TAP CHl KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Huynk Van Sm va Igk
i
BIEU HIEN KHUNG HOANG VE HUtJ O NGlTdl CAO TUOI TAI THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
H U y N H VAN scm', N G U V e N T H | T l > "
TOM TAT
Hifn luang lam li khung hoang tuoi vi hm (KHVH) da duac mo la kha loan dien trong rat nhieu nghien cuu Irong va ngoai nuac. Tuy nhien. cac nghien cm vdn chua nhan manh vao khia canh hieu him tam li lao nen su khung hoang a nguai cao ludl (NOT) Bai Viet phan tich bieu Men KHVHaNCTlai Thanh phd H6 CM Minh (TPHCm dua trin kit qua khao sat a cac mat bieu hien: mil ban nga. mat lai chinh. mil cuoc sdng Hon nhan mil mot quan hi vol con chau mat Ihu vui/sa thich cdc mdi quan he sa giae. va mat sire khoe
Tir khoa: bieu hien. khung hoang tu6i v6 huu, nguoi cao m6i. Thanh pho H6 CU Minh.
ABSTRACT
Manifestations ofthe reUrement crisis among Ihe elderly in Ho Chi Minh City The psychological phenomenon of reliremeni crisis among Ihe elderly have been comprehensively described in various domestic and Inlernalional studies. However there IS still a lack of emphasis on Ihe psychological manifeslalions of this crisis among Ihe elderly. The arlicle analyses Ihe manifestations ofthe retirement crisis among the elderly in Ho CM Minh City based an results ofthe survey in terms of ego. finance, marriage relationship with children, hobbies/interests - newly acquainted relationships, and health
Keywords: manifestation, retirement crisis, elderly. Ho Chi Minh City.
1. fiat van de nay nen luon sdng trong tam trang bu6n Khung hoang ve huu o NOT la hien chan. mac cam, thiSu tu tin, d l cau gfa tucjng tam li nay sinh trong qua trinh n6i gian, Dieu nay khong chi anh huting chuyen tiep tu lua tuoi trung nien sang toi chit luong cuoc s6ng ciia NOT ma lua tuoi gia, Viec dimg lao dong hoan con anh huong toi bju khong khi tam h' tota t,o ra nhiing kho khan nhat dinh cho cac m8i quan he cua gia dinh noi NOT NCT ttong qua trinh thich ung voi nhimg sinh sfing. Viec tim hiju bidu hien
^ diem a m li - xa hpi moi. Nhtmg KHVH 6 NOT tai TPHCM la co so thuc NCT sau khi ve hmi trai qua mpt loat cac tiln d l d l ra nhimg bien phap chim soc bien dot tam h quan trpng do nep sinh NCT mot each hieu qua n h k ho^uthay doi, cac moi quan he x4 hpi bi 2. Giai quylt v i n d l
h ^ che. Mp, so , ^ u « tong s6 do kho 2.J. Khach Ihi ,a phuang phap nghien thich nghi dupc VOl giai doan kho khan ciru SF y s en
^TOS TS. Tnrang Oai hpc Su pham TPHCM: Email: sonhuynhts@gmail com TS. Jniimg Dat hoc Su phgm TPHCM
TAP CHl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM
si S(86) ttili'^^^HNguoi cao tu6i, nguoi cao nien hay ngirdi gia la nhihig nguoi lon tufii, thuong cfi dp tufii khoing tir 60 tro ISn. Phap ISnh NCT 6 V i a Nam (sfi 23/2000/PL-UBTVQH, ra ngiy 28/04/2000) nhan dinh: "NCT cfi cfing sinh thanh, nuoi duong, giao due con chau v l nhan each va vai trd quan trpng trong gia dinh va xS hpi", Nghien ciiu bieu hipn KHVH o NCT tai TPHCM dupc tiln hanh tren 135 NCT da v l huu tai TPHCM ttr cic quin huyin, gfim:
Quin 3, Quan 5, Quan 1, Hoc Mon, Cii Chi va cau l?c bfi NCT tai TPHCM va C i u Ijc bfi duOng sinh TPHCM. Trong nghien ciiu nay, chiing toi sii d^ng phfii hpp cac phirong phap: phuong phap phan tich va tfing hpp li thuyit, phuong phap dieu tra bang bang hoi, phong vSn va phuong phap thfing ke toan hpc, trong do phirong phip dilu tra bing bang hoi la phuong phap chinh, cac phuong p h i p con Ipi 14 cap phirong phap bfi trp.
