb). Mgt cue la liidm giau cd miic s6ng cao nhdt, cyc kia la cac nhdni cfin lgi (trong do nhdm ngheo la thdp nhdt). Nhu vgy, cd thfi nhan dinh rdng sy bit binh ddng hi$n nay d Vifit Nam cd xu hudng phdn hda thdnh hai cue (tuang phdn)^ gidu ngheo vi muc song (su phdn cue ve mice sdng). Day la nhdn dinh mai va tfing kfit khai quat v l Xu hudng bat binh ddng miic sdng d Viet Nam trong thdi ky dfii moi.
Cu thi hon, sy phdn cyc giau ngheo trong ca nudc trong vdng 10 nam tir 2002-2012 cho thay, d mgt cyc la nhdm hfi ngheo cd tdng thu nhdp chi chilm khoang 4,7%
trong tfing thu nhdp cua todn xa hgi.
Trong khi dd, d cyc kia la nhdm hd giau cd thu nhgp chifim phan Idn hon rat nhifiu la 54,4%. Dfii vdi rieng khu vyc ndng thdn, hai nhom hg ngheo va giau cd con so tuong ling vfi thu nhdp Id 3,1% va 26,4% trong tfing sfi thu nhap cua todn cgng ddng ndng thfin.
* Bdn chdt cua suphdn cvc ve muc sdng Bdt binh ddng ve miic sdng trinh bay trfin day cd hinh dgng phdn tdng xa hgi kilu kim ty thap (Do Thifin Kinh, 2015:
28), ma bieu hi$n cua nd trong ddi sdng xd hfii Id hiin tupng phdn cyc giira cdc
nhdm hg giau nghdo. Sd dT nhu vay bdi vi b i t binh ddng trong h$ thfing phdn tang hai cyc thuge ve cau tnic xa hgi, nd ndm d tdng ben dudi, quy djnh hien tugng phan cue giau nghdo trfin be mat cupc song. Do vdy, d l thu hep khoang cdch bit binh dang dang dien ra hien nay, can phai thay ddi mo hinh phdt triin xd hpi bdng cdch tgo chuyin dfii, chuyin dich ddi sdng xa hgi giiia cac ting ldp de phan tdng xa hgi dich chuyfin tu md hinh kim t y thap sang md hinh qud trdm vdi tdng lap trung luu ddng ddo d giiia phinh ra to nhat, hoac ggi la md hinh xa hpi trung luu cd dgng qua tram (hinh thoi). Mfi hinh xa hfii trung luu cd dgng qua tram sfi thay the cho mo hinh phan tang xd hdi hinh kim ty thap la xu hudng van dgng ciia cac xa hgi dang trong qua trinh cdng nghifip hda. Bdi khi mfit qudc gia nao do trd thanh nudc cong ngliifip, thi cac tang ldp ddc trung cho xd hfii cong nghiep va hien dgi phai the hien rfi va chifim ty lfi dfing ddo, cdn cac tdng ldp ctia xa hgi truygn thfing (dac biet la ndng ddn) ngdy cang nhd be.
Md hinh xa hgi cd cdc tdng ldp trung lim ddng ddo se it phan cue hon. Sy tdng lgn cua tdng ldp trung luu cd tac dyng idm giam xung dot xa hfii. Cac tdng ldp xa hfii trung luu se dam bdo cho sy phat trifin dn Hinh 1. Hf so Gini chi tieu/thu nhap tang 1@D
v^ sy phSn cyc vl mirc sing if Vift Nam tir nfim 1992 din 2012
H^ sA 61ni <1S93-2ai2)
. . (^) (b) Nguon: Dp thi dupe ve tu cac s6 li§u ciia Tdng cue ThSng IcS qua cac nam.
