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NHUHG MOI QUAN HE CU BAN TRONG PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUG VOri VAN DE QUI MO, CHAT LUONG VA HIEU QUA GIAO DUC
NGUYSN L& THY GIANG *
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do eao efia Uy ban Qutfc ttf chufin bi cho gido due di vko Mtf ky 21 eua UNESCO da nfiu ra 7 vfiii dl mk gifio due ttong ddi stfng xa bfli Mfin dai cdn giai quytft mk thuc ehfit la giai quytft efic mtfi quan htf CO bfin ttong phat tritfn gifio due d tiMg qutfc gia ntfi rifing vd pham vi tokn cfiu ndi chung"\ Dd la rMiMg mfii quan he CO ban sau dky:- Quan hi giQa qud'c li'- qud'c gia.
• Quan he giSa lodn cdu, cdng dong vd cd nhdn.
- Quan he giSa truyen ihd'ng vd hien dgi.
- Quan hi giSa ldu ddi vd trudc mat.
- Quan hi giOa egnh tranh vd binh ddng vi ca hdihgc ldp.
- Quan he giSa sU gia tdng nhanh chdng cua khd'i liKtng tri thitc vd nhiing gidi hgn cua gido due.
- Quan he giSa tinh thdn vd vdt chd't.
ChirM ban chdt cfia cdc mtfi quan htf nfiu trfin cho phtfp chfing ta dkt ra vk giai quyfi't mtft ttong nhiMg vSn dl quan ttgng nhdt cua boat dtfng gifio due Ik vdh dtf vl qui mtf, ehfit lugng vk Mtfu qua gifio due.
Gifio due Ik nhu cdu co ban cfia con ngudi, la dilu kifin efin thitft dl bao dam quyin lgi vk nghTa vu hgc tkp cfia mgi ctfng dan duge Hitfn phdp bao dam. Phat triln qm mfi gido due khtfng cM don thufin Ik tkng stf lugng hgc sinh, sinh vifin cdc eSp tfi mdm non dtfn dai hge mk cdn la qufi trtiM phtf cfip gifio due vk dilu chirM ca cdu dko tao cac bae hgc, phdt triln htf Mtfng gifio due qutfc dfin vdi rMilu loai hinh da dang tttfn mgi vimg, mitfn cua dfit nude, gdp phfin nfing cao tiinh dtf dfin tri va chdt lugng ngutfn nhkn lue, dua finh sang vfin hod dtfn tdn cdc ban, Ikng xa xdi. Dfiy cung la qufi trinh phdt tritfn vk Mfin dai hofi mang ludi nhk tiucmg, dtfi mdi muc titfu, nfii dung, chucmg trinh vk phuong phfip day - hgc, phuong thdc dko
tao b cdc cdp, phfit triln dfii ngu gifio vifin vk cfin btf quan IJ...
Vdi nfii hkm rfing ldn dd, qufi trinh phdt triln qui mtf da va se lam May dtfi eo ban difin mao cua ntfn gido due nude ta tft mfit nln gido due eho stf it (5% ddn sfi) sang mtft nen giao due eho stf dfing (95% dfin stf). Tfi mfit htf Mtfng gido due qui mfi rMo Meo ca chtf bao cdp, ktf hoach hofi sang mfit hfi Mfing gifio due quy mtf ldn dinh hudng Meo nhu edu xa hfii vk thi tmdng, phfit tritfn Meo hudng ddn ehfi boa, xa hfii hofi, chufin hod vk Mtfn dai hod. Su phfit triln rManh chdng qui mtf gifio due eua nudc ta trong Mdi gian qua da gop phdn quan ttgng khoi dfiy tilm nfing to ldn vtf tri Mtf, phfit huy ngutfn vtfn eon ngudi cua dfit nude trong cfing cufic phfit Iriln kinh ttf- xa hgi, xofi ddi giam nghfio dfic bifit cd J nghia dfii vdi nude ta Ik nucic dfing dfin, luc lugng lao dtfng dtfi dko nhung trtnh dfi phdt tnln edn Mdp. Hidt triln quy mfi gifio due Ik tiln dl va dilu kifin dtf hinh Mknh xa hfii hgc tkp, tifim can kinh ttf tri Mftc vk bao dam cho mgi ngudi 'hgc dl bitft, hgc dl lam, hgc dtf chung stfng vk hgc dl lam ngirfii"*^'.