Be dam bao tinh khoa hoc, chuin xac Clia cong cu do dac, cac thang do sau khi dupc thiet k l d i dupc do tren m l u gom 135 NCT. Bang I cho thiy he sfi tin ciy Cronbach Alpha ciia t t o g thang do KHVH o NCT t?u TTHCM bilu hipn v l met ban ngi, mjt tii chinh, mjt mfii quan he vol vp chong, mat mfii quan h? v « con chiu, mat thli vui - so thich - cac mfii quan hp so giao va mit siic khoe lin lupt 14 0,75; 0,77; 0.87; 0,81; 0,77 v i 0 69 Theo Ii thuyit v l dfi tin cay, nhung h | sfi a m y nim trong khoing dap tog yeu ciu ve dp tin c$y ciia m0t phep do tim li. Kit qua phSn^tich ma trjn tuong quan cho thiy h$ so Clia phep thu KMO 14 0,78 >
0,6 v4 phep thli Bartlett 6 miic co ^ nghi*
(sig, = 0,000), do viy, thich hpp cho viec dung phuong p h i p phin tich nhin tfi de danh gia dp hieu lyc cua cac item, Ket qua cua phep p h i n tich n h i n tfi cho bie^, cic item cua 6 thang do tuong ling voi 6 mat bilu Uen KHVH thupc v l 12 nhin t6 nhung chi nhan tfi 1 co he so rilng khi ion (11,65) giii thich cho 27,091% b6 biln thien ciia toan phep do, Cac ylu t^
con lai co gia tri nho (tii 1,02 din 3,56) giai thich tii 2,38% d i n 8,27% dp bien thien c i a phep do. Tfing phuong sai trich la 74,16% > 50% va t i t ca cac item ciia thang do d i u co quan he du l o n l r a J ^ H tfi 1. He sfi chiia cua t i t ca c a c H ^ ^ V lon hon 0,3 va dugc coi 14 p h i i h ^ ^ cau tnic do.
Bfi tin cay ciia thang do con duoc danh gia bing phuong phip kilm tra dj tin cay ciia t t o g item. Bang 2 cho thiy he sfi tuong quan ciia mfii item v « cac item cfin Iji d i u cao hon 0,30, K i t qui nay noi ien rang, chi sfi ciia cic phep do diu C(S toong quan dang k l voi ting dilm cua cac item con lai cua phep do, tiic la cac Item da do dtog cii c i n do va dilu nay CO nghia la tit c i cac item d i u dong gop dmig ke cho dp tin cjy ciia toan phto do.
v e dp hilu lire cOa phep do, k i t qui ci
^^ir^h^-/V^^
phuong phip phan t i c h ^ £ 7 ' j ? ^ ™ 8 g i i dp hif u luc ciia cic item ^
chothtctit'ST^^^-^.^
tog voi 6 m?t bilu hi?n K H v i r ! ? " " " " f I ' " t h u l c v i f
TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Huynh Van Sffn va igk
12 nhan to nhung chi nhan td 1 co he so rieng kha Ion (11,601) giai thich d i e 2 8 ^ 9 5 % bo bien thirai cua toan phep do.
Cac nhSn to cda Iai co gia tii nho tu 1,009 d&i 3,542 giai thich tit 2,46% d ^ 8,64%
do bien diien cua phep do. Tong f^uong sai tridi 75,19% > 50% va tit ca cac item cua thang do wa co quan he du Ion voi yeu to 1. He sd chua cua tSt ca c ^ item diu lon hon 0 3 va dugc coi la phd hgp v6i cau true do.