Bat binh ding miic song.. 23 dinh, hai hda va bin vflng ciia mdt cau
tnic xa hfii hifin dai. Vdi md hinh xa hdi trung luu cd dang quA tram, sy bat binh ding giiia cac ting ldp se dugc giai quyfit mfit cdch can ban. Con hien nay, dii cho mgi cd gang lam hgn chfi su phan hda, phan cyc giau ngheo vd ndng cao miic sdng cho ngudi dan la rat can thiet, nhung cfi gang do van bi gidi han trong khufin khd cua he thdng phan ting xa hgi hinh kim ty thap quy dinh - mgt mfi hinh xet tir trong ban chat cd sy bat binh dang vao logi cao.
Cau hdi dat ra la lam thfi ndo dfi xay dyng mfi hinh xa hgi trung luu? De tra ldi cau hdi nay, can tifip tuc- tim hifiu d tang sau hon, phdi quy vfi nfin tang kinh te ma trdn do xay dyng nen mo hinh xd hgi trung luu. Nfin tang kinh tfi d.ddy tiic la chuyfin djch CO cau Icinh tfi theo hudng cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda de tgo ra va md rfing cdc vi tri lao dgng, vific lam d khu vyc danh cho tang ldp trung luu. Theo each dien dat ciia kinh te hgc, dd chinh la qua trinh chuyfin djch co'cdu lao dgng nfing nghifip do co cau kinh tfi quy djnh.
Sy thay dfii cua co cdu kinh tfi trong qua trinh cdng nghifip hda se quy djnh chu yeu sy bien ddi he thdng cac tang ldp xa hgi. Khi cau tnic lgi nen kinh te theo hudng cdng nghiep hoa, hien dgi hda se ddn tdi kfit qua la gidm ty le nhiing tang Idp ciia xa hdi truyfin thfing, keo theo sy tang dan cac tdng ldp dac trung cho xd hgi cdng nghiep va hifin dai.
Tuy nhien, ca cdu kinh te d Viet Nam hien nay chua thay ddi manh de tgo ra va md rgng cdc vi tri lao dgng, vific lam d khu vuc ddnh cho tdng ldp trung luu dl ngudi nfing ddn cd the di dfing ldp day vao nhiing vi tri do. Neu khdng cd sy thay ddi d tim vT md thufic ve co cdu kinh tl, thi ting ldp ndng dan dfing dao hien nay (kl 11 ca thi he tuong lai) se giam rit chgm. Bdi
vay, phdi phdt trien uu tlen/chu dgo mgnh me kinh te tu nhdn (dya tren sd hihi tu nhan, bao gom cdc thanh phin kinh tfi cd thi, tifiu chu, tu ban tu nhdn), nhu vdy se tao ra nhifiu vific lam, nganh nghe mdi hon so vdi vific lam dugc tgo ra tii kinh tfi nha nudc (dua tren sd hiiu nhd nudc, cfing hiiu). Thiet nghi nen xem xet Iai quan diem chifin luge coi kinh te nhd nudc ddng vai tro chU dgo, thay dfii quan difim nay bdng chien luge coi kinh te tu nhdn ddng vai tro chu dgo. Kinh tfi nhd nudc chifim dung chu yfiu cac nguon lyc ciia qudc gia, nhung Iai tao ra sfi lugng cda cai khfing tuong xiing - ddng gdp Idiodng 1/3 GDP ca nudc, lam an kem hifu qud vd tao ra ty Id viec lam it di (khoang 10%) (Tdng cue Tlifing kfi, 2015: 114).
