Dd Thu Hd. Bu&c ddu tim hiiu ..
©2019 Vi^n Nghren cihj An Dg vh Tay Nam A T^p chi Nghien cii'u ^n Dg vi ChSu A So 8 (81), thang 8-2019 http7/viisas vass gov.wn ISSN, 0866-7314
Bircrc dau tim hieu triet ly chinh tri cua Mahatma Gandhi
BdThuHa*
Tru&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xd hgi va Nhdn vdn, Hd Ngi
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 18/6/2019, ngdy giii phan bien: 01/7/2019, ngdy duyet ddng: 17/7/2019 Jy^hi tiip xuc v&i triet ly chinh tri cua Gandhi, chung ta edn nh& tinh cdch cita dng Theo nghia jL\^kinh vien, dng khdng phdi la ngudi hi thdng hda triet ly chinh trj cua minh. Tdt cd nhiing lai thuyit gidng vd bdi viit cua dng deu xudt phdt tir nhiing cdm xiic sdu sdc vd sir nhdn thirc chdn thdnh cua dng ve su thdt. Ong khdng ddnh riing cho bdt ky tru&ng phdi triet hpc dgc quyen ndo md thu&ng phdn hdi tir hodn cdnh cu thi. Gandhi khdng bao gi& tu coi minh Id mgt nhd tu tu&ng, triit ly chinh tri ciia dng cd ngudn gde tir cdc he thdng triet hgc khdc nhau cua cd phuang Ddng vd phuang Tdy. Tuy nhien, cdc khdi niem vd su thirc hdnh thuc ti cua dng khien dng cd thi dugc cdng nhgn la mdt triit gia theo tu duy An Do. Gandhi khong gidng nhu cdc nhd triet hpc vd cdc nhd tu tu&ng chinh tri khdc tren the gi&i dng khdng chi Id con nguai cita van m?nh qudc gia md edn Id con ngu&i cua thien nien ky. Bdi Viet thdo ludn ve triit ly chinh In cua Gandhi qua ba phuang dien Id quan he giiia Chinh tri vd Quyen luc, Nhd nu&c phi bgo luc, triet ly Satyagraha.
Tir khda: Gandhi, trigt ly ehinh tri, nhd nude phi bgo lire, Satyagraha Mff flau
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, anh hiing dan tpc An Dp, da chi dgo cupc khdng chiln chong che dp thuc dan ciia De qude Anh va gianh dpc lap cho An Dp vdi sir ung hp ciia hang trieu ngudi ddn.
Trong suot cupc ddi, dng phan ddi tat cd eac hinh thiic khiing bd bgo lire vd thay vao do, ehi dp dung nhirng tieu chuan dgo diic toi cao. Nguyen ly phi bgo lire (edn gpi Id bat hai) dupe dng dl xudng vdi tgn Chap tri chan ly (satyagraha) da anh hudng din eac phong trao dau tranh bat bao ddng trong vd ngoai An Dp cho den ngdy nay, bao gdm ca phong trao Van ddng Quyen cdng dan tai Hoa Ky (American Civil Rights Movement) duac ddn ddu bdi Martin Luther King.
1. Chinh tri va quyen luc chinh trj
Chinh tri bao gdm cdc hogt dpng lign quan din quan trj ciia mpt quoc gia hoac mpt khu v\rc. No lign quan den viec dua ra quyet dinh dp dung cho cdc thdnh vien cua mdt nhdm (Rod Hague, Martin Harrop, 31 May 2013). Chinh tri ciing de cap din viee dat duac vd thuc hien cac vi tri qudn tri, t l chiic kigm sodt doi vdi mpt cpng ddng ngudi, dac bi?t la mpt nha nude (Merriam-webster.com). Nghign ciiu hpe thuat tgp trung vao chinh tri (Politics), do do dupe nham vao myc tieu eua nd hon Id vdo mdn khoa
Nghign cim An DO vd Chau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.46-53
D6 Thu Ha. Btr&c ddu tim hieu ., hpe chinh tri ndi chung (Political Science), ddi khi duac gpi la chinh tri hoc (Politology). Cdc qudc gia hi?n dai da thanh Igp cae ddng chinh tri de dai dien cho y tudng ciia hp. Hp ddng y dam nhan ciing mpt vi tri trong nhieu van de va dong y iing hd nhirng thay ddi can thilt doi vdi lugt phap vd ciing cdc nha lanh dao (Giovanni Sartori, 2005).
