CHAU MY NGAY NAY
QUAN HE VIET NAM HOA KY:
B i r 6 c PHAT TRIEN TlT BTA T6I TPP
1. Sy phat trien moi quan he hpp tac tu do hoa thuffng mai
Vigt Nam vi My da ky Hipp dinh thupng mai spng phupng BTA tii nam 2000. v i bin chit BTA chi li Mgp dinh uu dai thupng mai, frpng dd hai bgn thdng nhit ha ty Ig thug ap dat che hing hda xuit khau sang thi trudng cua nhau.
Hipp dinh thuang mai niy gdm bdn phan cMnh l i tigp can thi trucmg, thuang mai dich vy, quyen sd hiry tri tug vi diu tu. Khac vdi cic higp dinh thuang mai song phuong da timg dim phin B^dc day giua My vi eic nudc, Higp dinh Thuong mai song phuang Hoa Ky - Viet Nam la higp dinh thudc dign digu chinh cua tu chinh in Jackson- Vanik. Ddi vdi Viet Nam, day li Mgp dinh diu tign Vigt Nam ky kit bao gdm ip dung cic nguygn tic ciia WTO nhu Tdi hug qudc, ddi xu qude gia,...
Higp dinh nay chua dung cic cam kit cu thg eiia Vigt Nam ve vigc giim thui quan cho khoing 250 sin pham, khoang 4/5 ttong sd dd li ndng sin. Dang chii y, miie cit giam se til 33% din 50% v i duoc thyc Mgn frong giai doan ba nam kg tir khi Hipp dinh ed higy luc. Vigt Nam cam kgt thuc hien Hipp dinh vi Quygn Sd hilu Tri tiig hgn quan den
Bui Thanh Nam*
Thuang mai (TRJPs), cd nhung quy dmh cao ban so vdi hiep dinh TRlPs ciia WTO dp cdn ed nhiing cam kgt cua Viet Nam vi bio hd tin higu ve tinh tteng vdng 30 thing, sau 18 tiling ki tii khi BTA ed hipu lye.
Trong ITnh vye dich vu, Viet Nara dong y cho phep eac cdng ty va cic ca nhan My dau tu vio thi frudng eiia mdt loat cac ITnh vuc dieh vy, bao gdm kg toin, quang cio, ngan hing, may tinh, phan phdi, giao dye, bio Mgm, luat vi vign thdng. Hau hgt cic cam kit vi nhitng ITnh vuc nay cd lp tiinh thyc Men sau 3 dgn 5 nam kg tir khi Higp dinh cd hieu lye. Trpng dd cd cie cam kgt md cira tM trucmg ciia Vigt Nam tiong 3 ITnh vuc dich vy ldn nhit cua My la ngan hang, bio Mem vi vign thdng cd dp frg khi nhd, hiu het cic cam ket ty dp hda chp cie nhi dau tu va cung cap dich vy eua My thyc hign cae ITnh vyc frgn dgu tipng vdng 3-5 nam, rieng ITnh vyc ngin hing cham nhat eflng chi sau 9 nam. Vg dp md ciing khi Idn, chp phep thinh lap ngan hang 100% vdn cua My tai Viet Nam. Ddi vdi cic dich vu vign thdng cap cip (nhu Internet, thu dipn tir va vciee mail), Vigt Nam ehp phep thinh lap cic lien deanh sau hai nam ke
(*) Khog Qudc ti hoc, Dgi hoc Khog hoc Xa hdi vg Nhdn vgn
-CHAUMY NGAY NAY 65 tir khi Hiep dinh ed Mgu luc, vdi mdc
vdn gdp tdi da eua My la 50% vdn phap dinh ciia Hgn doanh. Dich vy Internet cd Id trinh thuc Men la 3 nam ke tii khi Hipp dinh cd Mgu lye. Ddi vdi cic dich vu vign thdng ep ban (nhu fax, dign thpai di ddng v i cic dieh vy ve tinh), cho phep thinh lap cae lien doanh sau bdn nam kg til khi Hipp dinh cd Mgu lye vdi mire vdn gdp cua eic cdng ty My khdng che d mire 49% vdn phap dinh cua lign doanh. Ddi vdi cac dich vy dign thoai npi hat, dudng dii va qndc tg, cho phep thanh lap hgn doanh sau siu nam ki til khi Higp dinh ed hipu lye vdi muc vdn gdp ciia Hoa Ky khdng qui 49%
vdn phap dinh eua lign doanh.