Cimg vdi phdt tritfn quy mtf, ehdt lucmg gifio due lutfn lutfn Ik mtft v&n dl dugc tokn xa htfi quan tfim bdi le ehfit lugng gifio due phan finh gifi tri dich Mue cua mdt nln gifio due vk Ik co sd, litfn dtf eho su phfit Iriln cua mtfi cd nhkn vk tokn xa hfli. T^iy nhifin, khfii Mfim "ehdt lugng" noi chung vk "ehfii lugng gido due" ndi rifing Ik rMiMg Mufit ngft khdi mfim ca ban cdn duge nhm nhkn d nMtfu gdc dtf khdc nhau. Theo tfi diln titfng Vifit Mtfng dung, Nhk xuat ban Gifio due, nkm 1998 tM Mukt ngfl "chdt lugng" duge Mlu Ik: "Cfii ikm ntfn phfim ehdt, gifi tri eua su vfit"
hofic la "C!fii tao nfin ban ehfit su vfit, lkm eho su vkt nay khfic su vfit kia""*. Nhu vfiy khfii Mtfm
* Thgc si. Sd Quy hogch kifn trOc Thdnh phdHd Ndi.
I ' Xem. Triel ly gido duc hifn dqi. Matxcova, Nxb Khoa hoc, 2012. tr 20-26
2 - Xem: Ngudi dua tin UNESCO, sd 2, 1999, tr. 55-57.
3 - Tu dlin lieng Vi?t thong dung. Nxb. Gido difC, 1998. tr 120-
T^p CHi oiAo ogc LV LUAN - s6 233 (8/2016) 59
DliN BAN BiAO DUG
"chdt lugng" phan diM Muflc tirM dfic trung, gifi tri, ban chdt cua su vfit vk tao nfin su khfic bifil (vl ehdt) gifla su vfit nay va su vkt khfie. Theo quan dilm tritft hgc ehdt lugng hay su bitfn dtfi vl chdt Ik ktft qua cfia qufi trirM tieh Ifty vl lugng (qufi trinh tt'ch luy, bitfn dtfi) tao ntfn nhiMg bude nhay vgt vl ehdt eua su vfit vk Men tugng. Trong ITnh vue siM xufit - kirM doanh ehfit lugng san phdm duge dac trung bdi cfie yeu ttf vtf nguyfin vfit lifiu chtf tao, qui trinh va cflng nghfi san xudt, cde ddc tinh vl su dung kl ea vtf mfiu ma, thi Mtfu va mfie do dfip fing rMu cdu ngudi titfu diMg... Cae dae tinh chdt lugng cd Mtf dugc thtf hifin Mdng minh qua cae cM stf ky Mudt - my Mudt, mfie titfu Mu cua san phdm trfin thi tmdng vk cd Ml so sanh dfi dkng vdi cfie san phfim khde cfing loai vk duang nMfin chiing cd cfie gifi tri, gia ca khfic nhau.