Bang hoi gom hai mw: chmh:
+ Muc thu- 1: Tim hilu thirc trang hidu hien KHVH o NCT:
Cau 1: gom 6 item tim hieu bifiu hien KHVH 6 ni|it ban n ^
Cau 2: gom 7 item tim hifiu bieu hien KHVH o m a t tai chinh;
Cau 3: g6m 7 item tim hiSu biSu h i ^ KHVH a m ^ moi quan he voi vg C&i 4: gom 7 item tim hieu bieu hiai KHVH a mat moi quan he voi con chau;
Cau 5: g6m 7 item tim hiSu bi^u hifo KHVH a mat thu vui, so thich va cac moi tpian h^ so giao;
Cau 6: gom 7 item tim hieu biSu hien KHVH 6 mat sue khoe.
+ M u c t h u 2: G6m 2 cau hoi vk cac y^u t6 lien quan din KHVH 6 NCT:
Cau 7: gom 5 item tim hidu y8u t6 m chuin bi truoc khi \h huu a NCT;
Cau 8: gfim 5 item tim hiSu yiu to sir danh gia ve phiic lea khi vk him a NCT.
Nhu vay, tdng s6 cau hoi trong bang khao sat la 8 voi 51 item.
Cach thiic chSm dilm a bang hoi chinh thiic:
Vi cac thang do ve tCmg m|it biSu hien KHVH co dac dilm (ch5ng han KHVH a mat vg ch6ng vk mSt con cai khong xuSt hien o tit ca NCT) va s6 lugng can hoi khac nhau, do do khdng th6 cdng ddn diem cac bi6u hi$n voi nhau dk phan mirc do KHVH noi chung. Chinh vi the, diem sg dugc tinh theo bilu hi^n khung hoang d tung mat cu thl va cac ylu td CO lien quan din KHVH.
ZZ Kit qud nghiin cuu
2.2. L KHVH a NCT tgi TPHCM xet a mgt ban nga (xem Bdng 1)
Bang 1. Biiu Men KHVH cia NCT tai TPHCM a mat ban ngn
TSi uoc gj minh ifi c6 ging hon d l c6 cupc sfing khi vl huu tfit hon v i d u ^ mpi nguoi tfin trpng hon ' Tfii cho ring g i i nhu khi con tre, tfii dinh nhilu thdi gian d l chim soc ban thin hon
'
Mfe a$ (%) RTX
^
5,9 TX 18,5
14,1 T T 23,0
34,8 H K 18,5
21,5 KBG
28,9
23,7 DTB
2,644
2,570
TAP CHl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM
SS 8(86) nam 2016Tfii ngju ring ban than dS tro thanh mfit fing/ b i gia xiu xi
Tfii dang mfin moi sfing t t o g thing ngiy cuoi ctog ciia cupc doi Tfii cam thiy rit met mfii voi cupc sfing iiipn t ^
Tfii cho rang minh dang sfing nhu mpt nguoi vfi dyng, khfing co gia tri
1,5 0,7
2,2
2,2 0,7 3,0
3,7
2,2 13,3 5,9
20,0
3,7 12,6
8,9
17,0
4,4 71,1 81,5
57,0
87,4 BTB chung
1,478
1,326
1,770
1,274 1,84 Bang 1 cho thay cic bilu hiln
KHVH il NCT vl mat bin nga cfi dilm trung binh (DTB) thupc tir miic dp hilm khi din thutog xuyen,
Trong do, cac bilu hi|n cfi DTB thupc miic thutog xuyen li "Tfii udc gi niinh da cfi ging hon dl co cupc sflng khi ve htm tfit hon va dupc mpi ngu6i tfin trpng hon" vi "Toi cho ring gia nhu khi con tre, tfii dinh nhilu thai gian dl cham soc bin than hon". Nhu vjy, co thl thiy, vl mat ban nga, NCT co diu hieu khtag hoang thl hi|n o su tile nufii vi cuSc sfing trong qua khii khi ro net. Sfi lupng NCT xlp hai nip nghT cfi lien quan din qua khli o miic dl rit thutog xuyen ctog djt ti 1| cao nhit trong sfi 6 bilu hi|n dupc khio sit.
Tilp sau do, cic bilu hi|n "Toi cam thiy rat m|t moi voi cupc song hien tji"
thupc mto thinh thoing. Dilu niy cho thiy CO mpt ti 1| khong it NCT (trln
25%) dang co cim xiic tilu cue vl cupc song hien tai sau khi vl huu.