Lign quan dgn dau tu, Higp dinh Thuang mai Hoa Ky - Viet Nam cd cic bio dam vg ddi xir Tdi hug qudc, ddi xii qude gia, minh bach va bao vg tiong trucmg hap tudc quygn sd hiru. Bgn canh dd, Viet Nam cam kgt tign hanh nhiing thay ddi frong cp che dau tu. Vi dy, yeu ciu phin vdn gdp ciia Hoa Ky frong hgn doanh it nhit phai chiim 30%
vdn phap dinh cua lien doanh se dupc Icai bd frpng sau ba nam kg til kM BTA ed higu lye. Treng vdng ba nam Vigt Nam che phep cic cdng ty da qude gia cua My cd quyin lya chpn cic chiic vu lanh dae cac cip m i khdng cd ban chi vi qudc tich. Treng vdng nam nam se xea bd tat ca cic bign phip diu tir lien quan din tiiupng mai (TRIMs) khdng phii hpp vdi quy dinh eua WTO, nhu cac yeu ciu vi ty Ig ndi dia hpi.
My da tham gia dim phin Higp dinh Ddi tic Xuyen Thii Binh Duong (TPP) tir nam 2008 vi Viet Nam bat dau nam 2010. Cung vdi 10 ddi tie khac frong khu vyc chiu A - Thii Binh Ducmg, hai nudc da frai qua 30 vdng dam phin va dang dat mye tigu ket thiie sdm dam phan, mudn nhit la nam 2016.
My tham gia dam phin Higp dinh TPP nham tiip can toin dign mdt khu vyc phi thug quan rdng ldn doi vdi hang cdng nghigp, thuc pham, ndng sin vi dpt may vi dieu nay chp phep cac nhi xuat khiu phat tiign vi tham gia siu rpng vao ehudi gia tri cua cic ngn kinh te tang trudng nhanh nhat the gidi nam d khu vyc chau A Thii Binh Duong. Hipn tai, mdi ngay. My xuat khau hon 1,9 ty USD hing boa sang cac qudc gia thanh vien TPP.
Trong mdl ttudng canh tranh manh rae toan can hien nay, viec tang nhp chi phi sin pham do thug, hoae eic rao can phi thug cung cd thg tao ra sy khac biet giiia thinh cdng vi that bai trong kinh doanh. Ddi vdi ITnh vyc dieh vy, day la thi trydng My dang cd nhieu Ipi thg canh ttanh, nganh dieh vu ddng gdp 80% sin luong cua nen kinh tg vi gan 80% cdng an vigc lim. Viec dam bio tigp can ty do v i binh dang hem vio thi trudng dich vu nudc ngoai se giup cic nhi cung cap dich vu My, tu quy md nhd den Idn, tham nhap v i hoat ddng hieu qui hon trong thi trudng cic nudc TPP vi qua dd, tao them cdng an vigc lam d trong nude.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY Vdi vigc thuong mai se theo sau cac
hoat dpng dau tu, cac nhi dim phan My dang nd Iyc dg dim bip rang eae nhi diu tu My d nudc ngcai cd dupc nhung cp hpi tuong ty nhu d nhiing tM trudng khic. Dd l i ly do tai sao, bgn canh muc tigu md ra tM trudng mdi cho hing hoa vi dieh vu. My dua vio Higp dinh TPP nhiing ygu can vg tigp can dau tu, cflng nhu nhiing quy dinh mdi nham giai quyit nhiing vin dg dau tu mdi phat sinh. My dat ra cic tieu chuin Iao ddng va cam ket vg mdi frudng cao; dat ra cic quy dinh mdi nham dam bao eanh franh binh dang giiia doanh ngMep nha nudc (SOE) vi doanh nghigp tu nhan; dua ra nhung cam kit nhim cii thipn tinh minh bach va nhit quan cua mdi trudng quin ly nhim tao thuan lpi ban cho doanh nghigp nhd vi viia boat ddng tiong khu vyc chau A - Thai Binh Duong, tap ra khung phap ly vimg chic vi quyin sd hiru tri mg nhim thuc day ddi mdi, ddng thdi dim bao vigc tigp can thudc va mang internet; dat ra cic ngMa vy nhim thuc diy phit trign kinh tg sd, bao gdm ci cac quy tie mdi nham dim bao vigc ty do lira chuygn dir ligu.