Trong Mih vuc giao due, ehdl lugng gifio due tokn ditfn V&L dkc tnmg san phfim Ik "eon ngudi" cd Ml Mlu la ktft qua (ddu ra) cua tokn bfi qufi ttinh dko tao vk duge Ml Mtfn eu Ml d efic phdm ehdt, gifi tri nhfin cfieh vk hay nfing luc stfng vk hok n h ^ dfiii sfing xa hfii, gifi tti sfic lao dfing, nkng luc hknh nghl eua ngudi tfil ngMtfp Mong fing vdi mue tifiu dko tao eua tiMg bke hgc, ngknh dko tao ttong hfi Mfing gifio due qufic dfin. Chfit lugng gifio due khfing cM don Mufin dugc do bfing ktft qua hgc tfip ttong nha tmfing, ktft qua iM cd d cde edp mk cfin dugc irfian finh mfic dfi dat dugc muc tifiu, yfiu cfiu gido due tokn difin vl ddc, tri. Ml, my,... vk nfing lue tu duy, sfing tao, nkng ddng, kha nfing tWeh dng eua ngufii hgc vdi nhu cfiu cua ddi stfng xa htfi, ddi stfng cfing dtfng ttong titag giai doan phdt ttiln ciia lieh sfi. Vdi yfiu edu hok nhkp ddi stfng xa hfii vk dfip fing nhu cdu nhdn luc cua thi tiirdng lao dtfng xa btfi (ttong vk ngoki nude), quan mfim vl chdt lugng gido due khfing cM ddng d ktfl qua cua qufi ttinh dao tao trong nhk tnrdng vdi nhftng dilu kifin bao dam nhfit dirM vl nfli dung, chuong trtnh dko tao, eo sd vkt ehdt, dtfi ngft giang vitfn,... vk edn phai tinh dtfn mfic dfi phu hgp va tM'eh fing cua ngufii ttft ngMep vdi dfid stfng xa htfi vk thi tmfing lao dtfng (lien quan dtfn Mtfu qua dko tao ngoki) nhu J Mdc vk lfii stfng van hofi eua cfie tfing Ifiip dfin eu, ty lfi cd vific lkm sau ttft ngMep, nfing luc hknh nghl tai cde vi tti lkm viec cu Ml d cdc doanh ngMep, ea quan, ede itf ehfie san xufit - djch vu, kha nfing i*dt triln nghl ngMfip,...
Tuy nMen, efin nhdii manh rfing chdt lugng vk
Mfiu qua dao tao tiiific htft phai Ik ktft qua eua qud ttinh dko lao vk dugc Ml Mtfn trong eufle sfing xa hfii vk hoat dfing nghl ngM^ eua ngudi ttft nghiep.
Do tinh cMft phde tap eua qua tilnh gifio due chiu su cM phtfi eua nMlu ytfu ttf khfich quan vk ehii quan nfin ehdt lugng dao tao khfing eo su dtfng nhdt Myet dd'i d mgi hgc sinh ttong eimg mflt bke oinh dfl hoae gifla efic loai hinh dko tao. Trfin co sd mflt chudn mue trinh dfl dko tao nhdi dmh Meo efie bdc hgc vk loai hinh dao tao nhu tilu hgc, THCS, THPT, cao dkng, dai hge,... se co mfit phtf chal lugng dko lao Mong fing vfid nMlu cdp dd khfic nhau: thdp, trung binh, cao, rdt cao... Phtf chdt lugng nky se Ik co sd dl Myln ehgn, sfi dung, dai ngfi va dko tao, btfi dudng Mirdng xuyfin ngutfn nhfin luc ed hgc vdh vk trinh dfi dko tao Meo nhu edu nhdn luc rfit da dang vl trinh dtf chuyfin mfin vk CO cdu nganh nghtf cua nhk nudc vk xa hfii.