Cuoi ctog, cic bieu hien con lai lien quan den cupc song hien tji va tuong lai cua NCT nhu "Toi nghi ring bin than di tro thinh mpt ong/ ba gii xiu xi",
"Toi dang mon mfii sflng ttog thang ngiy cufii ctog Clia cupc doi" va "Toi cho ring minh dang sflng nhu mpt nguoi vfl dung, khflng cfi gii tri" thuflc miic dp hilm khi.
Tin hieu dang mtog Ii trln 70% su lira chpn Clia NCT cho cac bilu hien nay diu tap trung 6 mto dp khflng bao gio. Kit qui phong vin cung cho thiy, co nhtog NCT cho bilt hp khfing lo tiin bjc, gia dinh, danh vpng va sfing rat vui ve, yen phan, lac quan sau khi nghi huu. Diiu nay cho thiy ring cac bilu hi|n khi nhin nhan ve hinh anh bin than, vl gii tri ciia ban than vi vl chjng dutog tufli gii trong tuong lai khflng phai li nfli im inh cua hiu hit NCT.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Haynh Van San va Igk
2.2.2. KHVH a NCT lai TPHCM xet a mat Ida chmh (xem Bang 2) Bdng 2. Biiu Men KHVH cua NCT tgi TPHCM a mgi tai chinh
Bieu hien
Toi cam thiy minh tro thinh nguoi song bam con cii
Tfii khong co tiln ^ d4nh Toi muon cit tru va tilt kiem til c i do dac
Tfli phii sflng qua ngiy rit ha ti|n Tfii phii di lim vun vat d l kiem tiln Noi o hiennay cua tfii da xufing cip va thieu thon
Toi khong du tiln trang tiii cho cic thu vui cua minh (choi chim, dpc sich, trong cay...)
Miic do (%) RTX
3,7 3,0 3,7 1,5 2,2 0,7
3,0 DTB chung
T X 2,2 9,6 10,4 10,4 9.6-f!
8,1
7,4 T T 5,9 16,3 27,4 J 1 3 , 3 ]
? 3 0 * ' 10,4
l'"-"
H K 8,1 25,2
ESHI
16,3 21,5 14,1
18,5
*
KBG 80,0 45,9 g 3 6 , 3 |
58,5 63,7 66,7
50,4 t l l B 1,415 1,985 K 2 3 o |
l y ]
l , 6 5 2 |
1^3 1,^1 l^fl
Bang 2 cho thiy cac bilu hi|n KHVH or mit tii chinh co m t o dp hilm khi. Trong do bieu hi|n co trln 60% NCT cho biet l i "Tfli mufin cit trii v i tiet kiem tat c i dfl dac" o eac mto dp tir hilm khi cho den lit thutog xuyen. Bilu hien niy CO DTB 2,230, cao nhit trong biy bilu hi|n khtog hoing 6 mat tai chlnh. Biiu hien xlp thii hai trong su khtog hoing v l mjt lai chinh o NCT la "Tfii khong cfi liln d l danh" co DTB 1,985. O bilu hien n*y, CO tren 50% NCT cho biet khfing cfi tien d l dinh gay nen khiing hoing o hp.
Hai bieu hi|n cfi DTB cao nhat trong 7 bieu hien diu cho thay nfii lo ling cua NCT v l dilu kien tai chinh cho cupc song liu dii. Hp co xu huong tich tru tai
sin d l de phong bit tiic hay h i tipn giiip con c h i a Tuy nhien, 6 m t o dp thutog xuyen va rit thutog xuyen bi i m inh boi suy n ^ niy chi chilm phin it, dufii 15%
khich thl thirong xuyen v i rit thutog xuyen muon cit trii va tilt ki|m tit c i dfl dac, lo ling minh khfing co tiln d l danh.
Day 14 mpt to hieu tich cue vi NCT mac du cfi khtog hoing v l mat tai chinh, co xu huong lo ling cho cupc sflng v i liu dai nhung khtog din m t o bj i m inh thutog xuyln.