Vdi cac ndi dung dim phan dupc tigt lp, so vdi BTA, TPP cho thay sy tiin bd vupt bic ttong quan digm hdi nhap kinh ti qudc te cua Vigt Nam ndi chung v i quan he hpp tie Vigt - My ddi vdi viec fliuc day tu do hda thuang mai ndi rieng. TPP dupc xem li higp dinh thupng mai ty dp hoan toin mdi diin hinh vi bgn canh cac van de truyin
thdng nhu thuang mai hang hda, thuong mai dieh vy, hay diu tu thi Higp dinh cdn ban dgn nhimg van dg phi truyen thdng khie nhu sd hiru tti tue, tieu chuan Iao ddng, tigu chuan mdi trudng, hay viec mua sim cdng. Hipp dinh cflng dg cap dgn chinh sich eanh tianh cua doanh nghigp Nha nudc, thuang mai dign tii,... TPP la higp dinh tieu chuin cao vi miie dg cam kgt md cila rat sau, dat ra cic quy tie thucmg mai tigu chuan cao va xii ly cic van de kinh tg toin eau eua the ky XXI. TPP hudng dgn myc tigu xda bd 100% thui nhap khiu hing hda. Trong cie higp dinh trudc day vigc xda bd thug nhap khiu chua bao gid Ign din 100%. Day dgu la nhflng ITnh vyc mdi, dupe ehp ring se ddng vai frd quan frpng trpng vigc dinh hinh mdi frudng kinh doanh diu thg ky XXI khdng chi ddi vdi Viet Nam, ma cdn tic dpng sau rdng frong khu vyc.
2. Cac yeu to tac dong den sy phat trien hop tac thuffng mai ty do Viet - My
So vg quy md kinh ti va ttinh dp phat trign, Viet Nam edn tdn tai khping each khi xa se vdi nhieu thanh vign cua TPP.
Tuy nhign, vdi nhung thdng tin dupe tiet Id til cie vdng dim phan, Viet Nam cho thay quygt tam hdi nhip rit manh me.
Ngeai trir mdt sd ygu cau vg digu chinh lp trinh qua dp thyc hign TPP, cic ygu ciu kha cap cua My dgu dupc Viet Nam de dang thdng qua, dac biet li nhung vin di phi tinyin thdng. Sy phat tiien frpng lilih vyc hpp tac tiiiic diy ty do
-CHAUMYNGAY NAY
hda thuang mai Viet - My cMu nMeu ygu td tie dpng chu quan vi khich quan, Treng khping dicri gian tir kM hai nudc bmh thudng hda quan hp vi ky kit BTA dgn nay, hpp tie vi Hgn kit kinh ti fren ca binh dipn tpan ciu, cung nhu khu vyc da cd nhimg thay ddi quan ttpng, tie dpng sau sic tdi khdng chi chinh sach hpi nhap kinh t i qudc tg ciia hai nudc mi cdn diy hai bgn tdi gan hon ttgn con dudng hpp tic phit trign.
Thli nhdt, sy ra dpi cua Td chuc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO) da ed nhung ddng gdp quan ttpng che vigc tMit lap, vi van hanh cac chuin myc thypng mai da phuong. Cie Mnh thirc hpp tie kinh tg khu vyc, liy ngn ting li cac nguygn tie ldn cua WTO, cflng da cd sy phit trign manh me kg tir sau nam 1995. Tinh din nam 2014 da cd 621 thda thuan thuang mai ty do dupe cac thanh vign WTO thdng bio tdi Ban fliu ky WTO. Hiu hit cac qudc gia cd nin thuang mai tuong ddi phat tiiin dgu tham gia vap tiin tiinh niy, ki ca nhiing nudc tiTidc day ed quan diim than ttpng nhu An Dp, hay Lien bang Nga. Dac ttimg eua ttao luu nay la: (i) Cic FTA giila cae ben khdng cd sy gin gui vg dia ly xuit hign ngay eang nhiiu; (ii) Pham vi cam kit ngay cing rpng vi mire dp eam kit ngay cang sau. Nhiiu van di ttudc nam 1990 chua bao gid xuit hign ttong cic tfida tiiuan tiiuong mai tir do, hoae chi dupc di cap mpt cich md nhat, (lu nay da xuit hign vdi mire dp cam ket ngay cang sau nhu diu ta, thuang raai
v i lap ddng, thuong mai vi mdi trudng, ttp cap, mua sam Chinh phii...; va (iii) Khac vdi trude day, da dan dan xuat Men cac FTA giua cac "sign cudng thuong mai" Cie higp dinh dang duoc dam phin d at nhu EU - Nhit Ban, EU - Canada, EU - Hoa Ky (TTIP), Hoa Ky - Nhat Bin (ttong khudn khd TPP), Nhat Bin -Austtalia,...