Thuat ngii ehinh trj -politics duoc Aristotle sii dung dau tien, theo nghTa rdng hem de bao quat cdc polls ly tudng (polls - thdnh bang), eau tnic gia dinh, kiem sodt nd le va tdi sdn, nguyen nhan va each ngan chan cdc cupc each mang, cdc hinh thiic ehinh phu va giao due v.v... Thuat ngii nay ngu y rang chinh tri ddng vai trd Id ngudi hda gidi bdng cdch dua ra gidi phdp eho eac cuoc xung dot giiia cdc ben.
Day la mpt qud trinh phat trien lien tuc ma theo do, cac nhdm nhit dinh dua ra quygt djnh vd duy tri cae boat dpng ciia nha nude. Chinh tri la phuang tien dg tao ra mdt xa hpi cd td chiic vd hda binh han, bang each cung cap cdc giai phap de gidi quygt cdc xung dot xdy ra tu nhien giira con ngudi bang phucmg phap thao luan dan sir va thda hiep hpp ly.
Doi vdi Gandhi, "Quyen luc chinh tri khdngphdi la muc dich md la mdt trong nhimg phuong lien giiip mpi ngu&i cdi thien diiu kiin ciia hp trong mpi linh vuc ciia cudc sdng. Quyen lite chinh tri la khd ndng kiem sodl d&i sdng qudc gia thdng qua cdc dgi dien. Neu d&i sdng qudc gia tr& nen hodn hao den muc cd khd ndng tu diiu chinh thi khdng edn phdi cd dgi dien ndo hit Luc dd se cd mdt trgng thdi "vd chinh phit" mang tinh gidc ngd. Trong tinh trgng nhuvdy, tdt cd mpi ngu&i se Id ngu&i cai tri cita rieng minh. Anh tatu tri theo cdch se khdng bao gia Id tr& nggi ddi v&i hdng xdm cua minh" {Gandhi M. K, 02/7/1931). Theo Gandhi, chinh tri Id trd choi de dat dupe quyen lire, de lay Igi va giii' quyen lire. Arnold Brecht da md ta su hieu biet ve ehinh tn eiia Gandhi la "chit nghia tuang ddi ve gid trj mang tinh khoa hgc" (ArnoldBrecht, 1959), vi Gandhi quan niem chinh tri la mpt gid tri cd tinh dao diic. Dd la do nhu cdu ciia thdi dai va van menh An Dp liie do ddi hdi each mang hda chinh tri bang dao diic. "Neu cdc phdm chdt dgo diic vd tinh thdn ciia ngu&i ddn khdng phii hgp thi ngay cd mdt he thdng chinh tri vd hien phdp tot nhdt cUng khdng cd hieu qud " (Shriman Narayan Agarwal, 1946). Gandlii eho rang chinh tri la mpt trong nhiing phuang tien de phuc vu dan chiing va khdng dupe lam dung quyen lire vi muc dich ea nhan ciia bdt ky ai (Gandhi M. K.. 02.07.1931, p.l62).
Gandhi Id ngudi siing dao va cd nhan each dao diic. Ong duy tri tieu chudn dao dire eao nhat trong chinh trj. Ld chien lupc gia quan trpng nhat trong chinh trj An Dp trong giai doan do, dng da phdt trien cdc gidi phdp chinh tri va van ddng eae phong trao gidnh quygn iuc nha nude thdng qua phong trao quan ehiing. Gandhi tuyen bd rdng ddi vdi dng, khdng cd chinh tn nao dung ngodi tdn giao - khdng phai Id tdn giao ciia nhiing ke me tin vd mil quang, tdn giao chan ghet va hilu chien ma la tdn giao ciia su khoan dung. Chinh trj ma khdng cd dao due Id mpt dieu edn tranh (Gandhi, M. K, January 19, 1928, p. 154).