Duoi 50% NCT cfi cic bilu h i | n
"Tfli cim thiy minh tra thinh nguoi song iMm con cii", "Tfli phii sflng qua ngiy rat ha tien", "Toi phai di lim vun vat d i kiem tien", "Noi a lii|n nay ciia tfii da
I
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Sd 8(86) nam 2016
xudng cap va thiSu thdn", "Tdi khong du tien trang trm cho cac thu vui cua minh (choi chim, doc sach, trdng cay...)". Didu nay cho thay, tren thuc t l , vln d l tai chinh CO anh huong d i n cuoc sdng sau khi nghi him ciia NCT, khiln cho ho co cam giac bat an khi ddi m§t vdi cac vSn de trong cugc sdng. Tuy nhidn, trong so
nhung ngudi cd nhfing bieu hi?n khung hoang noi trSn, muc dg thudng xuydn v^
rit thudng xuyen chi chilm phan it. Dieu nay cho thay, tai chinh khdng phdi la ndi am anh thudng trvcc trong cugc sdng cua NCT.
2.2.3. KHVH a NCT tgi TPHCM xet a mat moi quan he vai va chong (xem Bdng 3) Bdng 3. Biiu hien KHVH cua NCT tgi TPHCM a mgt mdi guan h? vai V(y/ch6ng
Bilu hi^n
•Chflng ctog tham gia cic hoat dpng giii tri Khflng con nhtog mfli quan tim chung
Lo dgng hoat dpng thutog ngiy cua tfli Ngai n h t o g cir chi/ loi noi thl hipn tinh c4m mOt each tu nhiin
Khflng con h t o g thii "quan he chin gfli"
Cfi mau thuin va cii nhau • M$c k | nhtog bit dfing xiy ra
DTBchui RTX
8,1 3,2 1,6 6,3 5,6 3,2 3,2 lg
Miic d | (•
TX 16,1 10,3 13,6 17,5 14,3 8,0 12,0
T T 33,9 30,2 27,2 23,8 35,7 39,2 22,4
/o) H K 16,9 26,2 22,4 14,3 19,0 20,0 25,6
KBG 25,0 30,1 35,2 38,1 25,4 29,6 36,8
BTB 2,65 2,30 2,24 2,39 2,55 2,35 2,19 2,38 Cic bilu hi|n KHVH cr mit moi
quan h | vfii vp chfing cfi m t o d | tir hiem khi din tiiinh thoing.
Biiu hi|n cfi DTB t h u | c m t o thinh thoang trln thang do la "Vp chflng tfii khfing ctog tham gia cic hoat dpng giai tri" va "Vp chfing tfli khflng con h t o g thii quan he chan gfii". Cfi trln 70% NCT cho bilt CO bilu hien niy fi cic mto dp tir hilm khi din rit thutog xuyln. Trong do cfi tren 30% NCT cho biit m t o dfi eiia vi|c "Vp chfing tfli khflng ctog tham gia
cac hoat dpng giii tri" v i "Vp ch6ng tfli khflng con h t o g thii *quan h | chin g i i " ' o m t o dfl thinh thoang. Duori 20% ngufli cfi bilu hipn nay thutog xuyln v i rit thutog xuyln. Dufii 30% NCT khfing cfl cic bieu hipn nay. Cfi t h l thiy, c i hai bilu hi|n nfii trln diu 14 bilu hipn ciia su khtog hoing trong cic hoat dOng chung * cua vp ching. Nhu viy, cic bilu h i | n niy giy ra cim x t o tilu cue trong sv KHVH or NCT xlt ve mjt moi quan h i vo'i vp ching.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
ffuynk Van Scm va tgkCac biSu hi?n co DTB thudc miic hiem khi gdm "Vg chdng tdi khdng cdn nhQng mdi quan tam chung", "Vg/chdng tdi lo dang hoat d^ng thudng ngay ciia tdi", "Vg chdng tdi ngai nhfing cu chi/ ldi ndi IhS hi?n tinh cam mot each tu nhien".
"Vg chdng tdi cd mau thuSn vk cai nhau", "Vg chdng tdi m ^ ke nhung b3t ddng xay ra".