Trong khu vyc Ddng A, xu thg tang cucmg lign kgt kinh tg ciing la xu the chu dao. Khdng chi hudng tdi vigc ty do hda thuang mai vi dau tu ttong ndi bd khdi thdng qua thanh lap vi van hinh Cpng ddng kinh ti ASEAN (AEC), cac nudc ASEAN, vdi su iing hp cua mdt sd nudc Idn nhu Tnmg Qudc, An dp, Austtaha,. . cdn lay ASEAN lam ttung tara de phat trign mang ludi lign kgt kinh tg rdng han vdi cac ddi tic tiong khu vyc, dau tien li thdng qua dam phin, ky kit eac FTA ASEAN+ vdi timg ddi tic Ddng Bac A, sau dd la tim each khau ndi cac FTA nay thinh mot FTA rgng Idn ban la Higp dinh Ddi tic kinh tg toan dien khu vuc (RCEP) dang dupc tiign khai.
Trong bdi canh toan can hda tang tdc nhu vay, vdi tu cich li mpt tiong sd cac qudc gia ed vi tti va vai ttd quan frpng dan dat tpin cau hda. My cin thigt phii tham dy tign trinh nay manh me hpn.
Hem nua, cac cudc dim phin thuang mai, eflng nhu nhiing xu hudng phat trien kinh tg khae da din dgn su suy giim ding kg ty ttpng cua My tai cic thi trudng chau A - Thai Binh Duong quan ttpng ttong thap ky vita qua. Nhimg eam
CHAU MY NGAY NAY kgt cua My vg thuc day ty do hda
thuang mai khdng khdi kMgn thg gidi nghi ngd ngy nhimg FTA d ngay nhiing khu vyc cd tam inh hucmg ve chinh tri, kinh tg ddi vdi My lai tMgn vang My.
TPP, TTIP,... duac khdi ddng, ben canh nhiing myc tigu dia cMnh tii, kinh tg cdn la eiu tta ldi cin tMit cho nhirng nghi ngai ddi vdi chinh sich ddi ngoai My.
Thi hoi, ddi vdi Viet Nam, hdi nhap kinh te qudc ti la ndi dung ttong tam cua hpi nhap qudc tg vi l i mdt ttpng nhiing npi dung quan ttpng, xuygn sudt cua cdng cudc Ddi mdi. Nang iyc kinh ti npi tai cdn lae ban, nhu can vige lim ldn,... ttd thinh nhiing ygu td co bin thiic day Viet Nam eii cich. Tir giua nhiing nam 1990, Viet Nam bat dau day nhanh tiin trinh hgi nhap kinh ti cua minh va chu truang md rdng quan hg hpp tic vdi tat ca cic ddi tic. Sau nam sau thanh cdng cua BTA, Viet Nam tigp tue vupt qua mdt ciia ai quan tipng khic cua qua tiinh hdi nhap kinh tg qudc tg khi dim phan gia nhap WTO thanh cdng. Tinh din 31/12/2014, Viet Nam da ky vi tham gia 8 Hipp dinh thuang mai ty do, frong dd cd 6 hiep dinh mang tinh khu vye gdm cac Higp dinh ASEAN Trung Qudc, ASEAN - Han Quoe, ASEAN - Nhat Bin, ASEAN An Dp, ASEAN Austtalia New Zealand. Hai higp dinh seng phupng cdn lai li vdi Nhit Ban vi CMle. Cic Higp dinh tap tiimg chu yiu d Ddng A vi cd 6 higp dinh ASEAN vdi ddi tic bgn ngoai. Viet Nam cung dang dam phan 7
Higp dinh thuong mai tu dp khac. Treng khung khd da phupng, Vipt Nam phdi hpp dim phin vdi ASEAN 2 Mgp dinh gdm Hipp dinh ddi tie kinh ti toin dign khu vye RCEP (hay cdn gpi li Hipp dinh ASEAN4-6) v i Hipp dinh giiia ASEAN vi Hdng Kdng. Trpng dd, cd 2 Mgp dinh CO bin hoin tat la FTA vdi Lign minh hai quan vi Han Qudc dang tign haiih ri seat phip ly dg ky kgt ehinh thire. Dam phan FTA vdi Lign minh ehau Au da dat mdt sd ket qui khi quan cd thg kgt thuc dim phin tiong thcri gian tdi. Tuy nhign, so vdi nhiing FTA da vi dang ky ket thi TPP li mot higp dinh quan ttpng hang dau ddi vdi Vipt Nam bdi quy md, tic ddng sau rpng vi da chigu cua nd.
