BIEN 001 KHI HAU GAN LIEN vai QUAN Lf CHAT THAI RAN
Nguyen Van Hoa Pho tong thu ki thirdng trirc Ngd Kim Chi, Ho Chi Hung, Nguyen Hoang Lan, Nguyen Van Dure
Hiep Hpi Moi trirdng do thi va l<hu cong nghiep Viet Nam
D
en eudi nam 2010, dQ bao IQpng chat thai cua Viet Nam la tren 31.5 theu tan. LQpng chat thai cdng nghiep khoang 5.5 trieu tan, tren dQdi 1 trieu tan chat thai nguy hai.Ty le thu gom chat thai ran dd thj trong ca nQdc tang tQ 70% trong nam 2000 len 80% vao nam 2008-2010. Nguyen lieu tai che va cd gia trj trong chat thai, dQpc thu hdi va tai sQdung, Qdc tinh cd the dat dQpc 20-25%.Theo dQ bao tdng sd chat thai ran phat sinh trong nam 2015 se cd khoang 43.6 trieu tan (9.6 trieu tan chat thai cdng nghiep, 1.8 trieu tan tQcac lang nghe); nam 2020 khoang 67.6 trieu tan (20.8 trieu tan chat thai edng nghiep, 2.5 trieu tan tQ lang nghe) va trong nam 2025 khoang 91 trieu tan, trong dd 27.8 trieu tan chat thai edng nghiep va 3,6 trieu tan tQ eae lang nghe.
Be dat dQpc eae ehi tieu ve tai che, tai sQdung chat thai theo Quy hoach tdng the ve quan ly chat thai ran (QLCTR) den 2025 va tam nhin den 2050 thi viec quan ly chat thai ran, dac biet la tai cae khu dd thj can phai dugc dau tQ ea ve ngudn vdn, nhan vat iQc va dac biet la cdng nghe do tdc do tang trQdng kinh te, dan sd, dd thj hda, mQc sdng tang, tang ty le thu gom chat thai, dac biet la trong cac khu vQc trpng diem nhQ Ha Ndi, Hai Phdng, Ba NSng, Hue, TP HCM, Bdng Nai, Binh DQOng, Ba Ria-Vung Tau.
Vdi ty le phat sinh chat thai sinh hoat tai eae do thj Idn 0.7-1 kg/dau ngQdi/nam va ty le gia tang rac sinh hoat tai cac thanh phd Idn la tQ 6.7-8.5%/nam vdi phQong phap chdn lap rae hpp ve sinh van la giai phap mang tinh chu iQc dang gay ap JQc Idn cho cac bai chdn lap rae hien ca ve phQOng dien m d rdng tang cdng suat tiep nhan, chi phi xQ ly nQdc ri rac va cae van de mdi trQdng kem theo. Mdt sd ddng gdp cua QLCTR den giam khi thai nha kinh va chdng bien
ddi khi hau dQpc the hien d cae quan diem dudi day sau khi Hiep hdi Mdi trQdng dd thj va Khu edng nghiep ed chuyen khao sat QLCT Ran tai eac do thj Idn nhQ Ha Ndi, Hai Phdng, Hue, BaNSng,TPHd Chi Minh, Bdng Nai, Binh DQOng, Ba Rja - VT vao thang 6 va thang 8/2010 cung nhQtham khao eae kinh nghiem cua cac nQdc trong khu vQc nhQ Nhat Ban, Han Qude.
• Ngan sach nha nQdc tai eae t i n h thanh can hd trp cho viee thiet ke hay chuyen ddi bai chdn lap rac theo hQdng Khu xQ ly chat thai ran/bai chdn lap sinh thai, it phat thai djnh hQdng QLCTR va tang trQdng xanh, carbon thap t h d n g qua viec phan ludng td chQc tiep nhan rac, ap dung tai che chat hQu cO, t h u hdi va tan dung khi gas bai chdn lap, tai sQ dung ngudn chat thai hQu eP thanh phan compost hoac chuyen sinh khdi biogas phat dien va eae bien phap giam thieu iQpng thai chdn lap thdng qua dau tQ eho eac dQan rac-ngudn Ipi (rae biogas-phat dien, rac - RDF-sQ dung RDF), rac - san pham tai che. Anh hQdng cua viee phat tan khi gas bai chdn lap rae den phat sinh khi nha kinh hien tai la rat Idn va thQdng dQng thQ hai sau nganh nang iQpng d mdi qude gia. Tai Viet Nam, neu cac bai chdn lap trong toan qude cd lap dat he t h u khi gas bai chdn lap va ddt khi metan cung gdp phan giam (0.25t C O / tan rae) hay den 7.8 trieu tan CO^/nam va neu tai sQdung thanh ngudn nang iQpng thay the nang iQpng hoa thach thi con sd nay se la mdt d d n g g d p dang ke.
