BAU Cljr DAI Biiu Q U 6 C Hbl VA HDND CAC CAP N H I B M Kt 2016 - 2021
BAU cur Cl VIET NAM-
NHUfNG NOI DUNG CAN QUAN TAM
PGS.TS. NGUYEN QUOC SUtI*
Biu cicOngdui^cbiiulicicb tbucnban din tiao quyin cbo Nbi nudc vi vii tucicbli mOt(Md0ti6n tiin, Nbinu6cC0ngbdaxib0i(iiin^m W^t Nam khdng tbi biogm^t pbuongpbipniokbicb(mIibiuciditbinbl$pTaciccaquanciamlnb.Cudcbiuci
li m0t tiong nbOngbinh thic bo^t d0ngxS b0i - chlnh tij quan trgng cia nhin dan. Biu d tbu bit SII tham gia dong dio dad tii d^(li$n cho cic0ai dp, tSngldrp, tdngiio, gmtlnb...
1. Biu cud Vift Nam
Viec biu dt d nudc taliquitrinhciccit tri dua ra quylt dinh cua hg theg cic cich thiic ma phap luat quy dinh de chgn ra nhung dai bilu dai diln cho minh nim giu cic chuc vu ttong co quan din cir cua chinh quyen a trung uong va dia phuang ttong pham vi linh thd cua Viet Nam. Biu cir niy bao gdm: bau ci Quoc hdi (& tnmg uong) va bau ci Hoi ddng nhan dan (HDND) cac cip (o dia phuong). Thdng thirdng, cic cudc bau cii dugc tien hanh khi cac ca quan din cit (hay co quan quyen luc nhi nudc) hit nhifm ky. Theo quy dinh cua Hieh phap nam 2013, nhiem ky cua Qudc hpi mdi khda li 5 nim (Dilu 71 Hien phap nim 2013 va Dieu 2 Luat Id chtie Quoc hpi nam 2014), tuong tu, 5 nim cflng li nhiem kycuaHDNDcaccip. Chinh vi viy, 5 nam mdt lan, d Viet Nam dinh ky tiln banh biu cu Qudc hdi va HDND cic cip.
Cac cudc bau cii cd tinh chat phip ly rit quan trpng, dd l i mpt khiu quan ttpng dl
thinh lip cic co quan quyen luc nha nudc tu trung uong din dia phuang. Li phucmg thiic quan trpng de nhan din thuc hien quyin luc cua minh. Dilu 6 ffleii phap nim 2013 khing dinh: "Nhin din thuc hifn quyin luc nha nudc bing dan cbu true tilp, bing din chu dai dien thdng qua Qudc hpi, Hdi ddng nhin din vi thdng qua cic CO quan khic cua Nha nudc". Thuit ngli biu cii d Vif t Nam dupc cho la gin kit mat thilt vdi khai niem din chu, trong dd nhimg cudc biu cir tu do va cdng bing la phuong thtrc bao dam cho vile tdn trgng cic quyen tu do, dan chu do. Trong mgt nin din chu, quyen luc cua Nha nudc chi dugc thuc thi khi cd su nhit tri cua ngudi din (ngudi bi quin ly). Co chl cin bin dl chuyen su nhit tri dd thinh quyen lire nhi nudc l i td chuc biu cii tu do vi cdng bing.
Biu cir cflng dugc bilu la cich thiic nhan din ttao quyen cho Nha nudc va vdi
* Hoc vien Hanh chinh Qudc gia TAP CHl Q U A N Lt NHA UUOC - S6 244 (5/2016)
BAU cur DAI Bl£u QUdC HOI VA HDND CAC CAP NHlElM KY 2016 - 2021 tu cich la mdt chl dp tien Uen, Nhi nudc
Cdng hda xa bgi chit nghia Viet Nam khdng thi bang mdt phuang phap nio khic hon li bau cu dl thinh lip ra cic co quan ciia minh. Cudc biu cir li mpt trong nhtmg hinh thttc boat dpng xa hdi - chinh tti quan trpng cua nhin dan. Bau cir thu hut sir tham gia ddng dao cua cii tri dai dien cho cic giai cap, ting ldp, tdn giio, gidi tinh...
Bdi vay, dl dat dupc kit qua, cic eupc biu cir phai dupc tien banh cd td chuc, theo nhtmg trinh tu chit che nhit dinh.
