Ben vung sinh k§ o* Vift Nam liien nay
Dao Thj Minh H u o n g '
' Vi?n Nghien cihi Con ngufiri, Vi§n Hin lim Khoa hgc xi hfi Vift Nam.
Email: huong^[email protected]
Nhgn ngiy 7 thing 4 nim 2017. Chdp nhein dSng ngiy 4 thing 5 i^m 2017.
Tom tfit: O Vift Nam, sy phdt triln cua khu vyc kinh tl tu nhan ciing vdi su chuyen djch mgnh me CO cau nganh va lign tyc tdng tmdng cua nen kinh tl cac nam qua da cd tae dfng tich cyc den giai quygt vifc lam. Mac dii v|y, kha ndng tao vifc lam khdng cao va hifu sudt tao them vifc lam ciia nln kinh t l ciing cd xu huong gidm. Mure dg thay doi ca cdu vifc lam chgm hon so vdi toe dg chuyen djch ca cau kinh te da anh hudng tryc tilp din chuyen djch lao dgng, do do chua tan dyng CO hgi cho tang tmcmg chung va chua dam bao binh ddng ca hOi vifc lam cho moi ngudi va phan phdi Igi ich c6 dugc tir tang trudng mOt each cdng bdng.
Tii khoa: Ben viing sinh ke, vifc lam, chuyin doi ca cau kinh te, chuyin djch lao dfng, Vift Nam.
Phan lo^i nganh: Xa hgi hgc
Abstract: The development of the private sector coupled with the sttong transformation in the economic sectoral restructuring and the incessant growth of the economy over the past yeirs have exerted positive impacts on job generation in Vietnam. However, the capacities in job generation are yet to be high, and the efficiency in that regard tends to decline. The pace of changing the job structure is slower than that of economic restructuring transformation, which has resulted in direct impacts on the change in the labour structure. Opportunties are thus not taken fiill advantage of, with the equality in employment opportunities not being ensured yet, and benefits gained from growth not yet equally disttlbuted.
Keywords: Sustainable livelihoods, jobs, economic restructuring, labour structural transformation, Vietnam.
Subject classification: Soclolo^
1. Md^ddu dO dam bao an sinh xd hgi cho ngudi lao dOng, miic dg bgn viing ciia vifc lam d Vift Trong giai dogn 2000-2010, tdc do tdng Nam hifn nay cdn rdt thdp. Hon nGa, vifc vifc lam khoang 3%/nam [6]. Mac dii v^y, lam chdt lugng ttimg bmh va thdp (chilm ty If vifc lam phi chinh thiic ciia Viet Nam dkn 90% tdng sd vifc lam ciia ca nude) cho la rdt cao (gdn 80%), dilu dd cho thdy miic thdy ndng sudt lao dgng ciia Vift Nam cdn
Khoa hoc xa hgi Vift Nam, sd 9 - 2017 thdp so vdi cac nude ttong khu vyc va thg gidi. Til ndm 2000 ttd lai ddy, ty If tdng tmdng vifc lam cao hon so vdi toe dd tdng tmdng lyc lugng lao dOng trung binh hang ndm nen ty If thdt nghifp chinh thiic d Vift Nam hifn nay thdp, vdo khodng 2,2-2,3%.
Ty If tiidt n ^ f p khdng gia tdng ttong boi cdnh khimg hoang kinh te thg gidi, nhung ty If lao dfng phi chinh thiic tdng. Ngay ed ttong boi canh kinh t l suy giam, miic tdng tmdng san phdm ttong nude (GDP) Vift Nam chi dgt ehua din 6% ttong gim doan 2011-2014, thdp hon so vdi cac ndm tmdc, nhung ty le that nghiep ciia ngudi lao dgng trong do tudi chi cd 2,22%, 1.96%, 2,18% va 2,08%. T>' If tiidt nghifp va ty le thilu viec lam nam 2012 giam nhe so vdi cac ty le tuong iing eiia nam 2011 (do ty If lao dgng phi ehinh thiic nam 2012 tang so vdi mdt so ndm tmdc, tir 34,6% nam 2010 tdng len 35,8% nam 2011 va 36,6% ndm 2012) [12]. Miic sdng cua ngudi dan cdn thdp, hf th6ng an sinh xa hfi ehua phdt tiiln manh nen ngudi lao ddng khdng chiu noi cdnh thdt nghifp keo ddi ma chdp nhgn Idm nhiing cdng vifc khdng dn dinh vdi miic thu nhgp thdp vd bdp bgnh ttong khu vye phi chinh thiic. Tdng tmdng kinh t l ciia Viet Nam ttong thdi gian ^ua gdn vdi sy thay doi manh me vg ca cdu kinh tg theo hudng giam ty trgng ndng nghiep, tang ty ttgng edng nghiep va dich vy va di cung vdi nd la thay dii loai hinh cdng vifc vd qua trinh dieh chuyin lao ddng. Miic dd thay doi ca cdu viec lam khdng tuong iing vm thay ddi ca cdu kinh t l nhu hifn nay d Vift Nam da dnh hudng tryc tiep din ca hfi djch chuyin lao dgng va qua do la mire dO cai thien miic sdng vd vj thl xa hOi cua ngudi lao dOng. Bai viet phan tich ben viing sinh k l til gdc dg vifc lam, chuyen ddi co cdu kinh tg va chuyen dich lao dgng hifn nay d Viet Nam, tCr dd dua ra cdc kiln nghi va giai phdp dg nguoi ddn cd sinh k l ben vGng.