Gandhi timg md td ban chit eiia quyin lue rang "Chinh viec s& htm quyen luc khien con ngu&i mit Ida diic Idc; ho khdng thi nhin thdy nhiing thii & ngay du&i min vd khdng the nghe thdy nhiing thu dang dpi vdo tai". Cd loai chinh phii say me quyin luc ma khdng lam duac gi. Vi vay, "nhiing ngu&i con yeu nu&c nen chudn hi chdp nhgn chit choc, tii day vd nhimg su kiin tuang tu" (Gandhi M. K., ngay 13.10.1921). Gandhi tin rdng quyin Iyc cd the dat dupe thdng qua viee phuc vu nhan dan va ciing co thi thdng qua da sd philu bdu. Theo Gandhi, "quyen luc cd hai logi, logi thii nhdl dgt duac khi gay cho ngu&i ddn ndi sa bj trimgphgt, logi khdc cd dugc nh& tinh yeu, long tdt vd su khoan dung. Quyen luc
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Do Thu Ha. Buac ddu tim hieu ...
dua tren tinh yeu thi cd hi$u qud vd tru&ng tdn gdp hdng ngdn idn so v&i quyin lifc dgt dugc tir ndi sp bi trimg phgt" (Gandhi M. ^., ngay 08/01/1925). Gandhi phdn ddi su tap trung quyin lire trong tay mpt hay vai ngudi. Ong cho rang, tap trung quyen luc chinh trj se dan din bdc Ipt, bdt binh ddng va thiic day xa hdi phdn chia giai cap. Vi vgy, sd hiiu quyin lire ngang nhau trong tay qudn chiing Id can thiet dl thuc hien ddn chii thuc su. Ong tin rang "khi ngu&i ddn s& huu quyin luc chinh trj, sir can thi^p vdo /{r do ciia ngu&i ddn duac gidm din mite tdi thieu. Ndi cdch khdc, mdt qudc gia vgn hdnh cdng viec cua minh mpt cdch sudn se vd hieu qud md khdng cd su can thiep cua Nhd nu&c nhu vgy m&i thuc su Id qudc gia ddn chu. Nai ndo khong cd dieu kiin nhu vgy thi hogt dpng cda chinh phu chi Id nhdn danh ddn chu md thdi" (Gandhi M. K, ngay 11/01/1936). Trong trat tu chinh trj Sarvodaya ciia dng, khdng cd chd cho chinh tri ciia quyen lue. Thay vao dd la ca sd cho chinh tri mang tinh hpp tdc. Sarvodaya la sir nhgn ra hanh phiic vd su dl cao tat ca mpi ngudi. Cd hai ehien thuat de dn dinh quyen lire ciia nhdn dan (i) tuyen truyin lien tyc, cdng khai va (ii) Phdn cap quyen luc. Myc dich la de thay doi nhgn thiic eua ngudi dan. Sarvodaya phan ddi cdc y tudng vg tinh ich ky vd su gidu cd bdt nhdn. Khdng cd chd cho ddu tranh giai cap d Sarvodaya. Xa hpi tit, hap ly vd hda hop la nhiing nguygn tac ca ban ciia Sarvodaya. Sarvodaya chap nhdn su phd cap eua chinh quygn ty chii.
Do dd, triet ly ehinh trj Sarvodaya cua Gandhi Id mpt nd luc tn' tue mgnh me dg xdy dung ke hoach tdi thilt chinh trj va xa hdi tren co sd chii nghia duy tam sieu hinh. Gandhi dupe mdt so nhd ly lugn chinh tri cung nhu cac nha boat dpng tren khdp the gidi coi la syr ket hpfp giira nha tien tri va chinh tri gia d mpt tam cd cao nhat. Trong bdn than minh, Gandhi da thdng nhdt tinh nang ciia triet gia va chinh tri gia. Netaj i Subhas Chandra Bose, mot trong nhiing ngudi viia nguong mp vua... "giempha " Gandhi, da tiing ndi rdng, Gandhi phdi ddng vai mdt dgi su the gidi cung nhu lanh ty tdi cao cua Phong trao giai phdng dan tpc An Dp. Ong ndi thgm mpt each hai hudc rdng, thudng thi vai trd ciia Gandhi vdi tu cdch mpt dai su the gidi trd nen ndi bat din miic dng phdi thda hi?p vdi vai trd lanh tu tdi cao cua minh (Padhy, K.S., 2011, p.2I3). Cd the ndi, Gandhi coi chinh tri nhu mdt cdng cu de trg giup eon ngudi trong cac ITnh vyc xa hpi, kinh tl, dao diic vd tdm linh. Chi'nh Gandhi da thira nhgn digu nay vdi mpt ngudi bgn Nam Phi rdng, tam tri dng ed the chiu khuat phye trudc tdn gido chii khdng bao gid khudt phye trudc ehinh trj. Nam 1924, Romain Rolland da nhdn xet rang, Gandhi cd the da ehpn eupc song ciia mpt tin do tdn giao ban la mdt ehinh tri gia ngu Tilak khdng mat (Romain Rolland, 1924). Ddi vdi Gandhi, ehinh trj chinh la tdn giao ciia dng. Ong chdng Igi viee chinh tri hda tdn gido. Ong da tam linh hda chinh tri nhung ve ca bdn dng Id mpt con ngudi mang tinh the gidi, tinh phd qudt vd khdng bao gid tim kigm su ciiu rdi eua rieng minh tach biet vdi the gidi xung quanh. Chinh trj cupn quanh dng nhu mpt eon rdn. Ong phdi vgt Idn vdi con rdn do va khdng cd thdi gian nghi ngai. Ong cd thi tranh xa chinh tri ngu thyc phdm va cdng viec dupe cung cap eho ngudi ddn that nghiep ddi khdt d An Dp. 6ng thay can tham gia ehinh tri de xda bd sy bdc lot vd dem Igi cudc song tot d?p hem cho ngudi dan.