Tha ba, bgn canh nhflng nd lue chu dpng hpi nhap kinh ti qudc ti cua Viet Nam, mdi quan hg kinh ti gia tang giua Vigt Nam vi My tao ra chit xuc tic quan ttong cho sy hop tic phat ttign ttang ty do hda thuong mai giua hai nude. Lpi ich tir thucmg mai gdp phan khang dinh tinh diing dan cfla chii tnicmg hdi nhap cua Vigt Nam. Su phit trign cua nen ngoai thucmg Vigt Nam cilng thu hut mdi quan tam ngiy cang ldn cua cic nha xuit khau tir My. Quan he kinh tg Viet - My da cd nhimg budc phat trien nhay vpt kg tii khi Hipp dinh Thupng mai spng phuang gifla hai nudc bit dau ed hipu lye ngay 10/12/2001.
Trude hit, Hipp dinh Thuong mai Vigt - My da gdp phan thiic day heat ddng xuit khiu cua Vigt Nam vie thi
- Q I A B ^ M N G A Y NAY
trudng My. Thee sd lieu eua Hii quan My, nam 1993 Vigt Nam chua h i xuit khau sang My bit ky mdt sin pham nao va cung ehi nhip khiu tir My khoing 7 frigu USD. Sau khi Tong thing Bill Clinton quyit dinh chim diit cam van budn bin vdi Viet Nam ngay 3/2/1994, hang hda cua Viet Nam bit dau tigp can thi trudng My va ngay ttong nam dau tign nay, gii tri xuit khau eua Vigt Nam sang My da dat 50,5 tiigu USD. Sau khi cd BTA, xuat khau cua Viet Nam sang My da tang manh gin 30 lin tir 1,053 ty USD nam 2001 Ign gin 30 ty USD nam 2014. 6 khia eanh nhap khiu, Vigt Nam hign nhap khau han 6 ty USD tit thi trudng My, con sd nay eiing da tang gan 10 lin so vdi thdi digm ttudc BTA.
Bgn canh nhung ket qui tich cye vg frao ddi thuang mai, boat ddng hpp tic diu tu giua hai nude cflng cd nhung budc tiin dang ki. My hign la qudc gia dimg thd 7 ttong tong sd 101 qudc gia va vung lanh tho cd dy in diu tu vio Vigt Nam vdi 712 du in v i tdng vdn diu tir khoang 10,92 ty USD. Trong nam 2014, tinh din hit thing 11, cic nhi diu hi My da diu tir 29 dy an mdi v i 9 dy in tang vdn vdi tdng vdn mdi dat 248 trigu USD.
3. Du bao tac dong ciia TPP va triln vgng hpp tac Vipt Nam - Hoa Ky Sy tic dpng cua TPP tdi chign lupc phat tiiin va quan hp kinh te gua hai nudc Vigt Nam va My li rit rp ring.