2. Ben vurng sinh ke tir goc dg vifc lam T^ If dan s6 cd vifc lam so vdi t6ng dan s6 ttong 10 nam tii 2000-2010 tdng 8,7 dilm phdn ttam (til 48,6% Ign 57,3%) [11] va tdng han 1 dilm phan ttdm ttong giai dogn 2010-2013 [12]. Cd dugc kit qud nhu v^y Id do tii nam 2000 ttd lgi ddy s6 viec lam ludn tdng nhanh hon sd ngudi mdi gia nhgp thj tmdng lao ddng. Trong giai doan 2000- 2010, tdc dg tang sd vifc ldm khoang 3%/ndm (tang tir 37,61 tiifu ndm 2000 len 48,90 tiifu nam 2010, ttong dd, Idioang 75% la tii cdc ehuang ttinh phat triln kinh t l - xa hOi, 25% tii cac chuong trinh muc tigu viec lam. giam ngheo va xudt khau lao dgng). Nhung, nlu xgt ttong giai doan 2004-2014, tdc do tang so vifc lam binh qudn hdng ndm chi xap xi so vdi tang tmdng lue lugng lao dfng trung binh hang ndm, khoang 2,4% [6]. Cd sy khdc biet teen do ndm 2009 va ndm 2013 Vift Nam chiu anh hudng khiing hoang kinh te toan edu va t6c dO tdng trudng vifc lam suy gidm chi d miic tuong iing 1,62% va 0,08%/ndm. M$c du vay. hf sd co gidn viee Idm^ ddi vdi GDP khdng cao vd cd xu hudng gidm nhanh (trong cac ndm 2000-2008 tdc dg tang tmdng GDP binh qudn Id 7,5%, hf sd CO gidn vifc lam Id 0,33; ttong cac ndm 2009-2010 toe do tdng tiudng GDP binh qudn Id 5,5%, he sd co gian vifc lam Id 0.3;
con s6 tuong iing ttong edc nam 2011-2015 Id 7% vd 0,25). Dieu do cd nghia la khd ndng tao vifc lam khdng cao va hieu sudt tao thgm vifc lam ciia nen kinh t l cung cd xu hudng gidm [3].
Mgt teong nhihig nguyen nhan ciia xu hudng tten la khu vyc ndng nghifp khong ed khd ndng hdp thy tiigm nhieu lao dgng, ttong khi tgi khu vyc cdng nghifp tde dO tdng tirudng vifc lam chgm hon nhieu so vdi t6c do tdng tiirdng GDP cua nganh. Ty trgng khu vyc cdng nghiep vd xdy dung ttong GDP la 38.1%, ttong khi t^ tiT?ng vifc
Bao Thj Minh Huong lam khu vyc nay la 21,2% vao ndm 2013
[14]. Khu vyc dich vu dang ddng vai trd quan trgng ttong tgo vifc Idm, tuy nhign quy md cdn nhd. Cd t h l ndi tdng tmdng chua tgo ra M ich tdt nhdt cd thl, thdng qua tgo thgm nhieu hon sd vifc lam mdi ttong khu vyc cdng nghifp va dich vy cho ngudi lao ddng.
So sdnh CO cau lao dOng cd vifc Idm giiia ndng thdn va thanh thi cho thdy, ty If lao dOng cd vifc lam d ndng thdn tdng deu vd nhanh han so vdi d thdnh thj (ndng thon tdng 9,9%, tiianh tiij tang 7,0%). Ty If tiiam gia lyc lugng lao dOng cua ddn sd trgn 15 tuoi khu vyc ndng thdn cao hon khu vyc thanh thi tdi 12 dilm phdn trdm (80% va 68%) [12]. Dilu ndy mgt mdt cho tiidy chmh sach phat triln kinh te - xd hgi ndi chung va phdt triln lao dOng, viec lam d ndng thdn ndi rigng trong nhiing ndm qua da cd nhihig tae dgng tich eye, tgo nhieu vifc Idm cho ngudi lao dOng; m?t khdc cho bigt rdng, thanh nien a ndng thdn kit thiic hge tap va tham gia vdo thj tmdng lao dgng som hon thanh nien sdng tai thanh thi.
Nhgn dinh thii hai dugc ciing cd khi sd lieu thdng ke cho thay ty If dan sd hoat dOng kinh tg teong dg tudi 15 -19 va 20-24 d ndng tiidn theo thii ty chilm din 8,2% va 11,5%, teong khi dd t^' If ndy a thanh thi chi chiem 3,2% vd 9,1% [12].
Vifc lam cdng dn luong chilm 1/3 tong sd vifc lam, nhung chi cd 60% teong sd dd la vifc ldm cd hgp ddng . Chi cd 22% trgn tdng lao dgng cd hgp ddng nen t^ If vifc lam phi chinh thiic hifn nay ciia Vift Nam len dgn gan 80%''. Vifc lam phi chinh thiic tdn tai khdng chi dr khu vyc kinh t l phi chinh thiic' ma d ca khu vyc kinh tg chinh thiic (tap trung chu ylu tgi cdc doanh nghiep, ca sd san xuat kinh doanh quy md hg gia dinh, ttong mgt s6 nganh cdng nghifp nhu xdy dyng, thuong mgi va dich vu). T-jf If vifc Idm phi chinh thiic cao cho
thay miic do dam bao an sinh xa hdi cho ngudi lao dgng, miic dO bin viing ciia vifc lam d Viet Nam hifn nay cdn rat thap.