2. N h a nu-drc phi b a o lu-c
Theo Gandhi, phi bao Iyc khdng ehi dan thudn la mdt diic tinh ca nhan ma edn Id mpt diic tinh xa hpi dupe trau ddi nhu nhung diic tinh khac. Bat bao dpng Id gidi lugt ca ban trong cac hogt dpng chinh tri ciia Gandhi; dng trau ddi cdc ky nang chinh trj hoan toan dya tren phi bgo luc. Ong sii dung phi bgo luc dl dgt muc dich chinh tri. Ong ndi rdng xa hpi chu yiu du<?c dinh hudng bdi sy thi hi?n phi bao Iyc
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Dd Thu Hd. Bu&c ddu tim hieu ..
trong cdc giao tiep da chieu. Nhd nude phdi dupe xay dung dua tren phi bgo lue, neu khdng nd se khdng phu hop vdi su phat trien ty nhien ciia con ngudi. Gandhi tin rdng, xa hdi khong ed nha nude la dieu kien, la phuang tien cho nha nude phi bao luc vl can cd su can thiep toi thieu vao quygn tu chu ea nhan va khdng ep bupc. Ong giai thich tinh kha thi ciia Ahimsa - bdt tdn sinh hay phi bao lyc/bSt bgo dpng va coi nd nhu mdt vii khi hieu qua de hdnh dpng tryc tilp, ban than nd la dpc nhat vd nhi. Qua eac thdi dgi, phi bgo Iyc tdn tai trong cudc sdng dudi nhilu hinh thiic kliac nhau ea vg ly thuyit vd thyc hanh.
Nd duac hinh thdnh nhu mpt diic tinh hogc mpt gia tri ca nhan, dac biet Id dugc thyc hanh bdi eac bdc thirc gid, cac vi thanh hoac cac hda than ciia thdn thanh, sii gia ciia Thign Chiia... trong ITnh vyc xa hpi va tdn gido. Chinh Gandhi, lan ddu tien trong todn bp lich six lodi ngudi, tuyen bo phi bgo lye/bat bao dpng Id mdt diic tinh hay mpt gid trj xa hpi, keu gpi nhan logi tu dudng nd nhu cdc due tinh hoac gia tri khde. Ong ndi: "phi bgo luc khdngphdi la mdt ddc tinh rieng cd chi gi&i hgn cho bgc thirc gid hay cdc vi chdn tu. Nd cd khd ndng duac thuc hdnh b&i hdng trieu ngu&i khdngphdi v&i kien thirc day du v&i tdt cd y nghia cua nd, mdb&ivi do la lugt ciia lodi ngu&i chiing ta. Nd phdn biet con ngu&i v&i lodi dd man. Nhung con ngu&i vdn chua ru bd duac sifda man trong minh. Anh taphdi phdn ddu de ldm nhu vdy. Suphdn ddu ndy dp dung cho viec thuc hdnh phi bgo luc (trong mpi linh vuc ciia cupc sdng bao gdm cd chinh tri), vd khdng chi dem thudn Id niem lin vdo nd " (Charles Webel, Johan Galtung, 2007).