Qua trinh thich dng vdi dfii stfng xa hfli, thi imfing lao dflng khflng cM phu thufic vao chfit lugng gido due, vko nhkn ttf chu quan cfia ngudi tfit ngMtfp mk cdn phu Mutfe vko efic ytfu ttf khdc cua mtfi tmdng xa hfii, nhu cfiu thi tmdng nhu edc ngutfn dfiu M, vific lam, quan hfi eung - cdu, gifi ca sdc lao dfing, chfnh sfich sfi dung vd gifii quytft vitfe lkm cua Nha nude vk cua ngudi svr dung lao dtfng... Do dd kha nkng tMch fing cfin phan anh ea vtf Mfiu qua gifio due dfie bifit Ik hifiu qua ngoki cua gido due. Theo Tfi diln titfng Viet thdng dung: Thukt ngfi hiiu qud dugc dinh ngWa Ik ktft qua dich Mue cua mtft boat dtfng hay gifi tri sfi dung, ctfng dung Muc ttf efia mdt san phfim, tMtft bi nko dfl so vdi iMiMg mue dfeh mong mutfn Mue ttf vk gifi tri cfia san phfim hokc diilt bi""". Khfii nifim Mfiu qua phan dnh mtfi quan hfi chat che gifla cM pM va lgi ich, gifta ddu M (dfiu vko) vdi ktft qua Mue ttf thu dugc ttong nhQng mfii tmdng vk Mdi gian nhdt dinh, mfii quan hft gifta gifi tri vk gifi tri sfi dung eua mfit san phim hay mfit giai phdp nko dd. Cung nhu khfii nifim chfit lugng, khfii Mem vl Mfiu qua cimg dugc xem xet 6 nhitfu mfic dd vk gfle dfi khac nhau.
Trong linh vue gifio due vdi tfnh ehdt dkc Mfi ciia san phdm gido due cdn xem xlt hifiu qua dko tao d cae mfic dtf cd iMkn ngudi hgc, tdng co sd dko tao, tokn ngkrM gifio due vk d ritag dia phuong, tokn xa hfli vdi nMtfu gdc dd vl xa hdi, vkn hod.
60 TAP CHf G l A o DVC LY L U A N - S 6 233 (8/2015)
BliNBANBlAOBIW kinh ttf... Hifiu qua dko tao ciMg cd nMtfu mdc cao t h ^ khdc nhau. Hitfu qua dko Iao cd Mtf dugc xem xet d hai khia canh: hifiu qua ttong vk Mtfu qua ngoki.
Hifiu qud dko tao ttong phan finh ktft qua dko tao ttong qufi trtnh dko tao, qua eae ty 16 luu ban, bd hgc vk ktft qua ttft ngMtfp d nhk tmdng voi nhftng dilu kifin nh^ djnh vl mdi tmdng kmh ttf - xa bfii, kinh pM dko tao, co sd vkt chdt, dfii ngu giao vifin...
Hifiu qua ngoki phan dnh mfic dtf hay kha nang tMch iMg cua ngudi tfil ngMtfp vdi dfid stfng xa btfi va thi tmdng lao dfing, nhung gia tri sfi dung vk ddng gdp Muc ttf cho cfi nhfin va xa hfii, tifim nfing phat triln ciia ngufii ttft ngMfip trong qufi trtnh hknh nghl... Hifiu qua ngoki ehiu nMlu tfie dfing, cM l^ffi cua mfii cfi nhfin, mfii trudng xa hdi nhu chmh sdeh lao dfing - vific lkm, tiln luong, tiln efing, quan he cung - cdu lao dtfng. Trong ditfu kifin ddu M eho gifio due edn d mfic Mfip, tiinh dfi phat tiiln kinh ttf ehua cao, dfid stfng cdn nMtfu khd khfin tM vfii cae ktft qua da dat dugc cua su ngMfip phdt ttiln kinh ttf - xa bfii vk gifio due nudc ta ttong nhflng nfim qua ea vtf qm mfi, chfit lugng tM ed Ml ndi Mfiu qua ngoai ciia ctfng tde giao due nufic ta Ik rfit dfing kMch lfi My ^ Ifi lao dtfng qua dko tao eon thkp, efin nMlu hge sinh, sinh vifin sau kM ttft nghifip ehua cd vific lkm.
Khai mfim Mfiu qua ed mfii quan hfi chat che vdi khai Mfim ehfii lugng. Chfit lugng dko tao ckng cao se lam tkng Mfiu qua dko tao ttong nhk tmdng vk tao CO sd, ditfu kifin ti sfi dung ngutfn nhkn lue dugc dko tao mang lai Mtfu qua ngoki xa htfi tfit ban vk ngugc lai Mfiu qua dko tao cao Mtf Mfin tuih
tMch fing vk phd hgp cua ehdt lugng nln gido due vdi nhu cau da dang ciia xa bfii.