Viec lam chdt lugng trung binh va thap chiem dgn 90% tdng so vifc lam cua ca nude [8]. Thgm niia, phdn Idn cdng vifc phi ndng n ^ g p Id cdng viec thg tini cdng, thg may, thg lap giap, lao dgng gian don...
Trong do, ty le lao dgng gidn don (khdng cd tay nghe) mdc dii da giam dang ke ttong giai doan 1999-2009 (tir 69,4% xudng 39,4%), nhung ndm 2013 so vdi nam 2009 cd xu hudng tang len (chiem hon 40%) [10]. Vifc tang ty If lao dOng gian dan vdo nam 2013 cho thay sd lao dgng mdi gia nhdp thi ttuong lao dOng giai doan 2009- 2013 chii ygu ndm cr khu vye lao dgng nang sudt thdp vd thu nhdp thdp. Vifc Idm chdt lugng cao* tang 35% giai doan 1999-2009, (til cho chilm 7% ttong s6 viec ldm Ign 9,4%), tang cham ttong giai doan 2009- 2013, (tii 9.4% len 10,1%) va chilm khoang 10,22% tdng viec lam ciia cd nude vao ndm 2014. Viec ldm chdt lugng cao tang chii ygu d vi tri cong vifc chuyen mdn ky thugt cao, teong khi do viec lam chuygn mdn ky thudt b ^ trung hau nhu khdng thay ddi ttong sudt giai dogn 1999-2013 [10]. Ty If 9% viec lam thudc nganh cdng nghiep chg bien che tao - nganh chii lyc ttong qua trinh cdng nghifp hda, hifn dai hda (C^NH, HDH) - tren tdng sd viec lam chdt lugng cao Id rat thap ngu so sdnh vdi ty If viec lam chat lugng cao trong Imh vyc nay d cac nuoc phdt trign (cd the Ign dgn 40-60%) [8].
Day cung la yeu to giam sy canh tranh lao dgng trinh dg cao cua Viet Nam trong thi tmdng lao dOng khi Viet Nam gia nhap cgng ddng kinh tg ASEAN. Trinh do chuygn mdn. tay nghe cua ngudi lao dgng cdn thdp; cdng viec chdt lugng cao it; dilu dd khien Vift Nam cd the roi vao bdy "san xuat hang hda ed gia tri gia tang thdp", ddng thdi dan den nang suat lao dgng thdp va thu nhgp ngudi lao ddng thdp.
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Khoa hgc xa hdi Vift Nam, so 9 - 2017 Do kinh t l tdng tmdng lign tyc qua cdc ndm, t^ If dan sd tham gia lao dgng tdng qua edc nam, t^ If tdng tmdng vifc lam cao han so vdi tdc dO tdng lyc lugng lao dgng trung binh hang nam. nen t j le thdt nghifp chinh thiie d Viet Nam ttong giai dogn qua Id thdp (vao khodng 2,2-2,3% moi nam) vd t^ If thilu vifc lam teong df tudi lao ddng dao dfng vao khoang 3 % den 3,5% [12].
Ngay cd ttong thdi gian nhigu doanh nghifp gidi thl, t^ If that nghifp va ty If thilu vifc ldm eung khong gia tdng, nhung ty If lao dgng phi chinh thiic tang. T^ le thdt nghifp vd ty If thilu viec Idm nam 2012 giam nh?
so vdi cac ty If tuang iing ciia ndm 2011 Id do t^ If lao dOng phi chinh thiic nam 2012 tdng so vdi mgt sd nam tmdc (tii 34,6%
ndm 2010 tang Ign 35,8% ndm 2011 vd 36,6% nam 2012) [12]. Do miic sdng ciia ngudi ddn cdn thdp, hf thdng an sinh xa hfi chua phdt triln mgnh, nen ngudi lao ddng khdng chju noi canh that nghifp keo dai ma chap nhgn lam nhihig cdng vifc khdng dn dinh vdi miic thu nhap thap va bdp bgnh trong khu vyc phi chinh thiic. Ty If thdt nghifp chinh thiic thdp, ty If thieu vifc lam cao la dgc trung dien hinh ciia cdc nude thu nhgp thdp, nai md nhilu lao dfng ty Idm chu hogc lam vifc trong khu vyc phi chinh thiic. Vift Nam khdng Id ngogi If khi cd ty If dan sd til 15 tuoi ty lam ttong ITnh vyc ndng nghiep va phi ndng nghifp cao hon 60% vao nam 2012 [12].
S6 lifu th6ng kg cho thdy ba dilu sau.