Ong ndi them: "chdc chdn rdng xd hpi chii yeu dugc diiu chinh b&i sir phi bgo luc trong tdc ddng luang hd cuand. Nhiing gi tdi yeu cdu Id mgt phdn m& rpng cua nd & quy md Idn han, qudc gia vd qudc le"
(Charles Webel, Johan Galtung, 2007J. Bdt bgo ddng (Ahimsa) la co sd trong trilt ly chinh trj eiia Gandhi. Ong da ddn ddt dong bdo den vdi cac phong trdo vl ty do cua An Dp vd gidi phdng hp thoat khdi nhirng thg ky nd le, lam sdng td y nghia va muc dich cupc song cua ho mot each todn dien va pho quat, md ra eho hp mdt con dudng doe dao, trudng tdn vd mdu myc cho dan chiing tren todn the gidi de dat dugc tu do va bdo ve cdng ly d mpi cap dp, tham chi ngay ca trong mot nen dan chu.
Nhd nu&c ly tu&ng cita Gandhi Id nhd nu&c phi bgo luc. Theo ong, mdt nha nude the hien bang bao lye dudi hinh thiic tgp trung va cd td chuc nhung mudn trd thanh nhd nude phi bgo luc se mau thudn trong eac diiu khoan eua nd. Khi phi bao Iyc Id nguyen tie cai trj xa hdi, chiing ta khdng the coi do Id mpt nhd nude. Nd chi cd the duoc coi Id mdt xa hdi phi bao Iyc va khdng cd nhd nude. Vd xa hdi hda binh do Id mdt xa hdi binh dang ly tudng ddi vdi Gandhi.
Trong trat tu xa hpi phi bgo lue, mpi ngudi se ty dpng hilu ra vd xem xet trach nhiem xa hpi ciia hp md khdng can sy van hanh cua chinh phu. Su edn thilt thyc thi phap luat chi phat sinh nlu mpi ngudi dang thilu nd. Y nghTa quan trpng ciia khdi niem ty tri eiia Gandhi duge dat ra trong thuc tg vg siic manh phi bgo lye vd nhu cdu edn ehinh phu gidm di. Theo Gandhi, nd lye de dat dupe sy tu tri ehinh la sy ty tri. Dd Id mdt ly tudng dang phdt triln vd tot nhat. Ong gpi nd la cai vd eye (infinity). Trong bli cdnh phong trao ty do eua An Dp, dng ndi rdng, tu trj khdng ed nghTa dan gidn la chii quyen chinh trj ma con Id nhilu thii khde. Trong cae giai phap cua chinh phii nghi vien phuang Tay, tu trj chi dupe chap nhdn tgm thdi. Trong thi gidi ly tudng cua Gandhi, khdng ed cho cho lye lugng vu trang vd bao lye khde tuy trong tinh trang thue t l cd su xudng cdp vg dgo diic ciia ngudi dan thi vdn cd mpt digu khoan ddnh eho nd. Cd thi ndi, nha nude phi bgo lye chinh la tinh kha thi thyc t l va la md hinh vT dai nhdt cua Gandhi (Mary King, 1999).
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Do Thu Ha. Bu&c ddu tim hiiu ...
3. Triet ly Satyagraha
Mahatma Gandhi da hanh ddng de dap ling vdi thdch thiic vd yeu cau ciia thdi dgi theo each rigng ciia minh. Ong da ed gdng hien thyc hda cdc mong muon vd khat vpng ciia dan chung. Hegel md ta ban chdt ciia cdc vT nhdn nhu sau: "Vinhdn cua th&i dgi Id ngu&i cd the ndi ra y chi cita thai dgi minh Id gi vd hodn thdnh nd. Nhung gi anh ta ldm la trgng tdm vd bdn chdt ciia th&i dgi anh la, anh ta hien th\tc hda th&i dgi do " (Hegel, C. W. F.,). Gandhi ndi rang tir Satya (Su that hay Chan ly), cd ngudn gde tit Sat, ed nghTa la tdn tai. Khdng cd gi tdn tai trong thuc tl ngogi trir Su that hay Chdn ly. Chdn ly (Satya) ddi hdi tinh yeu va su kien djnh (Agraha). Vi vgy, Gandhi gpi cupc ddu tranh ty do ddn tdc ciia minh la Satyagraha - Chap tri Chan ly, va eoi nd Id lye lupng xuat phat tir Chan ly va Tinh yeu hoac Phi bao Iyc va sii dyng su khang cy thu ddng.
Gandhi da xdy dung cdc tinh ndng cita Satyagraha Id:
I. Sat - Dieu ndy ddi hdi su chan thdnh, trung thue vd cdng ly: Sy that.
A) Quan diem va niem tin ciia cdc ed nhdn bieu thi mpt phdn ciia sy that.
