K H O A H O C K Y THUAT T H U Y - TAP XVIII - SO 2 - 201 1
BIEN OOI MO BENH HOC 0 GAN TUY TOM SU NUOI Bj BENH PHAN TRANG
N g u y e n Thj T h u H a ' , N g u y e n T h i H a ' , D a o Xuan T r u d n g ' , Le V a n Khoa^
T O M T A T
Bdnh p h a n trang d t d m su [Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) la m d t bdnh rai phd' bidn va gay thidt hai ldn ddi vdi n g h i nudi tdm hidn nay. Kdt qua p h a n ti'ch 115 m l u tdm su hi berth phan trang chd tha'y sif ed m a t eua ba n h d m tae nhan tidn m a u md gan tuv bad gdm vi bad tii (Mierosporidia), vi k h u a n (Vibrio, eau khuan, tiue khuan) va virut (MBV va HPV). Trong cae loai tac nhan nay vi bao tii ehid'm ti' Id cad n h a i (51,11%), sau d o la n h d m vi k h u a n (40,51%), tid'p dd la n h d m virut HPV 20,32% va MBV 12,29%. Bidu hidn bid'n dd'i md hpe P tdm hi n h i l m vi bao hi la dSc tiung P h a u hdi cac m a u tdm su bi bdnh p h a n trang.
Tii khoa: Tdm su, Bdnh p h a n trang, Vi bao tii, Vi khuan, Bid'n ddi md hpe.
Histopathology changes in the liver and the pancreas of black tiger shrimps affected by the white scour
Nguyin Thi Thu Ha, Nguyen Thi Ha, Oao Xuan TrUdng, Le Van Khoa
S U M M A R Y
The white scour in black tiger shrimps [Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) is currently a common and devastating disease. Results of aetilogieal analysis of 115 pathological liver and pancreas samples indicated that mierosporidia, vibrio and viruses (MBV and HPV) were found preeent at the rate of 51.11% for mierosporidia, 40.51% for the bacteria, 20.32% for HPV and 12.29% for MBV. The histopathological changes in the liver a n d the pancreas of the mierosporidia affected s h i m p s were the most eharaeteristieal feature of the disease.
Key words: Shrimp, White scour, Mierosporidia, Bacteria, Histopathology.
I MCJ D A U ° P ' 8^y thidt hai v l kinh te eho ngudi nudi.
Bdnh d i l n ra d hau hdi cac vUng nudi tuy nhidn Berth phan ti'ang trdn tdm su lan d a u tidn
xuat hidn n a m 1998 ( N g u y i n K h i c Lam, 2004), tuy nhidn vad thdi diem d d van chua gay thidt hai ldn. Bat dau h i n a m 2000 bdnh bimg phat va lay lan nhanh, tuy k h d n g lam chdi tdm hang loat nliung tdm khi m i e bdnh nay t h u d n g bi
khu vue nudi tdm tidn eat la ndi xuat hidn vdi ty Id cad nha't, ehid'm 80% ( N g u y i n Khae Lam, 2004). Hidn nay, cac nghidn ciiu v l tae nhan gay bdnh phan tiang trdn tdm su van edn n h i l u t r a n h eai. N h u n g n h a n d i n h b a n d a u
' Vit^n N(;tiiOn ciru nuoi trong ttiuy san 1, - Cue thii y
ve tae nlian gay b e n h n a y d u p e eho la d o trung hai td' bao ki sinh h'ong r u d t tdm (Bui Q u a n g Te, 2003). Cd n g h i e n eiiu eho r a n g torn su bi bdnh p h a n ti'ang la tlo tdng hp'p ba n h d m tae n h a n vi k h u a n , virut va tao tide (Nguydn KhSe Lam, 2004; N g u v d n Khac Lam
& Dd Thi Hda, 2007). Mdt sd n g h i e n eiiu khae cho r a n g trdn cae m a u t d m su bi bdnh p h a n trang ed s u hidn didn cua n h d m ki sinh t r u n g , virut, vi k h u a n va k h d n g tiia'v sU xuat hien eiia tao dpe (Dang Tlii H o a n g O a n h , 2008).