Thuang mai qudc tg ngay cing ttd ngn quan ttpng ddi vdi kinh tg My. Nam 2014, My xuit khiu ttgn 650 ty USD sin pham cdng ngMep sang cac qudc gia thanh vign TPP, chiim ttgn 39% tdng gia tii xuat khau hang hda, dat 1.640 ty USD, ddng gdp vai ttd quan frong dua kinh te My frd lai vdi da phuc hoi va phit trien ngoan mye sau tie ddng cua khimg being tai chinh 2008, Vdi viec xoa bd thue quan hoin toin cua eic nudc TPP ddi vdi cac san pham cdng nghiep, ke ca cic sin phim tign tign vi cdng nghg cao, chang han nhu may mdc cdng nghiep va dien tii, dyng cu khoa hoc vi chinh xac, dupc pham vi nhya, , nhimg hang hda cie nhi xuat khau My cd nhigu Ipi thg, eae san pham cua My se cd kha nang eanh ttanh ttgn rapt sin ehoi binh dang ban so vdi hang hda dgn tir cac nudc l i dgi tic FTA cua cac qudc gia thanh vign TPP nhu Trung Qudc, An Dp va Lign minh Chau Au,,... Xu the tu do hda dich vu cung dang mang lai gii tri thuang mai ngay cang ldn cho cic doanh nghigp My, ddng thdi la kgnh dg My cd thg thu hpp khoing each tham hut thucmg mai. Tdng kim ngach xuat khau dich vy ciia My frong nam 2014 dat muc cao chua timg cd (710,3 ty USD) vdi cic mat hing tang manh gdm du hch, van tii, Ig phi tai sin tri thirc vi dich vy tai ehinh,... dat thing du 231,8 ty USD, thi trudng dang ndi ciia nhigu nudc thinh vign TPP tigp tuc md rdng co hdi tiep can cua eae nha cung cip dich vy My. Duang nhien, TPP se giup nang cao
70 SO 05-2015 CHAU MY NGAY NAY khi nang canh franh cua eic edng ty My
tai Vigt Nam.
Bgn eanh mye tieu tang cudng su canh tianh va md rpng tM trudng cho cic nhi sin xuit. My cd the thdng qua TPP thiie diy tiin tiinh tu do hda thucmg mai tpan cau vdn dang bi tic do sy tri ttg cua WTO. Lieh sir thucmg mai chp thiy, bit cd kM nip khu vyc chau A Thii Binh Ducmg tang tde hdi nhap diu gay ra tic ddng thiic diy ty dp hda thuong mai toan ciy. Su thinh cdng nhd md hinh hucmg xuit khau cua cac con rong chau A, hd kinh ti Ddng Nam A vi thanh tyu til hdi nhap kinh te qudc te cua nhung nudc di sau nhu Viet Nam la nhirng minh chimg quan ttpng che sy can thigt cua thucmg mai ty do. Hem nua, vdi quy md kinh te chigm khoang 40% GDP, hon 1/3 gia tri tiiuong mai toin cau, TPP cd the ttd thanh man sd chung cho cac Mgp dinh thuong mai khae dupe trign khai tiong tucmg lai.
Hpi nhap kinh tg qudc tg da tao ra hipu ling kinh te va xa hpi tieh cyc ttpng ngn kinh tg Viet Nam nhung nam dau thg ky XXI. Chi hai nam sau khi BTA dupc ky kgt. My ttd thinh thi trucmg xuit khau Idn nhat cua Vigt Nam. Dd l i dpng lye quyet dinh sy tang trudng dpt bign cua nhumg nginh sin xuat, xuat khau nhu dgt may, thuy sin... nhanh chdng khang dinh vi thi xuat khau Viet Nam frgn ban dd thuong mai thi gidi. Hign tai, thucmg mai hing hda ciia Viet Nam dat hpn 300 ty USD, hon gip ddi sp vdi 2007,
thdi digm Vipt Nam gia nhap WTO.
Hdi nhap va phit ttiin ngoai thuong hang hda cua Vigt Nam khdng chi thg Mgn d mire tang trudng kim ngach xuat, nhap khiu, ma cdn dupc khang dinh qua bang xgp hang vg giao dich thuang mai hang hda qua cac nam.