B) Digu kien chia se sy that trong hpp tae de nhdn ra miic dp eiia nd.
C) Ddi hdi su khao khdt giao tiep va quylt tam thyc hien, xoay quanh nhu cdu gia tdng va hoan thien kha nang giao tiep cd lign quan.
D) Tgn tdm hien thiic hda su that la cdeh khd thi.
II. Ahimsa - phdn bdc viec gay thuang tich vd tdn hai cho ngudi khdc.
A) Dugc md td la su tan tam giao tiep va chia se vg tinh ygu vd sy thgt cua chiing ta. Bao luc da khep chat cdc phucmg tien giao tiep.
B) Dugc eoi la gido ly ehinh eiia cdc tdn giao idn tren thg gidi.
C) Ld mdt bigu hien ciia lodi ngudi cd y thiic edn duge tdn trpng.
D) Viec thuc hanh Ahimsa bupc ta phdi cd tinh yeu thuc sy doi vdi doi thii ciia minh.
III. Tapasya - san sang ty hy sinh.
A) Bdt cii ai tudn theo ldi the satyagraha deu dugc gpi la salyagrahi. Hp ludn sin sdng hy sinh vi su nghiep chung. Dd Id chiu dau khd hoac hy sinh ty nguyen de khien doi thii hudng tdi Chan ly.
B) Salyagrahi phai ludn dem dgn mpt "ldi thodt" giii dugc the dien cho eac doi thu. Myc tieu la tim ra mdt bdi eanh rpng Idn hem ve su that vd cdng ly va khdng ngn coi do Id mpt chiln thdng trudc ddi thii.
Theo Gandhi, ky ndng hdnh dpng phi bgo lye dugc gpi la Satyagraha. Nd edn dugc gpi Id Siic manh cua sy th§t va trong pham vi hieu biet rdng ban, do la siic manh cua tinh yeu dugc tao ra thdng qua vi?c tuan thii su that. Phi bao luc Id tu de ehi mdt khai niem dgc biet, rdng Idn hon vdi tu cdch mdt each song dua tren tinh yeu va Idng trac dn. Theo cdeh diln dat eiia Gandhi, Satyagraha la Chdn luc. Dd Id kit qua cua phi bgo lye. Satya va Satyagraha dugc coi la vu khi trong tdm hdn dl chong Igi bat ky logi ap biic nao.
Trong khi Gandhi eoi Satyagraha nhu mdt ldi song thi trong phong trao dpc lap cua An Dp, Satyagraha duge su dyng nhu mdt phuang phap dl chong lai ehinh quyen nhd nude thupc Anh va dgt dupe nhieu phiic Igi chung eho ngudi dan.
Phi bao lye va phuang phdp kien tao hda binh ciia Satyagraha dugc coi Id ddng gdp toi cao vd dpc dao nhdt ciia An Dp cho the gidi duang dai. Theo Gandhi, Satyagraha la phuang phap chdc chdn nh^t de dat dupe cac myc tieu chinh trj, x3 hpi va kinh tl. Ong ndi rdng "tio>en bo cua tdi Id suphdt hien ra Satyagraha ndm trong qud trinh theo dudi cugc tim kiim chinh nd. Tdt nhien khdngphdi tdt cd cdc qtQ>
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lugt ve Satyagraha dd duac dgt ra hoac tim thdy. Nhung ldi cd the ndi md khdng hi sg hdi vd chdc chdn rdng mgi ddi tuang ximg ddng diu cd thi dgt dugc bdng cdch sir dung Satyagraha. Dd chinh Id phuang ti$n cao nhdt vd khdng the sai ldm. Id sue mgnh l&n nhdt Chit nghia xd hdi se khdng thi dgt dupe bdng bdt ky phuang tiin ndo khdc. Satyagraha cd the logi bd mgi ti ngn khdi xg hpi cd chinh tri, kinh te vd dgo diic" (Gandhi M. K, 20/7/1947). Trilt ly cua Gandhi ve Satyagraha dua tren Chan ly va Phi bao luc, hai khai niem song hanh vd ea ban nhat eua Gandhi,
Khdi niem phi bgo luc ciia Gandhi cd hai phuang dien: (i) Phi bao luc trong suy nghT va (ii) Phi bgo lye trong hanh dpng. Theo Gandhi, ed nam tien de dan gidn trong khdi niem phi bao luc cOa dng, ddid:
"i. Phi bao lye ngu y hodn toan tu thanh Ipc hit miic ed thi;
ii. Trong quan he giira con ngudi, Ngudi thuc hanh phi bgo Iyc eang cd nang Iyc thi siic mgnh cua hp cdng Idn, ngugc lai, y mudn gay ra bao lye eang Idn thi siic manh ciia hp cdng gidm.