Nghidn eUu nay m d ta nhifng bidn ddi tio vi bao tu ndi ki sinh trong n g u y d n sinh chai eua te bao bidu md gan tuy b a n g p h u d n g p h a p m d berth hpe ti'dn m a u t d m su bi bdnh p h a n trang n h a m gdp p h a n chan d o a n ehinh xae tae nlian gay bdnh nav.
I I . V A T L I E U V A P H U O N G P H A P N G H I E N CL/U
2.1. Vat lieu
115 m a u tdm su d u p c thu P cac v u n g nudi tdm tap ti'ung khae n h a u ciia Viet N a m tu' tiiang 5 n a m 2009 dd'n t h a n g 9 n a m 2010, 30 m a u thu d phia Bae (Hai Phong), 35 m a u d bae Trung bd (Nghd An, Thifa Thidn-Hud), va 50 m a u P phia N a m (Ca M a u , Bac Lieu) 2.2. P h u o n g p h a p n g h i e n cUu
Toan bd m a u d u p e xu Iv tlieo pliUPng p h a p md benli hpe eua Lightiier, 1996. Gan
tuy tdm d u p c tach ra khoi p h a n d a u ngifc va ed dinh t r o n g d u n g dich D a v i d s o n (330 ml edn ethanol 9 5 % , 220 ml 37% formaldehyde, 115 ml HCI 50%, 335 ml n u d e eai) hrong 24-72 gid, sau ttd d u p e bao q u a n t r o n g d u n g dich con 70%. M a u d u p e lam m a i n u d e lan lupt qua eae tiung dich edn 95% va cdn tuyet ddi, mdi n d n g d p t r o n g 4 gid, lam trong va lam m e m b a n g d u n g dich methylsalieilate tiong 12-24 gid. N g a m m a u trong d u n g dich paraffin n d n g chay P nhidt d p 65"C trong 6 gid rdi d u e m a u . Cae m a u sau khi d u e se tlupe eat thanh lat 5|im. N h u d m m a u b a n g d u n g djch hematocyline va eosin, va q u a n sat tidu han trdn kinh hidn vi q u a n g hpc.
P h u d n g p h a p n h u d m G i e m s a Wolbach:
C a t m a u sau khi d u e , cat, lam no nude se tlupe nhutim vd'i Giemsa 12 gid, sau dd lam mat nud'e, dan tieu ban va q u a n sat tidn kinh hien vi q u a n g hoc.
I I I . K E T Q U A N G H I E N C U U 3.1. D a u h i e u lam s a n g
Ao tdm hi bdnh p h a n t r a n g xuai hidn eae d o a n p h a n m a u ti'ang d u e dai 0,3-lem ndi tidn mat n u d e va ti'di v l eudi h u d n g gid (Hinh IA), budi sang ndi n h i l u h d n b u d i chieu. Gan tdm bdnh m a u xanh rdu h o a c t r a n g sua, mdt sd bj chai eutig va teo, cd khi chi b a n g 1/3 thd' ti'ch gan torn binh t h u d n g (Hinh IB), rudt tdm t h u d n g r d n g va ttut q u a n g .
Hinh 1: (A) Ao nuoi torn su bi lienli phan bing, cac dai phan torn mau tring due (miii ten);
(B)gan tuy tom sii bi teo, cd mau xanli reu
KHOA HOC KY THUAT THU Y - T.AP XVIII - SO 2 - 201 1
3.2. Dac diem b e n h ly 3.2.1. Biin doi do vi bao tii
Vi bao tif bat m a u tidng nhat vdi hematocyline, kich t h u d e k h o a n g 2,5 x 2,0nm trdng gidng vdi the vui eua virut. Vi bao tu ciing d u p e quan sat tha'y tiong nguydn smh chai eiia cac td' bao B, E, R va khdng thay h-en
te' bcio F (Hinli 2A, B). Gan tuv tdm khi bi nhiem thu'dng cd bieu hien nlian te bao kdt dac, CO cum lai (Hiiili 2C) sti' lu'dng eae te bao B, R giam hoac n a n g qua ed thd lam eae td bao nia e h u n g ki sinh bj b o n g trdc ra khoi ldp bidu md dng gan tu\' (Hinli 2B). Day la lan dau tidn vi bao tu' d u p e md ta kv sinh ti'dn gan tuv tdm su bi bdnh phan tiang.