2. Thtrc trang sir dung nguon lure dat nong nghifp & khu vyc nong thon
* Qud trinh tap trung, tich tu ddt ndng nghiep dang dien ra khd chgm (mien Nam nhanh han mien Bdc). Sd ho khdng cd ddt ndng nghiep tdng len vd xu hudng phdn bd dien tich khong diu giiea 2 mien Nam, Bdc Quy mfi difin tich trung binh (m /ngudi) dat nfing nghifip ciia cac hfi gia dinh ndng thdn d mifin Nam nhifiu hon mien Bac (gap khoang 3 ldn). Ddc biet nhdm hd cd quy mfi difin tich >5.000 mVngudi d mien Nam chifim ty lfi nhifiu hon d mifin Bdc. O ndng thfin cd nudc, cdc hfi gia dinh cd quy mfi dit nfing nghifip nhd be (dudi 1 .OOOm^/ngudi) chiem ty lfi cao nhit. Trong 20 nam tir 1992-2012, nhiing hg it dit (dudi 2.000m^/ngudi) giam din, nhiing hfi cd quy md dien tich ldn hon, ddc biet Id nhiing hd cd quy mfi dit ndng nghiep ldn (trfin 5.000m^/ngudi) ngay cang tang Ifin ro ret. Dfing thdi, ty le cdc hg gia dinh khfing dat ndng nghiep (Om^) cd xu hudng tdng len trong 20 nam tir 1992-2012. Nhu vdy, dit nfing nghifip vdn thudc vfi cac nhdm hg khfing dat va it
24 Theng hn Khoa hpc xa h$i. so 3.2017 dat da tap trung vdo nhiing nhdm hg cdn
Igi, tao nfin cac nhdm hd cd quy md dien tich Idn hon (tren S.OOOm^/ngudi) ngdy cang tdng Ifin.
Tat ca nhiing dien bifin nay deu quy ve chiing td rang, cd mgt qud trinh tich tu ddt ndng nghiep dang dien ra chdm d nfing thfin Viet Nam trong thdi ky ddi mdi. Trong do, su tich tu, tap trung dat nfing nghifip d cac tinh mien Nam difin ra nhanh hon d mien Bac (mac dii diln ra cdn chdm d ca 2 midn).
Nhin dudi gdc dfi khac, qud trinh tich ty va tgp trung rudng dat ciing dugc thfi hien qua ket qua tinh toan he sd Gini vd ddt SXNN' ' cd xu hudng tang cham qua 20 nam (1992-2012): 0,480-0,529- 0,594^0,597-0,601-0,629-0,646-0,652.
Kgt qud tinh todn hfi sfi Gini vl dit SXNN cho thdy, d mifin Nam (Ddng Nam bd va ddng bdng sdng Cim Long: 0,788 va 0,700) ludn cao hon mifin Bdc (dfing bdng sfing Hdng va trung du mifin niii phia Bdc:
0,458 va 0,501).
Gdc nhin theo su bien ddi ciia hfi sfi Gini vg ddt nfing nghiep phan dnh sy tap trung, tich ty ddt ndng nghiep dang diln ra chgm. Digu ndy da bo sung vd phii hgp vdi goc nhin ve xu hudng ty lfi hd gia dinh khdng ddt tang ldn.
* Kit qud Ihu nhdp trin ddt SXNN, ddt ldm nghiep (ddt rieng) vd ddi thuy sdn (ao, hd, dam)
Kgt qua nghign ciiu cho thiy: So vdi gia trj thu nhgp trdn dan vi difin tich tir dit SXNN (la 100%), thi gia trj thu nhgp trfin don vj difin tich ddt ldm nghiep chi bdng
'*' Tren thg gidi, cdc nh^ nghign ciru cung do \uimg h? sd Gini v l ddt dai (Ngan hing Thi gidi, 2004:
24, 25). Trong bii vigt niy, chiing tdi i p dung he so Gini d l do ludng str phan bd dign tich dit SXNN. Vigt Nam dang thQc diy qui trinh tich tu vi t^p trung dat dai, do viy he sd Gini vl ddt thg hidn thu-c trang tich tu, t$p trung dit dai.