Qua xgp hang cua WTO xet theo kim ngach xuat, nhap khau hang hda, nam 2003 Vigt Nam dung tuong irng vi tri 50 va 42 ttgn toan ciu. Din nam 2013, thir hang xuit khau hing hda cua Vigt Nam da tang 13 bac, Ign thu 37, cdn nhap khau tang 18 bae, xgp vi tri thu 34. Niu TPP di vao thyc thi, thi vi fri cua Vigt Nam ttong thuang mai thg gidi tiep tuc cd ca hdi cai thign. Theo nhigu danh gia, Vigt Nam la nude hudng Ipi Idn tii TPP, thuang mai qudc tg cua Viet Nam cd thg tang them 20%. Digu nay l i hoin toin cd co sd hign thyc, bdi le so vdi frudc khi cd BTA, thi phin dgt may d My cua Viet Nam l i dudi 3%, hign tai da tang len chigm han 10%, diing thu hai chi sau cudng qudc dgt may Trung Qudc. Su tang frudng ngoan muc nay dign ra bat chap thug quan cua My ddi vdi hing det may ciia Vigt Nam vin d mire khi cao, bmh quan gin 18%. Neu TPP dat dupe thda thuin eat giim thug bang 0 thi frign vpng cua nganh dgt may Viet Nam l i rit khi quan. Nginh sin xuit, xuit khiu da giiy cflng dimg truac viin canh tuong ty. Hipn tai, cd nhimg mat hang da giay vin phii chiu thui suit binh quan cua My Ign tdi 32%,
-CHAUMYNGAY NAY
ngu thui quan vi 0% theo cac thda thuan dang dam phin ttong TPP se tao ra Cli hich rit Idn cho sin xuat.
Vdi bin chit la cic thda thuin dinh uu dai thui quan cho hing hda tir cic ddi tic, cic FTA cd thg gidp Viet Nam da dang hda ngudn cung eho sin xuat v i tieu dimg cua minh. Cy thg, vdi cie FTA, tiang thiit bi, miy mdc, cdng nghg phye vy sin xuit, nguygn vat ligu diu vao va hang tieu diing til cic nudc ddi tic FTA, m i die bigt tii cac nudc ed ngn khoa hpc cdng nghg tien tiin, cd sin pham hing hda ehit lupng cae cd thg nhap khau vie Vigt Nam vdi gia ci hpp ly hon. Cflng vdi cac FTA, thi trucmg dich vu (xay lap, tii ehinh...) eua Vigt Nam se chiing kien su tham gia canh ttanh sdi ddng hpn, binh ding vi minh bach hon cua cic nhi cung cap dich vy tir cac ddi tie vdi chi phi hpp ly hem.
Tham gia TPP, Vigt Nam cdn cd diiu kign CO cau lai thi trudng xuat nhap khiu theo hudng can bing hon. Digu quan frpng frpng chign lupc ngpai thucmg la cin ttanh phu thudc qua muc vio mpt thi tiirdng nao dd. Tuy nhien, den nay, 70% nhap khiu cua Vigt Nam d khu vye Ddng A va 50% xuit khau cflng vao khu vuc niy. Neu xuit hign nhung diin biin bit Ipi xiy ra tipng khu vyc se tic dpng rit ldn tdi khdng chi thucmg mai quae te cua Viet Nam, mi cdn sau rpng ttPng cac ITnh vyc khac ciia nen kinh ti, bdi le xuat khiu da ttd tiianh mdt phin quan ttpng cua tang tnidng GDP vi tap vigc lam ttpng nhieu
nam qua. Nhu cau can bang lai thi ttudng cua Viet Nam cd thg dat dupc thdng qua TPP, npi cd nhigu nha sin xuit cung cap nguygn vit ligu dau vao phil hpp vdi yen eiu ve cgng nghg, chi phi eua nhigu nganh sin xuit lien quan dgn xuat khau eiia Viet Nam, va hpn nua dim bap dip ung tigu chuan nguon gdc xuat xil vdn dang dupe dat ra kha cap tai bin dim phin TPP.
TPP cdn mang lai nhung ky vpng cai each ldn vdn dang rat can cho nin kinh tg Vigt Nam, tic ddng rat quan ttpng giup Viet Nam hoan thien thg chi kinh tg thi trudng... TPP cd pham vi rdng hon nhiiu so vdi BTA hay WTO. Trong dd, cd nhiing vin di Viet Nam chua tiing dim phin bao gid nhu mua sam chinh phfl, Iao ddng, mdi ttudng,... Trong qui kbit, ky ket BTA danh diu viee binh thucmg hda quan hg thuong mai, kinh tg Viet Nam - Hoa Ky. Til mdc hdi nhap quan ttpng nay, Viet Nam da bit diu hoc va choi theo luat qudc ti. Ngay sau BTA, hing loat bd luat dupc ban hinh vi sira ddi nhu: Luat Doanh nghiep, Luat Cic td chirc tin dung, Luat Sd huu tii mg. Dae bigt, Luat Thucmg mai da dupc vigt lai vdi viec xic dinh rd quygn ty do kinh doanh ciia thuong nhan...