Hinh 2: (A) Gan tuy tom su hinliiim kep vi bao ti va MBV: vi bao tukisinli trong nguyen sinh chit cua cac tibao biiu mo o'ng gan tiiy (mui ten den), tiii in MBV ki sinli nam trong nban (mui ten xaiili) va; (B) Gan tiiy tom su hi nliiini vi lido tu' (mui ten den), HPV (mui ten trang) va MBV (mdi ten xaidi) va; (C) Nhan te l\io bieu mo gan tuy torn su bi vi bao hi': kit dac (6 vuong);
(D) VI liao tif ki sinh tixvig nguyen sinli cha't tibao hieu mo gan tuy (idmgni Giemsa WoUiach).
3.2.2. Bien doi do vi khuan
Hinh 3. (A) Gan tuy torn hi nliiem vi khuan Vibrio, o'ng gan tiiyhoai tif; (B) Hien tugng Melanin hoa va cae tibao mau bao xung quanli ong gan tiiy; (C) Ciu kliuin trong d'ng gan tuy;
(D) TrUc kliuan tivng mau gan tiiytom bi benli phan tring.
Nhung bie'n doi do vi khuan thudng 3). Tuy nhidn, su bid'n dd'i do vi khuan trdn dae trUng bdi eae dam khuan lae bat mau cd quan gan tuy eiia tdm su bi bdnh phan ddng nhai vdi thud'e nhupm (Hmh 3C, D), trSng la khdng gid'ng nhau d cac dpt thu kem theo do la hidn tupng hoai tii, d i n m l u khac nhau va cae dja did'ni thu khac den cac d'ng gan tuy bj teo nho lai (Hinh nhau. d mdt so m l u b i t gap nhung bie'n ddi dae trUng do nhdm vi khua'n Vibrio sp.
(Hinh 3A) bat mau thud'e n h u d m eosin.
Mpt sd m l u bat gap vi khua'n hinh elu (Hinh 3C), trong khi mdt sd khae lai bit gap nhdm vi khua'n hinh que (Hinh 3D).
Dilu nay eho ehung ta thay vi khua'n ehi la gan nhu bj pha huv hoan toan, khdng cdn tac nhan cP hpi xam n h a p vao gan tuy ciia nhin rd eae te bao bidu md gan tuy (Hinh torn khi torn bi yd'u.
3A, B), ddng thdi thav su bao vay cua eae
te bao mau xung quanh cac ting gan tuy,
hoac xuat hien iihung dam melanin tio su
dap ling mien djch cua co' the khi cd tae
nhan la xam nhap (Hinh 3B). d nhu'ng mau
bj nhiem khuan nang, cau true dng gan
KHOA HOC KY THUAT THU Y - TAP XVIII - SO 2 - 201 1
3.2.3. Biin doi do virut
Trdn g a n t u y eiia t d m su bj b d n h p h a n t r i n g bat g a p hai loai v i r u t la MBV va HPV. MBV d u p e d a e trUng bPi n h u n g the an hinh eau, bat m a u h o n g v d i eosin. Cae thd' an nay ed thd x u a i hidn d P n le h o a c t a p t r u n g t h a n h tifng d a m ed n h i l u thd a n trong n h a n td' b a o bidu m d d'ng g a n t u y (hinh 4A). H P V tao thd v u i n d i n h a n b i t
m a u xanh tim v d i h e m a t o e v l i n e . Su p h a t tridn eiia v i r u t t r o n g n h a n l a m h a c h n h a n bj d a y lech v l m o t p h i a , the vui eiia v i r u t d u p e bao q u a n h bPi m d t q u a n g s a n g (hinh 4B,C). P m d t so m a u tha'y ed s u n h i l m kep ea 2 loai v i r u t H P V v a MBV ( h i n h 4D).Tuy v a y 2 loai v i r u t n a y ty Id n h i d m tha'p, e u d n g d p n h e ndn k h d n g lidn q u a n chat che tdi bdnh p h a n t r a n g d t d m su n u d i .