2.2.4, KHVH aNCT tgi TPHCMxet a mat moi quan hi vai con chdu (xem Bdng 4)
Bdng 4. Biiu hi?n KHVH cua NCT tgi TPHCM a mgt moi quan he vai con chdu
Bieu hi^n Con cai tdi khdng v l nha tham toi Tdi khdng ndi chuyen vdi con/chau minh Con chau tdi cd nhilu chuydn khiln tdi phai blintam
Con chau khdng ISng nghe nhung gi tdi ndi Tdi khdng dugc chSm sdc chau
Con chiu tdi ndi chuyen Idn tilng/quat ming tdi
Con chau tdi bd mac khi tdi benh, ylu
RTX 3,8 0,8 0,8 1,5 0,0 0,8 1.6
M D C do (<
TX 2.3 2,3 7,7 3,8 4,7 1,5 1,6
TT 6,9 9,3 28,5 13,1 10,9 3,8 3,9 DTB chung
/•)
H K 12,4 14,7 21,5 18,5 10,9
11,5 7,8
KBG 74,6 72,9 41,5
63,1 73,5 82,4 85,1
1,49 1,43
2,05 1,62 1,47
1,27 1,26 1,52 Cic bilu hi|n KHVH o NCT xet
trong mii quan h | vfli con cliiu cfi DTB thupc mto hilm khi trong thang do.
Trong dfi, bilu hi|n cfi DTB cao nhit li "Con chau tfii cfi nhilu chuypn khiln tfii phai b|n tim". Voi NCT, con chiu 14 niim vui 6 phin con lai trong cuOc doi. Nhung vfii tinh ylu thuong con chiu, nhimg va vap trong cupc sflng ciia chtog ctog khiin hp phii bin tam. Mto d| bjn tim cua NCT dfli voi nhtog vin dl cua con chau la Uln 50% 6 cic mto dp til hilm khi din rit thutog xuyln.
Trong do, phan nliilu nim o hai mto dp
hilm khi vi thinh thoing (trln 40%).
Mto d0 thuong xuyln vi lit thutog xuyen chi chiim phan it (duoi 10%).
Duoi 40% NCT cfi cic bilu hiln
"Con cii toi khflng vl nhi thim tfli", "Tfii klifing nfii chuyen voi con/cliiu minh",
"Con chiu khfing ling nghe nhihig gi toi nfli", "Toi khflng dirpc chim sfic chau",
"Con chiu tfli noi chuypn Ito tiing/quit mang tfii", "Con chau tfli bo mic khi toi benh y&i". Ttong do, phin nhilu fi mto dp hilm khi vi thinh thoang (chu yeu la o mto dp hiim khi). Mto dp thutog xuyln va rat thutog chi chiim duoi 10%.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
Si 8(86) nim 2016Nhu viy, cic bilu h i | n KHVH 6 la diu hieu tich cue trong su KHVH cua mjt mfii quan he voi con chiu chi chilm NCT.
phan it. Con chau chinh 14 niim vui, niim 2.2.S. KHVH a NCT Igi TPHCM xet a an ui tufli gi4 ciia da sfl NCT. Diy chinh mat thii vui/sa thich va cac mdi quan he
sa giao (xem Bdng 5) Bing 5. Biiu Men KHVH cua NCT lai TPHCM a mgt thii vul/sa thich
vd cac mdi quan he Ididc Bieu hien
Tfli chan nin khi cii quanh quin trong nha voi nhtog cong vile lit vat
Tfli khflng di du lich Tfli khfing cfl thli vui rieng Tfli khflng tap thi due vao bufii sang
Tfli khflng liln lac voi ban be Tfii ngai kit giao vfii ngufli la Tfii it gap ga h4ng xfim
Muc do (%) RTX
4,4 6,7 0,7 3,0 0,0 4,4 0,7
TX 11,9 11,9 11,9 8,9 10,4 12,6 9,6
TT
16,3 37,0 23,0 18,5 17,0 17,8 15,6
H K 16,3 18,5 21,5 11,1 15,6 17,0 25,2
KBG
45,9 25,9 43,0 57,8 57,0 48,1 48,1 DTB chung
BTB
2,126 2,548 2,059 1,873 1,807 2,082 1,888 2,06
t
Bilu hiln "Tfii khflng di du lich" cfl DTB thupc m t o thinh thoing. Cfl trln 50% NCT khflng di du lich 4 cic m t o dp tir hiem khi din rit thutog xuyln. Trong do, m t o dp hilm khi v4 thinh thoing chiem phin nhiiu (uln 40%), m t o dp thutog xuyln v i rit thutog xuyen chiim duoi 20%.