23,6% va dit thiiy san len tdi 117,1% (sfi lieu trung binh cho nfing thfin cd nuoc trong 8 nam tir 2004-2012). 5*0 sdnh vi hieu qud thu nhgp tie 3 logi ddt cua hp gia dinh, thi ddt thuy sdn cho gid tri cao nhdt, tiep theo Id ddt SXNN cao thie hai vd thdp nhdt la ddt ldm nghiep. Way qua trinh tich ty, tap trung dat nong nghifip trfin day, ket hgp vdi hieu qua thu nh^p tir 3 loai dat lieu cd lam cho hg giau sii dyng nhifiu ddt thuy san, dat SXNN hon hd ngheo hay khfing? Nhiing phan tich dudi day sfi tra ldi cdu hdi nay.
3. Bit binh dang vl min: sdng d ndng thon qua su* dung nguon luc dat ndng nghiep
* Su tich tu ddt nong nghiep tic hp ngheo vdo hp gidu a Dong Nam bp vd ddng bdng song Cim Long
Tir nhiing ndm dau doi mdi, sy phan chia ddt nfing nghifip la tucmg dfii cfing bang trong cac hd gia dinh d nfing thdn.
Sau do, theo sy dien bien cua thj trudng giao dich dit dai qua 20 ndm (1992-2012), ty le cac hg gia dinh khong dit, ndng nghiep d nfing thfin cd xu hudn^ tdng len.
Trong do, nfing thdn cac tinh mifin Nam cd ty le hfi khdng dat ndng nghiep nliilu hon cdc tinh miln Bdc. Ty lfi cac hg gia dinh khfing ddt nfing nghiep cd xu hudng tang Ifin chdng td ddt nong nghiep se dugc tich ty, tap trung vao nhiing hd gia dinh khde.
Mat khac, trong pham vi nfing thfin ca nudc, cac nhdm hfi co miic sfing tang dan tir ngheo len giau thi ty le hd gia dinh khfing ddt ndng nghiep ciing tang Ifin tuong ung. Nhung dilu nay thg hien khac nhau giiia dfing bang sfing Hfing vdi Dfing Nam bfi va dong bdng sfing Cuu Long. Cy thg la, dat nfing nghiep khfing tich tu, tap trung vao nhdm hd cang gidu d ddng bang sdng Hdng, nhung nd lai dugc tich tu, tap trung vao nhdm hd cdng giau d Ddng Nam bg va ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long.
Nhu vay, ddt nong nghiep duac lich
Bdf btnb d ^ g mfic sdng..
tu. tap trung td cdc nhdm hd d cue ngheo vdo cdc nhdm hp cue gidu d Ddng Nam bp vd ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long.
* Su phdn bd khac nhau vi dien tich ddt SXNN, dot ldm nghidp vd ddt thdy sdn d cdc nhdm hp tu gidu den ngheo
Ket qua nghifin ciiu cho thiy, trong phgm vi nfing thon ca mrdc, nhom hg giau cd difin tich d i t SXNN nhifiu hon hfi ngheo (Hinh 2a). Sy phdn bfi dit SXNN giiia cac nhdm hg tur i ^ e o den gidu da phan thanh hai cue tuong t y nhu sy phan cyc ve miic song (Hinh 2a thfi hien su phan cue tuong ty Hinh 1 b). Ddi vdi dit thuy san cung tuong ty, nhung rieng ddi vdi dit lam nghiep thi nhdm hfi giau lai it dit rimg hon nhdm hg ngheo. Dieu ndy nguac hdn vdi ddt SXNN, bcri vi dit rimg sinh Igi khdng cao cho nfin cac hd gidu it sii dyng ngudn luc ddt dai nay. Ddy la mdt troi^ nhihig nguyen nhan gidi thich linh trang miic song cua ngudi mifin mii thip hon mien xuoi la do cugc sdng cua hg phai dya nhieu vao d i t lam nghiep.