NhQng md hinh bai chdn lap thu hdi va sQ dung khi gas nhQ Sudokwon -Seoul vdi 3500tan rae sinh hoat/ngay, t h u hdi khi gas cho tram phat dien 50MW, chuyen nhQOng CER la 115 trieu d d la trong 10 nam, giam chi phi xQ ly nQdc ri rac la m d hinh can dQpc a p d u n g .
• Da dang hoa cdng nghe tai che va dau tQ tai chinh cho nghien cQu-trien khai de dap Qng ngudn rac tai che dugc trong rae thai sinh hoat va cdng nghiep, dac biet ddi vdi rac hQu co, vat lieu plastic, giay va eae vat chat chay dQpc.
Tai sQ dung chat thai hQu cP can dQpc hd trp phat then theo hinh thQc dQ an nghien cQu trien khai tai che hieu qua cao Qng dung ngay tai eae khu xQ ly-ehdn lap.
Cae m d hinh thu hdi sinh khdi biomas tQ rac thQc pham, thu hdi methanol tQ rae thai sinh hoat, thQc pham, do an thQa (md hinh Kyoto-Nhat Ban, 3tan rac hQu co/ngay, thu 5MW dien), thu methanol, tao nhien lieu sinh hpc tQ dau an thai loai) va Qng dung nhieu each thQc xQ ly ngudn thai hQu co.
Tang CQdng cac loai hinh tai che va sQdung eae san pham tai che dQpc danh gia la gdp phan quan trpng nhat de giam khi thai nha kinh vdi giam tai iQpng 0.68t CO^/tan rac.
Dau tQ, eo che chinh sach cho tai che, tai sQ dung rae ddng vai trd then chdt va la hanh ddng thiet thQc eho giam khi thai nha kinh va Qng phd vdi bien ddi khi hau.
• TrQde mat, can tao mdt ddng ngan sach chuyen biet de ho trp viee tai che ngudn thai nhQ Quy tai che, Quy chdng bien ddi khi hau tai cac tinh thanh, dac biet cho viec san xuat phan bdn compost. Hien mdi chi cd 15% iQpng rae sinh hoat trong t d n g iQpng chat thai phat sinh dQpc san xuat thanh phan compost. Tuy nhien, theo khao sat thQc te tai cae nha may san xuat phan compost, viec tieu thu thQc te cua phan hQu co la khdng tdt nhQ mong dpi vi nhieu ly do gdm ea chat iQpng, gia ca, khoang each xa tQ noi san xuat den nPi tieu thu, viee m d rdng djch vu va chi phixQ ly rac chQa dugc ngan sach chi tra bu dap dQpc cae chi phi san x u a t Mac du sSn xuat phan compost cd tiem nang nang cao san iQpng
SOl^^i^lKW^^ 03.2011
120 100
2008 2015 2020 2025
• % of MSW collection and treatment
• % of MSW recycled, reused, energy recovered, compsoted
Hlnh 1. Muc tieu thu gom chat thai va tai che chat thai cua Viet Nam.
nhQng hien tai cac nha may nay ludn hoat ddng dQdi cdng suat thiet ke. Chat iQpng phan bdn compost chQa thQc sQ dn djnh do viec thQc hien phan loai rae tai ngudn chQa thQc hien tdt, chQa phd bien rdng rai. Ben canh dd, viec tieu t h u t r d nen khd canh tranh do chQa cd chinh sach hd trp chi phi san xuat va t r p cap, mac du tai che chat thai thanh phan compost la md hinh cd the ddng gdp giam dang ke iQpng khi nha kinh phat sinh tinh theo 1 tan rac sinh hoat (den 0.5t COJ^ tan rae) ddng gdp nay can dQpc hd tro xQng dang.
• Tang cQdng dau tQ ha tang, td chQc tdt quan ly theo dau mdi viec tai che eae loai vat lieu (nhQa, ae quy, chat thai dien tQ...) dam bao eae yeu eau, quy djnh mdi trQdng.
Khac phuc va td chQc lai eac cO sd tai che khdng chinh thQc, lac hau tai Ha Ndi, TP Hd ChiMinh va cac khu vQc lan can.Tang cQdng quan ly viee xQ ly bun thai, viee xQ ly eae chat can ba thai tQ cQa he thdng xQ ly nQdc thai, hda chat, can thai tQ eae lang nghe thu cdng, edng nghiep va ke ea chat thai nguy hai tQ hd gia dinh.Tang cQdng eac he xQ ly chat thai cdng nghiep nguy hai, rae y te nguy hai, theo ddi va danh gia hoat dpng xQ ly chat thai de giam phat thai va chat ddc hai.