Hinh 4: (A) Gan tuy tom sii hi nliiim MBV (mui ten den); (B, C) Gan tuy tom su bi nhiim HPV (mui ten xanh); (D) Gan tuy tdm su nliiim kep MBV vi HPV
cao, vdi ti Id n h i l m l l n l u d t la 40,51% va 3.3. Tl le nhiem cac loai tac nhan tren gan tuy
tdm sii bi benh phan tr3ng
Kdt qua p h a n tich m d b d n h h p c 115 m l u cho tha'y m l u g a n t u y t d m su bj b d n h p h a n t r i n g n h i l m vi k h u a n va vi bao t u (VBT)
51,11% (Bang 1). MBV va H P V chi ehid'm 12,29% va 20,32%, t u y n h i d n ti Id n h i l m cac tae n h a n n a y P cae v u n g k h a c n h a u k h d n g gid'ng n h a u .
Bang 1: Ti le nhiim cac loai tac nhan tren gan tuy torn su hi benh phan trSng
Dja diem thu mau Hai Phdng Nghe An va ThUa Thien-
Hue Ca Mau va Bac Lieu
Trung binh
So mau (n) 30
35
50
Vi khuan (%) 36,67
42,86
42,00 40,51
MBV (%) 10,00
2,86
24,00 12,29
HPV (%) 26,67
14,29
20,00 20,32
VI bao tu (%) 53,33
60,00
40,00 51,11
I I I . T H A O L U A N
Vi bao tif trUde d a y d u p e t h d n g bao gay berth d u e t h a n h a y bdnh t d m b d n g trdn t d m he, tae n h a n gay bdnh g o m 3 gid'ng Ameson, Pleistophora va Agmasoma (Dd Thj H d a va etv., 2004). Tuy nhidn cP q u a n dich ciia 3 gidng vi bao t u nay la cP, k h d n g ki sinh trdn eP q u a n gan t u y n h u tiang vi bao tU bat g a p trong m a u tdm su bi bdnh p h a n trang. Mdt nghidn ciiu v l hdi chiing cdi (MSGS) trdn tdm su nudi d Thai Lan e u n g t h d n g bao v l m d t loai vi bao tti' cd kich t h u d c l,48#0,82#m la m d t trong n h i i n g tae n h a n ed m a t trdn tdm m l e hdi ehiing nay. Vi bao t u ed m a t trong n g u y d n sinh chai ciia td' bao bidu md d'ng gan tuy va gay hidn t u p n g g i a m so' l u d n g td' bao B, R (Chayaburakul va etv., 2004). Do e h u n g ki sinh trong n g u v e n sinh chai cua cac td bao B, E, R, d d n g thdi khi t d m bj bdnh n a n g so l u p n g td bao E, R giam, ndn cd the gia djnh ed chd gay bdnh eiia loai tac n h a n n a y la c h u n g ki sinh trong cae td bao d u ti'if, nd'u n a n g ed the gay b o n g trdc cac loai te bao n a y (Hinh 2B), qua d u d n g tidu hda, cae chai d u tru d u p e thai vao rudt, gay hidn t u p n g p h a n trang. Cae bieii ddi d o loai vi bao t u n a y c u n g d a n g vdi vi bao tii trdn tdm su bj bdnh p h a n trang m a e h u n g tdi p h a n loai dUdc. Chiing d u p e djnh d a n h la Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (Tourtip va etv., 2009). Loai vi bao tii ky sinh trong gan
tuy ciia tdm bj b e n h p h a n t r a n g la loai vi bao t u gay hpi chting edi tai Thai Lan.