Thir nhat, cd sy khdc bift gifia thanh thj va ndng thdn vg ty If that nghifp vd thieu vifc lam teong dg tudi lao dOng. Nlu miic thdt nghifp a thanh thj cao han so vdi d ndng thdn khodng 1,7 ldn, thi miic thieu vifc ldm d ndng thdn ludn eao gdp 2,5 ldn d khu vyc thdnh thi. Thii hai, vg dg tu6i, ty If ngudi thdt nghifp d dO tu6i thanh nign (15-24) chigm khoang 50% ttong s6 ngudi thdt
nghifp, teong khi nhdm dan sh ndy chi ehilm 19,8% tong dan s6 tir 15 tudi ttd len cua cd nude. Ty If that nghifp ttong thanh nign cao nhdt so vdi cac nhdm tuoi khdc va vao khodng 2,5-3 ldn so vdi t j If that nghifp ehung. Ddy la mOt ttong nhiing nhdm lao dOng de hi anh hudng nhdt bdi cdc biln dOng trgn thi tmdng lao dgng. Thii ba, ve trinh dO hgc van, ttong so ngudi that nghifp, t^ If ngudi thdt nghifp cd bdng tdt nghifp d cdp tilu hge Id 15,5%, d cdp trung hgc ca sd la 21,9%, d cap trung hgc phd thdng la 17,5% va d cdp dgi hgc ttd Ign la 14%. T;^ If dd cao han hdn so vdi ty If ngudi that nghiep khdng di hgc, hogc chua t6t nghiep tieu hgc, hodc ed bdng day nghi, trung cap chuygn nghifp, cao ddng (vdi ty If tirong img Id 2,5%, 6,8%, 8,4%, 6,7%, 6,6%) [12]. Dieu ndy cho thdy rdng, ddo tgo dOi ngu lao dOng chdt lugng cao ddn ddu giai doan phat trien kinh te - xa hgi la chien luge quan ttgng, nhung phdi gdn vdi tgo vifc lam phii hgp d l thu hiit luc lugng lao ddng da qua ddo tgo.
3. B^n vfhtg sinh ke tit gdc d$ chuydn ddi eg cau kinh t l v^ djch chuyin lao d$ng Thay ddi co cdu kinh te lien quan ch§t che din tdi phan bd lao dgng (dich chuyin lao dgng). Neu ddu tu, tiln bf cdng nghf va nhiing thay ddi v l thl chl Id dfng co cua tang tiirdng kinh t l thi dich chuyin lao dOng mOt mait Id ddu bdi tton d l ddng co dd Iudn hogt dOng, m^t khac, nhu la mOt kgnh de phan phoi lgi ich c6 dugc tii tdng tmdng.
Dich chuyin lao dOng t\f do (td khu vyc ndng sudt thdp sang khu vye ndng suat cao hon) bdo dam tdng tiudng chung nhanh hon vd phan phoi lgi Ich ciing rgng han. Nghien ciiu vg lao dgng, vifc lam cho thdy co ba
Bao Thj Minh Huong loai djch chuyen ttong lao dgng: thii nhdt la
su dich chuyin mang tinh ngdnh nghi (nghia Id kha nang thay ddi nghi nghifp ciia nguoi lao dOng); thii hai la sy dich chuyin mang tinh giao dye hodc tay nghi (cd nglua la nang cao ky ndng cua ngudi lao dgng dg ndng cao ndng sudt lao dOng cua ca nhan hg); thii ba la sy djch chuyin mang tmh khdng gian (cd nghia la khd ndng thay ddi mdi tmdng song va lam viec ciia ngudi lao dOng khi cdn thilt dl ttanh thu nhfhig vifc lam do vdn ddu tu tgi nhiing dia dilm cy thgtaora) [4].
Nghign ciiu tdc do dich chuygn lao dOng (thay ddi eo cau viec Idm giua cdc khu vyc ndng nghifp, cdng nghifp va djch vy) ttong qua trinh chuygn ddi ca cau kinh te d Viet Nam ttong giai dogn qua eho thdy hai dieu sau. Thii nhat, cd sy thay d6i vl logi hinh viec lam (cung vdi su dich chuyin vl co cau vifc lam ndi tten); va dieu dang chii y nhat la cd su suy giam vai ttd cua vifc Idm ty dung phi ndng nghiep (chu yeu la cac doanh nghifp nhd quy mo hg gia dinh) ttong mdi tuong quan vdi viec lam cdng dn luong. M§c dii cd chgm lgi so vdi nhiing nam gan day, song lyc lugng lao dOng ldm cdng an luong ttong ca khu vuc nhd nude, khu vyc tu nhan va khu vyc cd vdn ddu tu tryc tiep nude ngoai (FDI) hifn nay vdn cd sy tang tmdng mgnh me so vdi thdi dilm each day khodng hai thap ky va chigm 1/3 tong lyc lugng lao dgng ed vifc lam [5].
Thii hai, Vift Nam dang phai ddi mdt vdi thdch thiic mdt can ddi gifta tdng tmdng vifc Idm teong cdc khu vuc va t^ tegng dau tu cung nhu ddng gdp GDP ciia timg khu vyc. Miic do thay doi ca cau viec lam cham hon so vdi tdc dO chuyen dich co cdu kinh tl do khu vyc cdng nghiep da khdng tao ra dugc su gia tdng vg vifc lam teong tuong quan vdi san lugng va dau tu. Nhiing chgnh
Ifch nay phan dnh muc dg thdm dyng vdn eao eua sdn xudt cdng nghiep. Kit qua ciia tinh trang dd Id vifc mdt lyc lugng lao dOng ldn (46,8%) vao ndm 2013 van dang hi rdt Igi tgi khu vyc ndng nghifp, noi ed ndng suat thap va thu nhdp thap (chi ddng gdp 18,38% vao GDP). Viet Nam dudng nhu dang gdp phdi hai ttong ba van de (md mgt sd nghign ciiu tir tmdc da xac djnh cd dnh hudng tigu eye din tdc dO tdng tmdng ttong dai hgn), dd Id: - thdm dyng vdn ttong giai dogn dau ciia qud trinh phat trien, khdng chd ttgng ddu tu vdn con ngudi dl tao ra luc lugng lao dOng cd ky ndng; - co che uu dai khong tgo thuan lgi cho cac nganh tham dyng lao dOng; - khdng hieu qua ttong vifc thiic ddy djch chuyen lao dgng, ngn cdn cd giai phdp khdc phye dl dgt mye tigu tang tmdng ben viing vd tdng trudng khdng logi trii.