Biiu hien cfi DTB cao thii hai trong cic bilu hiln fi mjt thii vui/so thich v i cac mfii quan he so giao la "Tfii chin nan khi cii quanh quin trong nhi vol nhtog cflng vipc 15t vat". Su nhin h? uong cfing vile khiin cho NCT cam thiy cii mfln mfli
quanh quin trong nhi, cfi thl xem la diu hilu tieu circ ciia khtog hoang. C i hai biiu hiln nfii trln diu thuflc nhflm'nhtog bilu hi|n cua sif khtag hoing vi thii vui/sft thich. Sau khi tii bfl cfing viec ban than dS gan bo truoc dfi, NCT co xu hutog hutog nhtog hoat dfing cua minh vio cic ho?t dong phuc vu thu vui rilng, so thich.
Nhung khi cic hoat dpng niy thilu hyt thi l i bilu hien tieu cue ciia KHVH.
Trln 40% NCT khfing tap t h l due bufii sang v i u l n 50% NCT khflng co tliii
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Vin Sam va tgk
Nhom cac bilu hiln khtog hoang nguoi la va it g|p go h4ng xfim Diiu n4y trong cac mo. quan h | voi ban be, hing khiin cho cie mfii quan hp cua NCT thu xom va ket giao voi ngufli la cfi DTB o hep Iai, it cfi nguoi chia se, biu ban muc dp hiem khi. Trln 40% NCT khflng 2.2.6 KHVH a NCT tai TPHCM xet a hen Isic vfl. ban be, khflng kit giao voi mat sire khoe (xem Bang 6)
Bing 6. Biiu Men KHVH cia NCT tgi TPHCM a mat sue khoe
Cac bilu hipn khiing hoing fl NCT xet o mit sto khoe efl DTB thuOc mto dp tfl hiem khi din thinh thoing.
Trong dfi, cic bilu hien cfi DTB thupc mto dp thinh thoing la "Co thl lim vile thilu chinh xic hon", "Nhto mfli". Cfi Uln 80% NCT co bilu hien niy fl cic mto dp tit hilm khi din rit thutog xuyln. Nhto mfli li bilu hiln cfl DTB cao nhit trong cic bilu hipn khtog hoing xlt CT mat sto khoe. Phin nhilu tip trung fl mto dp thinh thoang vi thutog xuyen (trln 60%). Biiu hiln thii hai cfi DTB Ihupc mto thinh thoing li "Co thl lim vipc thilu chinh xic hon". Trln 50%
NCT cho bilt bin thin cfi diu hipu nay o mto thinh thoing, 20% co mto bilu hien
la hiem khi va uln 10% bilu hiln fl mto thutog xuyln. Mto rit thutog xuyln cua bilu hiln nay chiim phin it (dufii 5%).
Cac biiu hiln cfl DTB thupc mto do hilm khi la "Cfi diu hilu vi sa siit tinh than", "Cfi diu hieu ciia b|nh nan y",
"Lang tai", "Mo mit", "Run tay". Trong dfi, bieu hipn "Co diu hi|u vl sa silt tinh thin", "Mo- mit" cfl DTB eao nhit. Cfl trln 60% NCT cfi bilu hi|n niy nhung phan Ito 6 mto dp hilm khi vi thinh thoing, mto dp thutog xuyln vi rit thutog xuyln chiim phin it (duoi 15%).
Ngoai cic bilu hi|n khtog hoing o ni«t sto khoe kl Uln, NCT cfin cho bilt, hp cfi cic bilu hi|n khic nhu: cao huylt ip, thin kinh, tilu duong, tim m?ich, cuflm mat,'
TAP CHf KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 8(86) nam 2016
tieu hda, md mau cao, dau khdp va cac aih hudng cua nhfii^ tai nan khi cdn tre.