Nhitng trinh tu tbu tuc nay dupc phip luit quy dinh rit chit che, d Viet Nam cd hang loat cac van ban phip luit dilu chinh vl biu cu tii Hieh phap - vin ban cd hieu luc phap luit cao nhit din cic dao luat nhu Luaf Bau ci dai bieu Quoc hgi nam 1997 da dupc sua ddi, bd sung vio cac nam 2001, 2007, 2010; Lu$t Bau ci dai biiu HDND nam 2003. Cudc biu cu dai bieu Qudc hpi vi dai bilu HDND cac cap diln ravio ngay 22/5/2016 dupc thuc hien theo dao luit thdng nhit vl biu cu, dd la Luat Bau ci dai bieu Quoc hoi va dai hiiu HDNDnam2015.
a. Quyin bau civa ingci Quyin biu cu vi ling cu vio ca quan quyin luc nhi nudc cao nhit li mgt trong nhiing quyin ca ban vl chinh tri cua cdng dan. Phip luit hien hanh di quy dinh cdng dan cd quyin biu cu, co quyen ling cir vio Qudc hgi, HDND. Theo do, cdng din Viet Nam du mudi tam tudi trd len deu cd quyen biu cii va dli hai muoi mdt tudi trd len diu cd quyin ling cii dai bieu Qudc hgi (Dilu 27 Hiin phap nim 2013 va Dilu 2 luat Bau ci dai bieu Quoc hgi va HDND nim 2015). Nhung cdng dan niy khdng phin bift dan tgc, nam nu, thinh phan xi hdi, tm ngudng, tdn giio, rtnh do van hda, nghl nghiep, thdi ban cu tru deu dupc ghi ten vio datih sich cir tri dl bau cii.
Nhimg cdng dan khdng dugc ghi ten vio danh sich cir tri la cic trudng hpp ngudi dang hi tudc quyin biu cii theo ban an, quyet dinh ciia tda i n d i cd hifu lire phip luit hay ngudi dang phai chap hanh hinh phat tu hoic ngudi dang hi tam giam (nhtmg bj can, hi cao trong cac vu an hinh su, tuy chua pbai l i nhiing ngudi hi tda an kit in, nbimg hg hi ban chl quyin tu do de dieu tra, xit xii hgic dl bio dam thi hanh i n phat tit) va ngudi mat nang Ivrc hinh vi din su (Dilu 30 Luat Bau cidai biiu Qudc hdi va dai biiu HDNDnam 2015).
b. Cac nguyen tac bau ci Cic nguyfn tie biu cir la cic quy tic, nguyen ly cbi dao dupc ip dung cbo quyen ban cii cua chu thi (quyin biu cii chu ddng va quyin bau cu hi dgng). Nguyen tic biu cii Ii dilu Iden dupc quy dmh bdi phap luit biu cu cua mdi qudc gia, ma vifc thtrc hifn vi tuin thu quy dinh dd trong qua trinh biu cir quyet dinh tinh hpp phap cua cudc biu cir.
6 Vilt Nam, cic nguyin tic biu cir dan chit dupc kl thira, bd sung vi phit triin dl Iam mpt cin cu thuc hien mpt chl dp bau cu mdi thuc su din chu. Cic nguyfn tic biu cii thee quy dinh cua phip luit gdm bdn nguyin tic, de li:
-Nguyen tic phd thong diu phiiu: day li nguyfn tic rit quan trpng dugc khing dinh tai Dilu 7 Hiin phap nim 2013. Theo do, cdng dan dil mudi tam tudi trd len co quyin biu cu vi du hai mucri mdt tudi trd len cd quyin ting cir vao Qudc hpi va HDND cic cap. Nguyen tic nay nhim bao dam chu tit ca cdng din, khdng phan bift thinh phin din tgc, tin ngudng, dia vi xa hgi, gidi tinh diu cd quyin biu cir.
- Nguyin tic bmh dang: dupe thi hifn d mpt sd khia canh, nhu mdi cii tri khdng
TAP CHl Q U A N Lt NHA MOC - S6 244 (5/2016)
BAU COTDAI B|£U Q U O C H Q I V A H D N D CAC C A P N H I E M K t 2OI6 - 2021
phan bilt d i u cd sd lin bd philu nhu nhau, gii tri l i phieu ciia mdi cu tri diu nhu nhau, sd lupng din cu nhu nhau thi bau dugc so lugng dai bilu bing nhau.
- Nguyen tic true tiep: nguyen tic niy nhim bao dim cho ngudi dan true tilp thi hiln y chi cua mmh ttong lua chpn ngudi dai bilu. Cu the: cii tri dugc true tilp bd philu via thung phieu ma khdng qua ngudi tnmg gian, cii tti cflng true tilp lua chpn ngudi minh bd phieu, khdng duoc nhd ngudi khic biu hd, khdng biu bing cich thuc gtii thu.