Giiia phfit triln qm mfi vk vfe dtf ehdt lugng, Mfiu qua gifio due lufln lufin ctf mtfi quan hfi hftu co vk bifin ehftng. (ijud ttinh phfit tiiln qm mfi gifio due
"^ titfn dl, la qufi ttinh tfch luy vtf lugng dtf tao ra nhitag bitfn dtfi vl eh& eua su ngMfip gifio duc - su ngMfip "Tram nam trtfng ngufii" dtfng thdi gdp phdn tkng Mtfu qua trong vk Mtfu qua ngoai eua gifio due. Khfing co mflt ntfn gifio due kl ea gifio due dai hgc vdi qm mtf ldn, mflt ntfn tang dfin tri eao till khfing Mtf cd co sd dtf nang cao ehfit lugng vk Mtfu qua gido due, nkng eao chkt lugng cutfc stfng vk phfit tritfn dfii ngfl nhkn lue cd trinh dd eao, ed chfit lugng ttft. Vtf ban ehfii qui mtf gifio due khtfng hokn loan dtfi Ikp hoac loai trfi chfit lugng, Mfiu qua gido due mk gifla chung ed mtfi quan he tdc dfing qua lai, anh hucng ldn nhau.
Kinh ngMfim vk Uch sfi phdt tritfn gifio due cua cdc nufifc dtfu dkt ra ytfu cdu phfit triln qui mfi, tkng eudng cfie ditfu kitfn bao dam chdt lugng, ndng cao Mtfu qua frong vk phdt huy Mfiu qua ngoki eua gifio due. Hifit triln quy mfi gido due dfip fing iMu cfiu hgc tdp cfia efie tdng ldp dfin cu, nhu cfiu nhdn lue efia cfie Mknh phdn kiiM ttf vdi nhflng mfte chfit lugng phfi hgp v ^ efie dilu kifin bao dam ehdt lugng theo efie ehudn muc dko tao eo ban cho efic cfip, bfic hge vk loai Mnh dko tao, thuc Mln yfiu cfiu ddn chfi hofi, Mtfn dai hod, ehudn hofi vk xa hfii hod Ik xu hudng phdt triln khfich quan vk tkt ytfu cua su ngMfip gifio due nude ta ttong Mdi ky CNH,HDH.ia
YEU CAU VE PHAT TRIEN DAN CHU XA HOI..
(tiip trang 55) Do dd, d l phfit triln dfin ehfi ttong giao due ttong giai doan hifin nay edn phai chfi J mOt stf ndi dung sau: Trudc hit la, dfin ehu hda vifie xfiy dung chu tmong, ehinh sdeh, phfip Mat vl phfit triln gifio due va dko tao; bao dam nguyfin Ike do tokn dkn hoaeh dinh, tokn dkn thi hknh vk tokn dfin thu hudng. Thii hai Ik, efin nhfin thfic vk thuc hitfn dfiy du, dung dkn vific xa hfii hda gido due vk dko tao; thitft Ikp efic ditfu kitfn thukn lgi dtf mgi ngudi ed ea hfii, kha nkng hgc tap vk hge tap sutft dfii. ThU
ba la, Mue hitfn dtfi mdi ckn ban cdng tkc quan IJ gifio due, bao dam dfin chu, thtfng nhdt, coi trgng ehfit lugng, quan IJ tfit dl day ttft vk hgc ttfl. Thli tu Ik, thuc hifin quy chtf dfin ehu ea sd trong giao due. Trong efic nhk tmdng, ttong cae co sd gifio due vk dko tao thfiy phai lkm chu, trd phai lkm ehu, day hgc, quan IJ gido due vk dao tao phai ddn chu. Thu;
ndm la, dtfi mdi, ddn chu hda, minh bach hda, hifin dai hda, khfich quan hda vitfc thi, kitfm tra, dfinh gifi ktft qua gifio due vk dko tao.lHI
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