iii. Phi bgo lye ludn vugt trdi so vdi bgo luc, tiic Id siic mgnh cua mdt ngudi phi bgo luc ludn Idn hon siic manh anh ta cd the cd neu sii dyng bgo lye;
iv. Khdng cd gi la thdt bgi trong phi bgo luc. Muc tieu ciia bao luc chdc chdn se di din thdt bgi;
V. Ket qua cudi ciing cua phi bgo lye chi'nh la chiln thang chdc chdn nhat. Trong thyc te, khdng ed.
thdt bgi cung khdng cd chiln thdng" (Gandhi, M. K., 12/10/1935).
Thdng qua nhiing tien dg ndy, Gandhi da md ta ban chat cua phi bgo Iyc vd bao Iyc vd sy can thiet phdi duy tri cudc sdng ciia ca nhan vd xd hdi. Viec thyc hanh phi bgo luc eua dng ddi hdi sy can dam vd dao diic to Idn, nd khdng cd chd cho su hen nhdt hay yeu duoi. Dd la tai san eao nhat eiia nhung ngudi can ddm.
Cdc hinh thiic cita Satyagraha
Thir nhat, Satyagraha la mdt vii khi kinh te xd hpi va chinh tri, Gandhi nhdn manh rang, nd dya tren sy that va bdt bao dpng. Sue manh tinh thdn nay cd hinh thiic khde nhau tuy theo hoan cdnh. Thii hai, Satyagraha Id mpt phuang tien khang chien. Nd cd cdc hinh thiic khac nhau nhu: Bat tudn dan sy, Bdt hpp tac. Bat hoai, Tuyet thuc. Hartal (bai cdng) vd Hijrat (di eu/di tni).
Ddc diim ndi bat cua Satyagraha
i. Nguyen tdc thiet yeu cua Satyagraha khdng phai la xda sd hoac lam tdn thuang ke thii, ma la chuyen hda hoac chign thang anh ta bdng tinh yeu, Idng trac an, su chiu dung vd tu chju dyng.
ii. Nd dya tren niem tin sieu hinh rang ke dp biic cd the cd quygn lue ddi vdi ea the vd tai san vat chat cua mpt Salyagrahi, nhung khdng cd quyen lye doi vdi tinh than cua anh ta. Do do, tinh than van khdng bj va khdng the bj chinh phye ngay ea khi ca the bi cam tii.
iii. Satyagraha la mpt phuong tien cua hdnh dpng xa hpi, dya tren phdm chat dgo diic manh me. Ty chiu dung la khi chat ddc dao ciia nd, phdn biet nd vdi tat ed cdc hinh thiic va hanh ddng bao lye khdc.
iv. Khi so sanh, sy ty hy sinh eiia Salyagrahi mgnh me vd hop ly hon gdp ngan lan so vdi hdng tripu ngudi khdng phai Salyagrahi tit sdt trong chiin tranh.
V. Satyagj-ahaixmh nhiing hogt dpng xau xa kieh dpng mpi ngudi; trong hda binh, Salyagrahi thdng qua tinh yeu, Idng trdc dn, ldng nhdn tir dl lam dieu tdt cho ngudi khac, ngay ca doi thu ciia hp.
vi. Satyagraha dugc eoi Id phuang phap de tdi cdu tnic va djnh hinh Igi ban chat con ngudi thdng qua cac boat dpng eua con ngudi.
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Do Thu Hd. Buac ddu tim hieu ..
vii. Khdng the so sanh sy khdng hgp tac va phi bao luc vdi viec khdng hanh dpng. Dd la sy phan khang mgnh me sy khdng trung thyc nhung khdng sii dung bgo lye hoac thii ban. Dd la mdt cupe dau tranh khdng met mdi chdng lai tat ca sy xdu xa hay cupc dp siic vl tinh than ciia con ngudi chdng Igi y ehi eiia bao chua ih gianh Idy cai minh mong mudn bang tinh yeu.
viii. Khai niem v l Satyagraha cd pham vi rpng ban trong cdc phong trdo xd hdi khdng cd sy ghet bd hay tiic gidn vd bao Iyc.
ix. Cae ddc diem quan trpng nhdt cua Satyagraha nam d viec nhdn thiic va neu cao y thiic trong qudn chiing, gido dye vl diiu kipn kinh tg, xa hpi va ehinh trj cua thdi dai, giii gin su thong nhat trong su da dang ciia qudn chung, biln hp thanh nhiing ngudi linh khdng sg hai, thiet lap nen tdng chung va to chiic manh me rdi sau do dua ra hudng di cho hp de ddu tranh phi bgo luc chong lai eae te nan.