Tom lai, cd su phdn bd khde nhau ve ngudn luc ddt nong nghidp ^Ha ho gidu vd tw ngheo. Trong ba logi dat SXNN, ddt Iam nghifip va dit thuy sdn thi nhdm hd giau quan ly va sir dyng nhilu ngufin lyc dat (fei cd kha ndng sinh ldi cao (dit SXNN va dit thuy san), cdn nhdm hd
nghdo sir dyng nhieu n ^ f i n lyc dit lam nghiep smh ldi thip. Ket qua nay la dgi dien cho ndng thon ca nudc trong nhilu nam thdi ky dfii mdi.
* Ket qud thu nhcp tie nguon luc dot ndng nghidp a cdc nhdm hp td gidu din ngheo
NhGng phan tich d trfin da cho thiy CO sy khac nhau trong tilp can ngudn lyc dat ndng nghifip giiia cac nhdm hfi gidu ngheo d ndng thfin ca nudc. V l hifu qua ciia vifc su dyng d i t giiia cac nhdm hg giau ngheo, kfit qua nghifin ciiu cho thay, ddi vdi ddt SXNN: Nhdm hg giau tgo ra gid tri thu nhdp trfin don vj difn h'ch dit SXNN la cao nhdt, cdn nhdm hg ngheo la thdp nhat. Ddng thdi, nhdm hg giau ciin^
cd difn tich d i t SXNN nhilu nhit. Ket qua tuong ting la nhdm hg giau cd thu nhdp binh quan cao nhdt, cdn nhdm hg ngheo la t h i p nhdt (Hinh 2b). Dilu dd dan den sy phan cyc giua cac nhdm ho giau ngheo vfi thu nhap tir dit SXNN ciing tuong ty nhu phan cyc vfi miic sdng (Hinh 2b the hifin sy phdn cyc tuong ty Hinh l b ) . Nhu vdy, xem xet theo ca 2 chifiu cgnh (hifiu qua kinh tfi trgn dan vi dien tich dat va thu nhgp binh qudn ddu ngudi/nam tir dat nfing nghifip) cho thdy, nhdm hg giau biet khai thdc ddt SXNN dem lgi hieu qua kinh te cao nhdt, cdn nhdm hd ngheo la thap nhit.
Hinh 2. Difn ti'ch va kit qua thu Dh|p tir dat SXNN cua c^c nhom hg giau ogheo d ndng thon tir 1992 din 2012<'>
. . <^) . (b) Nguon: Tong hgrp tir cac so UJu ciia Tong cue Th6ng ke qua cac nam.
26 Thing Hn Khoa hoc xa hai. sfi 3.2017
B6I vcri ddi Idm nghiep va ddt thiiy sdn: s6 lieu khao sat cung cho thay nhom hp giau CO thu nhfip binh qufin tir 2 loai dit nfiy la cao nhfit, c6n nhom h6 ngheo la thfip nhfit i! tfit ca cac nam 2004-2012.
DiSu nay cOng tuong tir nhu hi$u qua thu nhfip cua cac nhom h6 giau ngheo tii dat SXNN tren day.
Nhu vay, ngu6n lire dfit nong nghiep CO m6i lien he vcri bat binh dfing giau ngheo va mile s6ng cua dfin cu nong thon.
* Tdc dong khong nhiiu cm nguon luc dit nong nghiep din gidm^ ngheo va tang giau, va ndng cao miic sdng cho hp gia dinh nong thon
Theo kSt qtia nghien ciiu cua ehiing toi, nhom h6 ngheo thuang co iiiot s6 dae dilm la ngucri dfin toe thieu so, trlnh do hpe vfin thfip, dong nhan khfiu vfi nhieu ngucri phu thupe, c6 nhieu lao dpng lam nong nghiSp, sinh s6ng a vimg kinh te-xa h6i kho khfin. Trai lai, nhom h6 giau thucmg c6 mpt s6 dac diem la nguiri Kinh va Hpa, trinh d6 hpc van eao hem, it nhan khfiu va it ngudi phu thupc, eo nhieu lao dpng lam nghe phi nong nghiep, sinh song Of viing kinh te-xa hpi thufin lpi hon.