D a n g Thj H o a n g O a n h va etv., 2006 khi sUu t a p va p h a n l a p vi k h u a n tif m a u thiiy san n u d i d d d n g b a n g sdfig C u u Long eho bidt cac loai vi k h u a n Vibrio (V. navarrensis, V.
hollisae, V. vulnificus, V. cholerae) la nhiing Idai d u p e p h a n lap tii m a u t d m su bj bdnh p h a n trang. T r o n g n g h i d n eiiu n a y ti' Id nhilm vi k h u a n trdn m a u g a n t u y t d m sii bj bdnh p h a n t r a n g la cao (40,87%), c u n g tha'y su co m a t cua Vibrio. N g o a i ra, m d t so vi khuan hinh eau e u n g bat g a p g a y hoai t u vi, nhung eung ed d p t t h u m a u lai p h a n lap dUde tiUc k h u a n n g a n , kidu h o a i t u c u n g k h d n g gid'ng n h a u d cae d p t t h u m a u k h a e n h a u va d cac v u n g khac n h a u . Do d d vi k h u a n ed thd coi la n h d m tae n h a n ed hdi, khi t d m bj bdnh ed thd ydu se x a m n h a p va tail cdng, gay dap iing miin dich.
Virut H P V va MBV la 2 loai v i r u t gay hdi chiing t d m cdi, cd q u a n dich eiia chiing la gan tuy. T d m bj n h i d m 2 loai v i r u t n a y ciing co dae didm gan tuy bj teo n h o va t r i n g n h u tdm bj benh p h a n t r i n g (Lightner, 2003). Nguydn Klile Lam, 2004 va D a n g Thj H o a n g Oanh va etv., 2008 khi n g h i e n eiiu v l hdi chiing phan trang teo g a n e u n g da k h a n g djnh sif ed mat eiia H P V va MBV trdn cd q u a n g a n tuy nhifng vdi ti' Id n h i d m tUdng d d i t h a p 19,17% vdi
K H O A HOC KY THUAT THU Y - TAP XVIII - SO 2 - 201 1
HPV va 9,17% vdi MBV ( N g u y i n K h i c Lam, 2004); 25,41% vdi H P V va 12,7% vdi MBV.
Trong nghidn ciiu nay, ti Id n h i l m HPV va MBV la 20% va 13,91% kdt h p p vdi kdt qua gay nhidm n h a n tao va so vdi m a u tdm thu khdng bj bdnh p h a n trang thi 2 loai virut nay khdng phai la tac n h a n chinh gay bdnh p h a n tiing.
Kdi q u a n g h i d n ciiu n a y b u d e d a u xac djnh vi b a o tii la tac n h a n c h i n h g a y b d n h p h a n t r a n g P t d m su n u d i tai m d t scV v u n g dae trUng chd ea 3 v u n g m i l n d Viet N a m . Vide n g h i d n ctiu t i d p t h e o se la nghidn eiiu cac p h U d n g p h a p c h a n d d a n n h a n h tac n h a n g a y b d n h va cae lieu p h a p p h d n g t r j .
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2. Nguydn Khic Lam, 2004. Ket qua nghien cUu bUdc diu v6 benh" phan trang teo gan" tren tom sii nuoi thu'dng pham tai Ninh Thuan.
Tap chi Khoa hpc-Ky thuat-Kinh te thuy san sd'11/2004 tr27-.m
1 Nguydn Khic Lam, D6 Thi Hda, 2007. Dac diem dich td hpc ciia hpi chUng teo gan tren t6m su (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) nuoi thudng pham tai Ninh Thuan. Tap chi Khoa hpc cdng nghd thuy san so 2/2007, tr.
3-7
4 Nguydn Khic Lam va D6 Thi Hoa, 2007. Anh hUdng cua tao dpc trong ao nudi va ham lUdng aflatoxin (Bl) trong thuc an tdi hoi chiing teo gan d tt'im su nuoi tai Ninh Thuan.
Tap chi Khoa hoc cdng nghe thuy san sd' 2/2007 tr 25-29.
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