- Nguyen tic bo phiiu kin: nguyfn tic nay nhim bio dim tdn trpng quyen tu de thi hien y chf eiia cit tri, tao dilu kien de qui trinh lua chpn ciia mdi eir tri khdng hi tic ddng, anh huong ciia cic ci nhin khie hoac td chuc.
Sic llnh diu tiln vl nguyen tic biu cii o Vift Nam dupc Chd Uch Hd Chi Minb ban banh l i Sic Ifnh sd 14-SL ngay 08/9/1945 vl md eupc tdng tuyln cu bau Qudc dan dai bilu. Tilp thep la Sic lenh sd 51-SL ngiy 17/10/1945 an dinh till If tdng tuyln cu. Tren cosd dd, ngiy 06/01/1946, cudc tdng tuyln cir dau tien d i diln ra.
Ngay 02/3/1946, Qudc hpi d i hpp ky hpp diu tifn. Day l i Qudc hdi dau tien ciia nudc Viet Nam dan chii cpng hda, gdm 403 dai bilu vdi nhilu thinh phan, nhu: cdng nhin, ndng din, vifn chiic, quin nhin cich mang. Qudc hgi khda 1 cung di thdng qua ban Hieh phap diu tifn (nam 1946) cua Viet Nam, ghi lihan nhtmg nguyin tic CO bin eda ehe dp biu cir d Vilt Nam ma trudc dd duoc thdng qua bdi cic sic lenh ndi d tten. Ding chu y, Hiin phap nim 1946 ghi nhin bdn nguyfn tic cua biu cit ed nhiing khac bift so vdi giai doan sau, dd li: chl dp biu cu la phd thdng dau philu, tu do, true tilp va bd philu kin (Dilu 17).
Trong giai doan tu nam 1959 - 1980, nguyin tic biu cu d Viet Nam dupc quy dinh trong Hien phap n i m 1959. Cic nguyen tic true tilp, phd thdng, bd philu kin vin tilp tuc dugc gbi nhin ttang luat Bau ci dai bieu Quoc hoi nim 1959 vi Phap lenh Bau ci dai biiu HDND. Tuy nhien, cung tir giai doan nay ttd di, nguyin tic bau cir tu do dirpc tbay thi bang nguyin tic binh dang, m i binh ding thidacd ttung npi him cua nguyen tic phd thdng.
Che dp biu cu giai doan 1980 - 1992 dupc quy dmh tai Dilu 7 Hiin phap nam 1980 vi cu thi trong Luat Bau ci dai biiu Quoc hoi nim 1980, Luat Bau ci dai bieu HDND nim 1983, 1989 vdi mpt sd dilm ding Itm y. Li quy dinh vl hiep thucmg, mgt thu tuc nhim co ciu, lua chgn ra ung cir vien, quy dinh niy van chi phdi tien trinh bau cir o Viet Nam cho din biln nay.
Ngoii ra, viec mien nhiem dai bilu khi hg khdng edn xiing dang vdi cii tri cflng dupc cu thi hda trong Luat Bau cidai bieu Quoc hgi nam 1980 va Luat Bau ci dai biiu HDAfD nim 1983.
Tit nim 1992 din nay, nguyen tic biu cir dugc quy dinh tai Dilu 7 Hien phap nam 1992: "Viee bau cir dai bilu Qudc hpi va dai bilu Hdi ddng nhin din tiln hinh theo nguyen tic phd thdng, binh ding, true tilp vi bd philu kin. Dal bilu Qudc hpi hi cu tri hpic qudc hpi bii nhiem va dai bilu Hpi ddng nhin din hi cii tri hpic Hdi ddng nhin din bai nhiem khi dai bilu do khdng cdn xiing ding vdi su tin nhiem cua nhin din". Cac nguyen tic niy dupc cu thi hda ttong Luat Biu cidai bieu Quoc hpi nim 1992,1997 (sita ddi cac nam 2001, 2007, 2010); Luat Bau ci dai biiu HDND nam 1994, 2003. Cic nguyen tic ban cu ttpng giai doan niy rd ring chu ttpng vip tinh tap tnmg. Cic dai bilu dugc biu then
TAP CHl Q U A N Lt NHA NUOC - S6 244 (5/2016)
BAU CCr DAI Bl£u QUdC Hdi VA HDND CAC CAP N H I E M KY 2016 - 2021 dinh hudng cua td chtie ban Ii y cbi thuc
sii cua cii tri. He thdng biu cir cflng chira tan ra dupc su bmh ding giiia cic iing vien, nhat li ddi vol cic iing vien tu ttng cir, chi cd quy dinh vl van ddng bau cir m i chua cd quy dinh vl van dpng tranh cir.