CJ khu vue n6ng thon, nhfin to dat nong nghiep noi ehung {bao gom ca gia tfing dien tieh eae loai dfit va gifi tri thu nhfip tren don vi dien tich - tire hieu qufi san xuat) co tdc dong lam giam hp nghep va tfing hp giau, va nang eao miic s6ng cho cac hp gia dinh nhung khong nhieu so vol cac nhfin t6 khfic. Mfit khfic, gia tfing gia trj thu nhap tir dfit SXNN noi lieng cho hp gia dinh ciing co tac dpng den giam ngheo va tang giau, va nfing eao miic song cho hp gia dinh nong thon nhimg cSng khong nhieu. Trong khi do, eae nhan to nhu- dan tpe, so ngucri trong hp lam viee 6 ca quan nha nuac, co la hp nong nghiep hay khong, co a gfin ca so san xufit kinh
doanh, dich vu hay khong va eo song a vimg kinh t6-xa hpi thuan lpi han hay khpng siu thi hien su tdc ddng nhieu hom cd (so vcM tac d6ng cua dit n6ng nghiep).
Thu nhfip tir dfit SXNN ehiSm ty le trung binh lfi 33,9% trong ting thu nhfip cua hp gia dinh a nong thon (giai doan 2004-2012), va ty le nfiy ngfiy cfing nh6 dfin trong t6ng thu nhfip eua hp gia dinh trong giai doan nay. Trong do, thu nhap tir dfit SXNN cua nhom h6 ngheo chiSm ty \%
45,7% tren tfing thu nhap va nhom hp giau vol con s6 tuang ling la 25,5%. Trong khi do, cfic nhfin t6 ngofii dfit nong nghiep thj iiien sir tac d6ng nhiSu hom cfi (so voi tae dpng cua dfit SXNN).
4. Mot so khuyen nghi
K6t qua nghien ciiu ciia ehung tpi cho thfiy, qufi trinh tich tu vfi tfip trung dfit nong nghiep (trong do chu yiu 14 dfit SXNN) dang diln ra khfi cham 6 nong thon Viet Nam. Dilu do doi hoi cfin phfii thiie dfiy manh, "co chinh sfich phii hpp dl tfch tu, tfip trung rupng dfit, thu hut manh cac nguon lire dfiu tu phfit trien nong nghiep" (Dfing Cong san Viet Nara, 2016, muc III). D I thiio dfiy qua trinh tich tu va tap trung dfit SXNN a nong thon Viet Nam Men nay, dua tren ca so ly lufin vfi kit qua nghien euu cua de tfii, chiing toi dua ra mot so khuyen nghi sau:
- Tinh trang n6ng dan bo rupng a miln Bfic hien nay c6 thi la bilu hien eua su gan kit lpng leo ciia ngucri dfin ddi v6i dfit nong nghiSp. Con a miln Nam khong CO tinh trang nong dfin bo rupng, dieu do phai chang la do dfit SXNN thuoc ve tu huu ngfim fin? Theo chiing toi, dfit SXNN la tai san dac biet, chi co thi su- dung va khai thac co hieu qua nha vao sir qufin ly va dfiu tu 6n dinh, Ifiu dai tit thi hS nfiy sang thi he khac. Do vfiy, phai bao dfim quyln sir dung Ifiu dai dfit SXNN bfing
BJit binh d ^ g miic song... 27 vifc xac dinh rd chu thi sd huu, cd nhu
vgy mdi cd thfi tgo dfing lyc dl qudn ly, su dyng, khai thdc hieu qua.
- Mudn tich ty va tap trung rudng dat, phai thyc hien co chl thj trudng day dii dfii vdi dit SXNN. Co chl thi trudng se dieu chuyen su dung dit mgt each linh hoat va dem Igi hieu qua kmh tfi cao nhat.