Digu mi tiudc day chua timg cd. Mac du Vigt Nam da ky 8 higp dinh FTA nhung ca 8 higp dinh dd diu khdng tic ddng dgn the chg ldn so vdi vigc gia nhap TPP vi ci 8 higp dmh diu khdng dat ra bat eii yeu can nao vg thay ddi phap Mat. Gia nhap TPP cd thg khiin
72 CHAU MY NGAY NAY qua trinh siia doi ca che dieu hanh kinh
doanh de tao ra mot moi truong kinh doanh moi thong thoang, minh bach hon. FTA the he moi nay co the giup Viet Nam hoan thien the che theo hudng nay, hoae hoan thien moi truong kinh doanh. Viec nay se giiip thiic day ca dau tu trong nuoc va nuac ngoai, tu do tao ra nang luc san xuat mdi •
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Nguyen Van Binh (2009), "Quan he kinh te thuong mai Viet Nam - Hoa Ky", Chau My ngay nay, (6), tr 12-24
2. Tran Kim Chi (2012), "Vietnam - United States Strategic Dialogue", Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hpc "Quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky huang toi tam cao moi", tr 6 2 - 6 8 . 3 Nguyen Thi Kim Chi (2009), "Chinh sach
thucmg mai cua Hoa Ky doi v6i Viet nam tir nam 2001 den nay", Chau My ngay nay, (7), tr. 11-24.
4. Hillary Clinton (2011), (Chau My ngay nay dich theo Foreign Policy), "The ky Thai Binh Duang cua Hoa Ky", Chau My ngay nay, (10), tr. 4 8 - 5 8
5 Nguyen Anh Cuong (2011), "Vai net ve chinh sach cua My doi vai Viet Nam (1976 - 2008)", Chau My ngay nay, (7), tr. 47 - 58 6. Nguyen Anh Cuang (2012), "Mot so nhan
thuc trong lich sit quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky thai ky doi mai", Chau My ngay nay, (l),tr 5 4 - 6 6 , 3 1 .
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tai Tieu viing song Mekong", Ky yeu HQI thao khoa hoc Quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky huong toi tam cao mdi, tr, 207 - 223 8 Le Viet Hung (2013), 'Tim hieu nhan to
chinh tri trong quan he kinh te Hoa Ky - Viet Nam tu sau nam 1975", Nghien ciru Dong Nam A, so 6 (159), tr 36 - 42 9. Nguyen Thai Yen Huong va Ta Minh Tuan
(dong CB, 2011) Cac van de nghien ciiu ve Hoa Ky, Nxb, Giao due. Ha Npi 10. Le Huy Khoi (2009), "Nghien ciiu thiet lap
khu vuc mau dich tu do Viet Nam - Hoa Ky", Chau My ngay nay, (10), tr 15-21 11. Cii Chi Lpi (2012), "Chinh sach cua Hoa
Ky doi VOI khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong va nhirng ham y doi vai Viel Nam", Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hoc Quan he Vi?t Nam - Hoa Ky huong toi tam cao moi. tr 3 8 - 4 8
12. Nguyen Ngpc Manh (2010), "Tnen vong quan he kmh te Viet Nam - Hoa Ky sau 15 nam binh thucmg hoa quan he", Chau My ngay nay, (6), tr 14 -28.
13, Mark E. Manyin,T6ng quan hiep dinh thuang mai song phuong Hoa Ky - Viet Nam, bao cao ciia Ban Nghien ciru Phuc vu Quoc hpi Hoa Ky. ngay 20/6/2001 14 Nguyen Tuan Mmh (2009), "Chinh sach
kinh te cua Hoa Ky doi voi Viet Nam", Chau My ngay nay, (8), tr 3 - 1 2 . 15 Biii Thanh Nam (2012) "Hap tac kinh te
Viet Nam Hoa Ky thuc trang va tnen vpng", Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc Quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky huong toi tam cao moi, tr 124- 134
16. Nguyen Dy Nien (2005), "Nhin Iai 10 nam quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky ket qua va trrien vpng". Tap chi Cong san, 10/2006.