CJ Vift Nam ttong thdi gian qua, hai hinh thiic djch chuyen thay ddi nganh. nghe va dich chuygn theo khdng gian phd biln han hinh thiic djch chuyen lao ddng do thdng tien nghg nghifp [3]. Hai hinh thiic nay gdn vdi thay ddi vifc lam va noi lam vifc ciia ngudi lao dfng. tir ngudi Idm ttong ITnh vyc ndng nghifp song tai ndng thdn thanh ngudi lam cdng dn luong tgi cdc khu cdng nghifp hogc ede ca sd sdn xuat, hay eac khu vyc djch vu.
MOt ngudi di cu khi tham gia lao dOng ttong khu vyc tdng tmdng eao han nai hg xuat phat deu mang lgi Igi ich cho tdng tmdng chimg, vd d cdp dg ca nhan hg ky vgng duge hudng lgi ieh cho ban than nhu thang tign ve nghe nghiep, nang cao trinh do. thu nhap cao han so vdi khi lam d qug nha [3]. Hg mong mudn cd the tich luy cho tuong lai ho^e giii vl giiip dd gia dmh (dl bii dip lgi vifc gia dinh bj thay ddi do nhiing nguoi ttg di lao ddng va ngudi cao
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Khoa hgc xd hpi Vift Nam, so 9 - 2017 tudi d nhd cham nom con tte). Kit qua khdo sat tgi 6 tinh cho thdy hau hit ky vgng dd ciia ngudi lao dOng di eu diu khd dgt duge.
Vg CO bdn nhdm lao dgng di cu khdng cd tay nghi va ky nang, nen thudng lam vifc tgi khu vye phi chinh thiic, dich vy tu nhan, khu cdng nghifp vdi ndng sudt thdp vd khdng dugc dam bao an sinh xa hOi- Chi phi sinh hoat cao tai cac thanh pho nai ngudi lao ddng di chuyen den, miic luang tang khdng theo kjp leo thang gia cd ciia cugc song thanh thi ddt dd^ da anh hudng khdng tot den ddi song hifn tgi, kha nang tich luy tai chinh cho tuang lai va giiip dd cho gia dinh ciia ngudi lao dOng di cu. S6 tign thu nh$p ciia mOt nguoi lao dOng di cu lam viec tai khu cdng nghifp cdn lgi sau khi trii di chi phi dn udng, di lgi, thue nhd d la khdng dang ke, chi vao khoang 1 trifu dong/thdng. Doi vdi ngudi dd I^p gia dfinh va ed con, thi luang thudng la khdng du cho chi tieu cua mOt gia dinh. Hg phai nhdn sy ho tig tit bd me theo nhieu each: h5 ttg tiln m§t, luong thyc, thyc phdm, giii con eho bd m? nuoi. ..[3]. "Rnh trgng khdng bin vfing smh k l eiia nhdm ngudi lao dOng di eu (dSic bift eiia nhdm lam vifc trong khu vye khdng chinh thiic) the hien d 5 ygu td chinh: chi phi cugc sdng cao; vifc lam bdp bgnh; thilu hda nhdp xd hOi; hgn che tilp cgn djch vy edng; mdi tmdng sdng kem tifn nghi va mdi tmdng lam vifc thilu an toan [3]. Dilu ndy dnh hudng ndng n l tdi ddi sdng kinh te, xa hOi va siic khde cua hg cd tmdc mat va lau dai va tdc dOng tryc tilp din khd ndng cham sdc siic khde vd phiic lgi eua hg. Do khdng cd bao hilm y t l ngudi di cu thudng phai chi tra cho cac djch vy y t l nhilu han. Hg hgn chl sir dyng cdc djch vy y te tgi noi d mdi do chi phi cao va thudng ty mua thudc de dieu trj, ho§c phai quay v l qug de dugc dilu trj moi khi bj 6m.
Con cdi ciia nhOng ngudi c6 hO khdu KT4 h o ^ nhiing ngudi khdng ddng k;y hO khdu thudng khd xm vao hge tgi cac tmdng cdng.
Kit qud mgt cugc khdo sat ndm 2014 [3], cho thay, ty If hai ldng vdi cdng vifc hifn tgi va khdng hdi Idng cdng vifc hifn tgi xdp xi bang nhau va chiem gan 2/3 s6 ngudi dugc hdi. Luong thap, khdng du chi tigu, khdng cd khd ndng tilt kifm de mua sdm vat dyng Idn ttong gia dinh, khong lam theo cdng vifc da dugc ddo tgo, khdng cd ca hdi thang tien ttong nghe nghifp, dd Id nguygn nhan chii yeu ma ngudi lao dOng di cu khdng hai Idng ve cdng vifc hifn tai (29,8%). Mac du vay, ttong so nhGng ngudi khdng hdi long vdi cdng vifc hifn tai, rdt it ngudi cd y dinh thay ddi cdng vifc ttong tuong lai (16,5%). hf do dugc neu ra ehu yeu la nggi thay doi (63,5%), khdng ed dilu kien de thay ddi (58,9%). Dilu kifn d day dugc gidi thich Id khdng cd co hOi xm vifc ldm mdi tot han, chua chuan bj vl kiln thiic ciing nhu tay nghe. hay chua ed k l hoach cy the nao cho co hOi nghg nghifp mdi, khdng cd tich Iiiy tai chinh. ciing nhu khdng cd dfng lyc tham gia ddo tgo ndng cao.