Dat SXNN se la hang hda trong thj trudng nay. Quyfin sd hiiu tu nhan dfii vdi hang hda ddt SXNN phai dugc bao dam thi thj trudng dat SXNN mdi hoat dfing diy dii va hoan hdo (thudn mua vira ban).
- Phdi thuc hifin chuyfin djch dan co cau lao dgng ra khdi ITnh vyc nfing nghiep, digu do se giiip tap trung va tich tu rugng ddt cho nhung ngudi biet idiai thdc, lam giau tir dat SXNN. Ddy chinh la qud trinh chuyen dich ca cdu lao dpng tie ndng nghiep sang phi nong nghiep di gia tang tdng ldp trung luu dugc dg cap d trga Tiic la, thj trudng dat SXNN phai gdn liln vdi thj trudng lao dgng nit Ichdi ndng nghigp do tich tu rudng ddt. Hdng hda trong thj trudng ndy la ddt dai va lao dfing.
- Quydn sd hiiu tu nhdn dfii vdi rugng dat se ldm tdng hifiu qua su dyng rugng dat. (j Viet Nam, thyc tfi trong lich sii da tfin tai sd hiiu tu nhan ve rugng ddt d khu vyc Nam bfi. Vdi sy ddng gdp it di cua dat nfing nghifip den miic sdng hd gia dinh va tinh trgng hd gia dinh nfing thdn bd rudng, tra lgi rudng ddt hien nay (d mien Bac), theo chiing tdi, nfin trao quyen sd hihi tu nhdn ddt SXNN (tiic la thyc hien da hinh thuc sd hOu) cho ngudi dan nfing thfin.
Thyc hifin difiu nay se giiip day nhanh qud trinh tich tu va tap trung rugng ddt d nfing thfin Viet Nam, dan tdi ldm tdng hieu qud va tang su ddng gdp ciia rugng ddt ddi vdi
miic sfing hg gia dinh. Qua trinh tu nhan hda dit SXNN de tich tu va tap trung rugng dit trong ham y chinh sach nay cung la xu hudng phat trifin ciia nhifiu nudc tren the gidi. Sd hiiu tu nhdn dat SXNN Id dieu kien ca bdn nhdt de tich tu vd tap trung dat nong nghifip ndi ehung, dat SXNN ndi rifing •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dang Cfing san Viet Nam (2016), Bdo cdo Chinh tri tgi Dgi hpi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thu XII Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam, http://daihoil2.dangcongsan.vn/
Modul es/News/NewsDetail.aspx ?co_i d=28340743&cn_id=405101 2. Dfi Thifin Kinh (2015), "Xu hudng bit
binh dang ve muc sfing d Vifit Nam trong 20 nam ddi mdi (1992-2012)", Tgp chi Gido due ly ludn, sd 236/10.
3. Ngdn hang The gidi (2004), Chinh sach ddt dai cho tdng trudng vd xda ddi gidm ngheo, Nxb. Van hda - Thdng tin. Ha Ndi.
4. Tfing cyc Thfing ke (2015), Nien gidm thdng ke 2014, Nxb. Thdng kfi (bdn dien tii). Ha Ndi.
5. Tdng cyc Thdng kfi (2014), Kit qud Khdo sdl Miec sdng Ddn cu ndm 2012, Nxb. Thdng kg. Ha Ndi.
6. Tfing cue Thdng kfi (2011), Kit qud Khdo sdt Muc song Ddn cu ndm 2010, Nxb. Thdng kfi. Ha Ngi.
7. Tdng cyc Thdng kfi (2000), Dieu tra Muc sdng Ddn cu Viet Nam 1997- 1998, Nxb. Thfing ke. Ha Nfii.
8. Tfing cyc Thdng ke (1994), Khdo sdt Mice sdng Ddn cu Viet Nam 1992- 1993, Nxb. Thfing kfi, Ha Ngi.