Hiin phap nim 2013 vi Luat Bau ddgi bieu Qudc hoi va HDND nam 2015 tilp tuc giu nguyin cie nguyin tic ciia biu cit, dd la: viec biu cir dai bilu Qudc hdi va dai bilu HDND dupc tiln hinh then nguyfn tic phd thdng, binh ding, true tilp va bd philu kin. Die biet, eac dilm mdi dupc nfu rd trong Luat la rit can thilt va cd y nghia quan ttpng dl phuc vu cudc biu cil d?i bilu Qudc hpi khda XIV va biu cir dai bilu HDND nhiem ky 2016 - 2021 tiiinh cdng tdt dep, gdp phin quan trgng cho vifc xiy dimg vi hoan thien nhi nudc phip quyin xi hpi chu nghia.
2. Mdt sd dilm cin bin
Theo mdt sd nha nghifn citu cho ring', du cd nhilu dilm tien bd, tuy nhien, eung vdi thai gian, vin dl biu cir ciia chdng ta cd nhiing dilm tilp tuc can hoin thien nhu sau:
Thi nbit, nhin din dang tllp tuc chd dpi ttr mdi dot biu cir, nhit li ca ciu va chit lupng, van dl "sd du tuang ddi ldn" va chuin muc "it nhat tir hai chpn mdt", van dl tu irng cd, ty If, chat lupng vi tieu chf giua dai bilu Qudc hdi chuyen ttach va khdng chuyen traeh...
Thi hai, chu ttpng hii hda hon giua y kiln chi dao, dinh hudng cua lanh dao cic cip vdi y kiln cua nhin din, ttong dd cin ttinh tinh trang: cd nhieu dai bilu dugc biu (cd dd phim chat, tu each) nhtmg chua hin thuc su li dai bilu xdng ding nhat cua nhin din. O mdt sd noi, viec cd ging thuc hien eac du kiln eua cip uy thuc
t l cung d i din tdi su chua thdng nhit, Sit bill la d CO sd (cd ngudi dugc cip iiy gili thifu nhtmg cir tri khdng biu, cd nguoi dugc cu tri tin nhiem thi khdng dupc gi6i thieu...).
Thi ba, treng dilu kien a Viet Nam, nen khuyin khich tu ihig cii d l ting kha ning lua chpn eua cu tri. Vile liy y kiln cu tri noi cdng tie va nai cu tru thirdng xuyfn chua phin inh thue chit quyin din chii cita nhin din. Vi cd tri cdn thu ddng, ho ehi dugc biy td tin nhifm dpi vdi nhung ngudi da cd sin ttang danh sich. Sy tfn nhifm niy cung chi mdi so vol tieu chuSn can thilt (tu cich) cua ngirdi dai bilu chii chua phii li ngudi cir tri lua chgn trong so nhung ngudi tdt nhat, xung dang ban gift thilu ra itng cu. Dai bilu, die biet la dai bilu Qudc hdi nlu mdi ehi nhin dupc su
"bao dam" tu cich ciia cii tri noi cdng tic va ncri eu tru thudng xuyen thi ehua du, edn phai cd sir "bio dam" rdng rai hon.
Luaf Biu ci dai bieu Qudc hdi va dai bieu HDND quy dinh danh saeh ttng cd vifn phii nhilu hem se lupng dai bilu dupc biu, nhung chua minh dinh rd phai nhilu ban sd tdi thilu l i bao nhilu, nen chua thuc su khoa hgc. Tbeng thudng, sd ttng eft vien chi nhilu hem sd d^i bilu dupc biu 1 - 2 ngudi, vi vay chua tao dieu kifn cho cu tri lua chpn.
Thi tu, can cd quy dinh rd su giim sat toin bd qui trinh biu cir.
Nhimg eude bau cir canh ttanh ttong sit giim sit ciia cir tri li ein ban dl cbo cac irng viln va ca ciuan td chiic biu cir phSi chiu ttach nhlerii giii trinh khi dupc yeu ciu. Nhiing cupe biu cu tu do vi binh ding cd y nghia hao trum len diln tiln ciia cugc biu cil. Nghia l a ^ Q n g thu tuc cu thi cua mdt cugc diu philu phd thdng: ttt vifc TAP CHl Q U A N Lt N H A Nl/(JC - S6 244 (5/2016)
BAU CU DAI BIEU QU6C HOI VA HDND CAC cAP NHIEM Kt 2016 - 2021 ghi danh cir tri, td chuc van ddng biu cii,
ma hdm philu, d l bao dam cho viec i p dung luat 11 mgt cich chat che vi trinh mpi thil doan gian lin cd thi din din vifc nghi ngd kit qui bau eii.