• Lap eac chQOng trinh, ke hoach hanh ddng va khung phap ly thQc thi t d t la yeu td quan trpng de cai thien QLCTR. Ben canh do, can manh dan tham quan va hpc hdi kinh nghiem thanh cdng eua eae nude, ap dung md hlnh "Tang trudng xanh va carbon thap" cho QLCTR (Md hlnh SLC Seoul - Han Qude va Cdng ddng kinh te chau Au) gan mdt each thQc tien QLCTR vdi tang trudng xanh va muc tieu giam, chdng bien doi khi hau Cung cap, sQ dung hpp ly nguon tai nguyen cho phat then kinh te - xa hpi cac thanh phd cua Viet Nam, gan giam phat
chat thai theo dau ngQdi, tang tai che.
• Tang cQdng giam sat viee thQc hien chien iQpc qude gia ve Quan ly tdng the CTR, tang dau tQ de xay dQng nang iQc QLCTR hQdng tdi phat trien xanh va carbon thap. Cai thien phi QLCTR va ehi phixQ ly rae va dat trong eac quy djnh thich hpp.
• Can thiet lap cac cP che chinh sach dau tQ cdng nghe quan ly, xQ ly CTR va chuyen giao edng nghe, bao hd quyen tac gia. DQa vao eac dac tinh eua thanh phan chat thai, dja diem, trien vpng sQdung, kinh te, eae edng nghe thi'eh hpp can cd cac hd trp manh me nhQ thiet lap eac thanh phd sinh thai vdi quan diem tuan hoan vat chat, tdng iQpng sinh khdi va chat thai hQu eo dQpc trao ddi va chuyen thanh dien/nhiet...
Ethanol va nhien lieu diesel sinh hpc. Phan bdn / thQc an san xuat, plastic hoac vat lieu khac cd cac md hinh tai che hieu qua, cac chu ngudn thai dQpc tham gia vao viee sQ dung hieu qua ngudn Ipi tQ rac va ngudn tai nguyen sinh khdi chat thai. Ap dung cac m d hinh ve edng nghe khi hda, nhiet hoa chay va ddt chay hoan toan hieu qua cao, an toan.
• Tang cQdng dau tQ trang thiet bj phan tich, xQ ly, kien thQc va bien phap Qng phd vdi cae chat ddc hai, dac biet cho cdng nghe ddt, cdng nghe xQ ly va tai che thuy ngan/amiang/cadmium, t h u hdi tai che chat thai pin, bdng den huynh quang, vat lieu each ly cung n h u g i a m bdt viee sQdung eae kim loai nang ddc hai trong san xuat cac tui nhQa. Ddng thdi, can thQc hien cac bien phap de giam sd iQpng va mQc dp d nhiem POPs, phattrien eae chinh sach ddi vdi quan ly chat thai nguy hai.
• Cai thien ngudn tai chinh eho QLCTR
bang nhieu ngudn tai trp, hd t r p tai chinh tQ trung Qpng den dja phQong, tQ ngudn iQc qude te tao dieu kien thuan Ipi eho xay dQng mdi cac cdng nghetaiche, nha mayxQIyde dat dQpc muc tieu trong chien iQpc QLCTR den nam 2025, han che sQ dung bai chdn lap rae va giam phat thai khi nha kinh.
• Thue day sQ tham gia cua edng dan va cac ben lien quan. NgQdi dan, ngQdi phat thai tham gia phan loai rae va the hien trach nhiem eua minh vdi phat thai ra mdi trudng, ed trach nhiem ddng gdp cac phi va eae sang kien, hanh ddng cho QLCTR..
Viet Nam da thdng qua khung van ban phap luat ve quan ly tdng hpp chat thai ran hQdng tdi eac hoat ddng tai che, giam thieu chdn lap. Tuy vay, viee tai che chat thai van cdn nhieu rao can, bat cap. NhQng nhu cau ve nang cao nang iQe trong Quan ly chat thai ran, cdng nghe va thiet bi tai che cung nhQ viec tao lap ngan sach dau tQ tai chinh xay dQng, cung ed, hien dai hoa cac khu lien hpp xQ ly chat thai trpng tam vao tai che cd kiem soat d nhiem cac chat ddc hai can phai dQpc tap trung mpi ngudn iQc trong nQdc va qude te de thQc hien trong thdi gian tdi vdi muc tieu giam phat thai khi nha kinh va
Qng phd vdi bien ddi khi hau. •