Thu nhap cao hon (75,6%), dilu kifn lam vifc tdt hon (71.2%), cd nhieu chinh sach mi dai khi Idm vifc (66,3%) va phii hgp vdi chuygn mon (63,9%), do Id nhiing Iy do chinh dugc nhting ngudi cd y djnh chuyin hodc tim cdng vifc khdc lya chgn.
Cac Iy do khac (nhu co co hOi thdng tiln, cd vj tri xa hgi h o ^ cdng vifc dugc tdn ttgng) khdng phdi 1^ do ducrc nhilu ngudi lya chgn.
Phan tich tren cho thdy, ngudi lao dfng di cu van chii y l u nhdm giai quyet vifc Idm tmdc mdt, kiem sdng tgm thdi, hem la nhdm ti'ch Ifly tai chinh, tdng co hOi ddu tu giao dye va ddu tu nghi nghifp cho tuong lai.
Bao Thj Minh Huong Nhu vay, co hOi phat triln tuong lai cua hg
tgi dd thj Idn la rat it va kha ndng hg quay ttd vg noi ra di (khi khdng cdn lgi the la lao dOng tre va lao dgng gid re) dl tilp tyc muu sinh dya tten dat dai la rat cao. Neu dd Id xu the thi sg Id minh chiing cho sy khdng bin viing, khdng thdnh cdng ttong ehiln luge sinh ke d cap dg ca nhan vd khdng hifu qud d cap dg quoe gia teong viec sir dung ngudn lye eon ngudi cho CNH, HDH dat nude, cung nhu ttong CNH ndng nghiep thdng qua gidi phdng lao ddng khdi khu vuc ndng nghifp.
4. Mgt so khuyen nghj va giai phap de ngurdi dan cd sinh ke bin vumg Tha nhdt, dk tgo ra nhilu vifc lam mdi ttong khu vuc cdng nghiep, khu vyc djch vy (khu vyc cd khd ndng thu hiit lao dOng chuyin dich tir khu vyc ndng nghifp), Vift Nam cdn xay dyng mdi tmdng thugn lgi eho vifc phat trien cac doanh nghifp thugc khu vyc tu nhan. dgc bift Id cdc doanh nghifp nhd va vira.
Thu hai, cdn coi cdng nghifp hod nen kinh te ndng nghiep va ndng thdn (noi t|ip trung hon mft niia lyc lugng lao dOng hifn nay) la vdn dl ttgng tam ciia chiln luge tgo ra viee lam cd chdt lugng dg tang ndng suat ngi bg nganh ndng nghifp. Chinh phu can ho ttg tgo vifc ldm nang sudt cao vd tang tmdng d khu vyc ndng thdn thdng qua tdng ty le ddu tu cdng d ndng thdn. Chinh phii cdn xay dyng ehinh sach vd cac bifn phap khuyin khich phat trien ddu tu tu nhan;
doanh nghifp dia phuang tai ndng thdn de cung cap cac liia chgn nghi da dgng hon tgi dia phuong.
Tha ba, cimg vdi viec sit dyng ngi lyc dg tgo ra vifc Idm mdi cd chat lugng. can sii
dung ddn bdy ngogi lyc khi thu hiit vd phan bo ddu tu nude ngoai. Doanh nghifp nude i^oai nen dugc khuyen khich dau tu theo chilu dai dat nude. Nhd dd, luc lugng lao ddng trinh dg cao c6 thl cong hiln cho que huong; dan Ian tda dl tao nhiing cdng dong mdi; thay doi Idi sdng, tap quan theo kieu cii; ndng cao chat lugng cude sdng. Ddng thdi, nhiing ngudi yeu the (nhu lao dgng phd thong, ndng ddn) ciing cd ca hfi thay doi vifc Idm.
Thu tu, vifc lam mdi dugc tgo ra ehi thyc sy cd y nghia gia tdng binh ddng ca hdi viec lam cho mgi ngudi ddn, khi ngudi lao ddng cd khd ndng tilp cdn, chilm ITnh cdng vifc vd cd co hdi phdt triln thdng qua cdng vifc. Vi thl, cdn tao dieu kifn thiic ddy djch chuyin lao dOng thdng qua dao tgo ky nang eo bdn, tay nghi cho ngudi lao ddng phil hgp nhu cdu thj tmdng. Dieu dd dugc thuc hifn bang hai viec sau: Thii nhat, ddu tu cho von con ngudi tii phia nha nude.
doanh nghifp vd tii chinh ngudi lao dfng thdng qua dao tgo, dao tgo lgi, dao tgo ndng cao. Tich liiy vdn con ngudi cd vai ttd quan ttgng dl tgo dilu kifn cho ngudi lao dfng cd thl chuyen khdi nhihig cong vifc de bj tdn thuong, thu nhdp thdp vd tun vifc Idm bin viing vdi thu nhap tdt hon, ddc bift cho lao dgng trg tuoi, nhdm ngudi dang c61^ If thilu vifc ldm va that nghifp cao nhdt hifn nay ttgn thj tmong lao dgng. Thii hai, can chudn bj sdn sdng cd ve co sd hg tdng, vl cung cdp djch vy tgi do thj Idn nhdm xda bd rao cdn tiep c|in tmdng hgc, bfnh vifn vd cac dich vy d6i vdi ngudi lao dOng di cu;
dam bdo cdc cdng vifc dn dinh vdi miic luang phil hgp, cdc chg dO an sinh xd hOi (bao hilm y te, bdo hilm thdt nghifp, bao hiem xd hgi, nhd d, cho hge cho con...) cho ddi tugng lao dOng di cu.