Cic cudc biu cir dan chii thi biln ring quyin luc chinh tri xuit phit tii nhin din vi dupe nhan din tin ciy, ddng thdi thi hifn ring cic chinh trj gia phii chiu trich nhifm trude nhin dan ve hanh vi ciia minh. Bing giii phip cudi cung la kha nang b | rdi khdi chuc vii sl bao dim ring nhiing ngudi dupc bau se dat su tin cay va duy tri tiiu chuan eda cdng vu vi bio dim ring nhting thay ddi vl nhin su vi chinh sich eda Chinh phii thay ddi theo cac dieu kifn m i cir tri yeu ciu. Vi, dilu niy din tit cic boat dpng thim dp du luin, ca trudc vi sau khi mdt cudc biu cii d i hean tit.
Tbinam, vai ttd eua truyln thdng, bio chi ttong viec tuyln truyln, giim sit de eac cu tri tuin thu phip luit, sing sudt lua chgn nhting dai bilu tdt nhit... Mdi dai bilu khi duge lua chpn ban cti ein bio dim cam kit trach nhiem ddi vdi eir tri.
Mgi chinh quyin, trong mgi hf thdng chinh tri, diu tim kilm su ung hd hoic thira nhin cua cdng chung ddi vdi cic ehinh sich cua minh. Vi vi phin ddng din sd chi cd thi tllp can dupc thdng tin qua phucmg tifn truyln thdng dai chung - bao cbi, dii phit thanh vi truyln hinh, eac phuang tien niy cd vai trd chinh tri trung tam ttong biu cit duang dai. Tuy viy, trong mdt nin din chu, phuang tien truyln thdng cd cac chue nang khac quan trpng ban l i chl dan gian eung cap mdt kfnh chp boat ddng tuyen truyln cua chinh quyin.
Dd Ii giim sit, phan bien xa hpi cic hoat ddng cua chinh quyin, thdng tin cho edng ehung, cung cip (hin dan cho ttanh luan
chlnh tri va nhu l i mpt kenh che du Iuan din vdi chinh quyen.
Mdt ehinh quyin chi boat dgng hieu qua, ehiu trich nhilm trudc cit tri nlu cir tri bilt nd dang Iim gi vi nlu cii tri cd cac phucmg tifn ddc lip dl thim dinh cic quan dilm ciia ung cit viln thi rd ring tiln trinh biu chgn ra dai bilu se l i tdt nhit eho mdi sii lira ehpn cua cii tri. Bin eanh nhiem vy truyln tai thdng tin dde lip, phucmg tifn truyln thdng ddng thdi cung cap diln din cho viec tranh cii/hoic tilp xdc cti tri eong khai, ddng thdi eflng eho phip sir ddng gdp l i ciu ndi dua y kiln quan dilm cita cu tri din chinh quyin, bd sung va eung cd sir giim sit vi chtie ning thio luin ky ludng ctia cic irng vien dai bilu bing cich ldi cudn sir tham gia cua cirttiD
Olli tbicb:
1. Phan Xuan Scm. Thuc trang vi giii phap ddi mdi cdng tic bau cu dnuirc ta. Tap chi Khoa hoc phap ly - Trudng Dai hpc Luat thanh phd Ho Chf Minh, so 03, nam 2005.
Luu Diic Quang. Tu do, cong bing tiong bau cuvi lien he voi bau cii d Viet Nam. Tap chi Nghien ciiu lap phap - Van phong Qudc hol, scS 89, nam 2007.
Tii U$u tham khio:
1. Hiin phip nudc Cdng hda xa bdi chd nghia Viit Nam cicnam: 1946,1959,1980,1992, (di Suae sua ddi, bd sung vao nim 2001), 2013.
2. Luit Bau ci dai biiu Qudc hdi (ban hinh nam 1997 di diroc siia ddi, bd sung vio cic nim 2001,2007, 2010).
3. Luit Biu cudaibieu Hdi ddng nhan dan nam 2003.
4. Luat Bau cidai biiu Qudc hdi vi dai bieu Hgi ddng nhan din nam 2015.
5. Qui trinh phit trien cua nguyen tic biu ci d Viet Nam. http://ttbd.gov.vn ngay 25/5/2015
TAP CHl Q U A N Lt NH A mJOC - S6 244 (5/2016)