3. Kit lu^n va kiln nghi
Kit qua nghien ciiu cho thay 6 mSt bilu hi$n KHVH d NCT tai TPHCM diu thudc miic hilm khi, cd DTB lln lugt tu cao nhSt din thlp nhit la mdi quan he vg chdng, siic khde, thii vui/sd thich va mdi quan he so giao, mat ban nga, m^t tai chinh va mdi quan he voi con chau.
Tfi kit qua nghien cuu bieu hi^n va cac ylu td cd lien quan den KHVH d NCT tai TPHCM, chiing tdi d l xuit nhmig y kiln nhu sau:
- Vi phia xa hoi: Cin bd sung them c ^ hogt dgng vui choi giai tri, van hda, vSn ngh?, the thao... theo md hinh dia phuang va hoat dgng manh me, hieu qua hon. V^n dOng, tityen truyen va hudng dan NCT I ^ k l hoach cho minh that cy thl trudc khi nghi huu. Can nang cao hon nfia phiic Igi xa hgi cho NCT, tao dilu kien cho NCT cd hoan canh khd khan nghi ngoi vk cham sdc siic khde tudi gii, t?LO mdi trudng cho nhfing NCT chia se kinh nghiem nghi n g h i ^ , ddng gdp cho nganh nghi bang niem vui v^ s\r thoai m ^ nhit doi vdi hg.
- Ve phia gia ainh: Cin t?o dilu kien cham sdc v l mat tinh thin d NCT tdt hon thdng qua su sinh hoat chung, chia se linh cam gifla vg chdng vdi nhau, bdi IS mdi quan he vg chdng la mat khiing hoang cao nhit so vdi cac m^t khac. Con chau d n hilu va c h ^ nhSn d | c dilm tam Ii cua NCT, danh thdi gian cham sdc cha m? dng ba, huong dan hg IE^ k l hoach tnrdc khi nghi hiru. Ben canh dd, can khuyin khich NCT trong gia tham gia cac ho£it ^ n g ngoai xa hOi, kit ban voi nhflng NCT khac.
Bdi vai bdn thdn NCT: C i n chu ddng, ti'ch cue xSy dung mdi quan h? tdt dep, tinh cam vdi vg/chdng, con chau va ban b^ ciia minh. Cang cd thdi gian nghi huu cang cao, siic khde cua NCT cang kdm hon, do dd, vide gifi gin siic khoe hang ngay thdng qua t|lp thl due, chl dp an udng hgp Ii, sinh hoat Ianh manh la didu can phai thgc hi?n ngay khi NCT chi mdi nghi him hay thdi gian ngiii huu cdn ngan. Cd the tim den Hpi NCT, cac trung tam tai dia phuong... d l hd trg, can tiii^
cac vln de vd sfic khde, tam Ii ciia ban than khi g^p khd khan va d n gifip dd.
TAI L l f u THAM KHAO
1. Vu Thi Nho (1999), 7am // hoc phdt triin, Nxb D ^ hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi.
2. Ld Ngoc Lan (2015), Mgt s6 vdn di ca bdn ve ngudi cao tudi a Vi$t Nam giai dogn 2011 - 2020, Vi^n Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va gidi, Vi?n Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi?t Nam.
3. Huynh Van Son, Trinh Hfiu L§c (2003), M6t so ddc diim ngudi cao tudi, Tii Ii?u luu hanh nOi bO, Cao ding Su ph^m Trung uong Thanh phd Kb Chi Minh.
4. Nguyin Quang Thai (2000), Van di tdm li ngudi cao tudi, Nxb Y hge.
5. Trln Nguyin TTiai Thanh & tgk (2015), Mdi quan h$ tuang tdc giita nhBng nguai cao tudi sinh sdng tgi mdi dm, Traong Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van - Dai hgc Qu6c gia Thanh ph6 Hd Chi Minh.
(Ngdy Tda so^n nh$n ain;ic bAi: 16-5-2016: ngiy phim bi$n dAnh gi4:16-7-2016:
ngdy ch4p nh$n dSng: 27-8-2016)