27
Khoa hgc xd hpi Viet N a m , so 9 - 2017
5. K i t Iu3n
Vifc lam phi chinh thiie hien nay ciia Vift Nam (len den gan 80%) tdn tgi khdng chi 6 khu vye ndng nghifp, khu vyc kinh t l phi chinh thiie ma d cd khu vyc kinh te chinh thiic (tap trung chii yeu tgi cac doanh nghifp, CO sd sdn xuat kinh doanh quy mo hf gia dinh, trong mOt sd nganh cong nghifp nhu xay dyng, thuang mgi va dich vy). Ty If vifc lam phi chinh thuc cao, ty le thieu vifc lam cao cho thay miic dO dam bdo an sinh xa hdi cho ngudi lao ddng, miic dO ben viing sinh k l d Vift Nam hifn nay cdn rdt thap.
Thay doi co cau vifc lam khdng theo kip thay ddi co cau kinh te (cd xu hudng cham Igi) ddn dgn viec chuyen dich lao dgng tiong thdi ky day manh CNH vd HDH ddt nude (dd Id nhu edu vd Id quy luat tat yeu) khdng hifu qud. Dilu dd anh hudng true tiep dgn ca hOi phat trien ciia ngudi lao dOng, do cdn de lgi lyc lugng ldn lao dOng ttong khu vyc ndng nghifp vdi ndng sudt thdp vd thu nhgp thdp. Sy khdng thanh cdng ttong dich chuyin lao dOng, cung vdi viec su dyng nhieu vdn ttong giai doan ddu qud trmh phdt ttign cho thdy rdng, v l ngdn hgn vifc tan dung ca hOi cho tdng tmdng chung.
vifc phan phdi Igi ich ed dugc tii tdng tmdng cdn bi hgn chl (bdt binh ddng v l ca hOi tilp can vifc Idm dan din bdt bmh ddng v l thu nhgp), ve ddi hgn tdc do tang tmdng bj anh hudng.
Khu vuc cdng nghiep da khdng tgo ra dugc sy gia tdng v l vifc lam trong tuong quan vdi san lugng va ddu tu; viec Idm khu vyc dich vy khdng dii mgnh ed v l sd lugng va chat lugng dg thu hiit ngudi lao ddng du thiia do khu vyc ndng nghifp khdng dii siic tham than; ddo tgo nghe chua dap iing nhu cdu thj tioidng; tign luang thdp; cac ehl dO an sinh xa hOi (bao hilm y t l , bao hilm that
nghifp, bao hilm xa hdi, nhd d, ch5 hgc cho con,...) khdng dugc dani bdo; cd it co hgi thang tiln tai khu vyc phi ndng nghifp; dd la mdt sd nguyen nhan quan ttgng Idm chgm Igi toe dO djch chuyen lao dpng giiia ede ngdnh nghe va giiia edc viing, miln.
Sy dich chuyin lao dOng dl nh|n thay d Viet Nam thdi gian qua la su dich chuyin mang tinh nganh nghi vd sy djch chuyin vl khdng gian. Cdn su djch chuyin mang tinh gido dye hoac nang eao tay nghi ciia ngudi lao dgng de ndng eao ndng sudt lao ddng cua ca nhan thi it thdy hon do khdng cd tieh luy, thieu dgng lye, tiiilu chii dgng ttong tu dao tgo. Dich chuyin lao ddng khdng phii hgp vdi chuyin ddi co cdu kinh t l cho thdy, mgc dil tang tmdng kinh te ttgn difn rOng da giiip cdi thifn ddi sdng ciia hdu hit ngudi dan nhung vin cdn tdn tai sy khdc bift ttong vifc tgo ca hdi vifc lam cho nguoi dan, trong vifc edi thien mtic sdng vd vi the xa hdi. Vifc lao dOng khdng cd kha nang djch chuyin sS khien ngudi lao ddng ndng thon khong dugc hudng Igi true tilp tir tdng tmdng va nhu vay gdp phdn ddng kg vdo sy each bift vg thu nhdp giiia thdnh thj va ndng thdn.
Chti thfch
^ Hf s6 CO giin ciia vifc lim theo ting tmdng thl hifn quan hf ting trudng vifc lim vdi ting tmdng kinh te dircc ti'nh bing ty so t i c dO ting vifc lim chia cho tdc df ting GDP.
^ Lao dfng lim thul trong Imh vyc ndng nghifp ho$c kinh doanh phi ndng nghifp hO gia dhih khdng dugc tinh l i lim cdng i n luong.
* Vifc lim phi chfnh, theo cich hiiu quoc te, bao gom tat c i lao dfng c6 vifc lim nhung khdng dupe tham gia v i b i o vf bdi hf thing an sinh x i hfi, khdng phin bi^t khu vyc thl chl (chlnh thiic hay phi chinh thiic) noi hp dupe tuyin dyng. Nhu viy lao dpng khdng cd hpp ddng khdng thl cd bio hiem xi
B a o Thj Minh H u a n g
hpi. Nhimg ngupc l^ii, khdng phii tat c i lao dOng cd hpp dong deu dupe ddng bio hiem xi h^i.
* Khu vyc kinh t l phi chinh thiic bao gIm cac ca sd sin xuit kinh doanh khdng cd tu cich phip nhin thupc sd hftu cfla hd gia dinh cd so lao ddng dudi miic (10 lao ddng) phii ding Ic^ theo quy djnh ciia phip lu^t, v i (ho?lc) khdng ding ky theo lu§t phip qudc gia.
' Vifc lim chat lupng cao l i vi^c lim d nhftng vj tri lanh dgo, vi6c lim ddi hoi chuySn mdn kJ thuit bic cao v i chuyen mdn ky thu^it b$c tmng. Vi§c lim niy cd dgc dilm l i ddi hdi lao dpng d i o t^o d trinh dp cao ding trd 16n; cd kiln thiic va kJ ning d l lam cic cdng vi^c phiic t^p; co k h i ning thich iing nhanh vdi nhiing thay ddi cila cdng nghf v i v§n dyng sing tgo nhihig kiln thuc, nhihig k^ ning d i dupe dio tgo trong q u i trinh sin xuat.
'Nhftng nguoi di cu dupe khio sat trong vdng thil tir cua dilu tra theo ddi ngheo thinh thi cd s\i tham gia ciia Oxfam v i ActiotiAid cho biet miic ting luong khdng theo kip vdi mire ting gii ci: chi tieu binh quan hing thing cQa hp khdng ke cic khoin tilt ki^m v i tiln giii ve gia duih ting th€m 87% tii nim 2008 din nim 2011, trong khi thu nhgp hing thing chi tSng 66%.
' Trong mpt nghi€n cuu ve lao dpng di cu eua Vi^n NghiSn cihi thanh nien, kit q u i thvrc hifn 10.000 cupc phdng vin cho thiy, hon 50% din di cu phii di chuyin li do khdng cd vi^c lim d noi d cii; 47% t r i ldi "di chuyin d l cii thifn dilu kifn sing", Hon 47% s6 dan di cu nam v i 44% dan di cu nft ggp nhilu khd khin trong ncri d hi^n t^i. Hon 8 1 % din di cu din Tay Nguyen ggp khd khin thyc s^r. Nhin chung, din di cu ggp khd khin chu ylu v l nhi d, tlm vi§c lim.
Tai lifu tham khao
t l ] Bf U o dfng - Thucmg binh v i X i hfi (2015), Bdn tin cap nhgt thi tru&ng lao dgng Vigt Nam, so 5. quy 1, H i Npi.
[2] Hussmanss R. (2010), Hgi nghi Qudc te: Khu vuc ehinh thirc vd vige ldm phi chinh thiic - dinh nghia thong ke vd do lu&ng theo tieu chudn quoc te. trong: khu vuc kinh tephi chlnh thiie vd vige ldm phi ehinh thdc - Do lu&ng
thdng ke, Hdm •$ kinh te vd chlnh sdch edng, VASS, IRD, GSO, H i NOi.
[31 Dio Thj Minh Huong (2016). Bdo cdo kit qud nghien cuv Di tdi cap nhd nu&c KX.03.08/2013-2015: Phdt triin bin vfh7g con ngu&i Viit Nam ddp ling yiu edu edng nghigp hda, hign dgi hda dat nu&c vd hgi nhgp qudc (e, HiN§i.
[4] Ian Coxhead v i eic ding sy (2009), Bdo cdo:
Thf tru&ng lao dgng, Vige ldm, vd Dd thf hod &
Vift Nam din nam 2020: Hgc hdi tic kinh nghigm qudc ti. Difdn 00050577: Hd trg Xdy difng Chiin luge Phdt triin Kinh te - Xd hgi Vigt Nam, giai dogn 2011 - 2020, Asian Foudation.
[5] ILSSA, Vi§n Khoa hpc Lao dpng v i X i hpi (2013), Xu hudng lao dgng vd xd hgi Vigt Nam 2013 trong bdi cdnh suy gidm tdng tru&ng kinh ti, Nxb Lao ddng. H i N^i.
16] ILSSA, Vifn Khoa hpe Lao ddng v i x i hdi (2015), Xu hu&ng lao dgng vd xd hgi Vigt Nam 2014, Nxb Lao ddng, H i Npi.
[71 Ngan hing thl gidi (2015), Diim lgi cdp nhgt tinh hinh phdt triin kinh ti Vigt Nam 2015, HiNOi.
[8] Nguyin B i Ngpc (2015), "Chdt lupng lao dOng chdt lupng cao d Vift Nam: Nhflng hgn che CO bin", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Lao dgng vd xd hgi, quy 1.
[9] Pierre G. (2012), Bdo cdo: Hogt dgng eua thi tru&ng lao dgng hign nay Vigt Nam thdng qua mgt ong kinh Gi&i, Ngin hing Thl gidi Washington D.C.
[10] Ting cyc Thing kS (2008-2014), Bdo cdo diiu tra lao dgng vd vi$c ldm Vigt Nam cdc ndm 2007, 2010. 2011, 2012, 2013, Nxb Tong cyc Thing kfi. H i NOi.
[11] Ting cyc Thing kfi (2011), Ting diiu tra Ddn si vd Nhd & Vigt Nam 2009, Gido difc & Vigt Nam: phdn tich cdc ehi sd ehu yiu, H i Nfi.
[12] Ting cyc Thing k6 (2014), Dieu tra miic song hd gia dinh 2012, Nxb Ting cyc Thing kfi.
H i Npi.
[13] Tong cyc Thing kfi (2014b), Diiu tra miic sdng hd gia dinh 2012, Nxb Ting cyc Thing kfi. H i Npi.
[14] Tong cyc Thing kfi (2015), Nien gidm thing ki 2014, Nxb Ting cyc Thing kfi. H i Nfi.
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