X. Dgc diem da tang Idp hoac khdng giai cap ciia phong trao Satyagraha khdc biet vdi cac phuang phap khdc von chu yeu bao gdm ciing mdt tang Idp, mdt giai cap.
Do do, khdt vpng ca bdn ciia phong trdo Satyagraha Id nhdn thiic cd y thiie ve dp biic kinh te - xa hdi va chinh tri, sy bdc lot va thong tri. Nd cd gdng cung cap mat trdn chung phii hgp &k td chiic quan chiing vi sy nghiep chung, de trd thanh mpt td chiic manh me chong Igi nhiing ke bdc lot vd thong tri.
v l mat ly thuyet ciing nhu bdn chat thuc tign, trilt ly Satyagraha ciia Gandhi la thiet yeu ddi vdi mgt cupc each mang vdi cdc phuang tipn phi bgo lue. Satyagraha md ra nhiing each cd the de eon ngudi nhan thirc ddi sdng xa hdi. Khi dd, cupc ndi dgy se tu dpng dign ra chdng lai trgt ty xa hpi bdc Ipt va thdng trj. Gandhi, vdi tu cdch mpt ngudi thyc tl, da dy tinh khd ndng ndy va du doan diing ve dieu do.
Gandhi ludn cd gdng thilt Igp mpt nha nude phiic Igi bdng phuang tien phi bao luc va su that. LTdc mo cudi Cling cua dng la Sarvodaya, cd nghTa Id phiic Igi cho tdt cd moi ngudi. Theo dng, chiing ta khong the dgt dugc bat cii diiu gi bdng cdc bipn phap bgo luc. Bdi vi bgo lue mang den sy huy diet; nhung phi bao Iyc thi ed tinh xdy dyng. Phi bao lye vd sy that giiip chiing ta thanh Ipc tam hdn. M.K. Gandhi luon cd gang mang lai mdt sy thay ddi xd hpi bang eac bien phdp hda binh, ddng gdp rat nhigu trong viec thiic ddy sy higu biit vl siic manh ciia sy trung thue, tinh yeu vd long nhan hau.
Ket luain
Gandhi Id mpt trong nhiing con ngudi vT dgi nhat cua thdi dgi chung ta vd van tigp tyc khoi gpi s^
quan tdm cua cac hpe gid ciing nhu ngudi binh ddn. Ong lanh dao cupc dau tranh dan tpc vdi qui mo Idn nhat cua the ky XX d An Dp vd ludn nhdn manh sy can thigt cua mpt nIn tang dgo diic trong chi'nh tri dgi chiing. Gandhi da khdi niem hda sy edn thilt va tinh khd thi eua cdc iing dyng tinh thdn ddi vdi chinh trj dai chung. Vi vay, bai vigt nay la bude dau tim hieu mpt vdi phuang dien trong trilt ly chinh tri cua M. K. Gandhi va sy phii hpp ciia chiing vdi xa hpi duang dai.
Tai lieu tham Idiao
1. Arnold Brecht (1959), Political Theory: The Foundation of Twentieth Century Political Thought, Princeton University Press.
2. Gandhi M. K. (02/7/1931), Younglndia, p.l62.
3. Gandhi M. K. (ngdy 11/01/1936), Harijan, p.380.
4. Gandhi M. K., (13.10.1921), Younglndia, p.327.
Nghign ciiu An Dp va Chdu A. So 8 - 2019, tt-.46-53 52
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5. Gandhi M. K. (ngdy 08/01/1925), Younglndia, p.15.
6. Gandhi, M. K. (20/7/1947), Harijan, p.40.
7. Gandhi, M. K. (12/10/1935), Harijan, p.276.
8. Giovanni Sartori (2005). Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. ECPR Press.
9. Hegel, C. W. F. (1953), Philosophy of Right, (trans.) Knox, T.M., London: Oxford University Press, 10. King, Mary (\999), Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., The power of nonviolent action, Cultures of Peace Series UNESCO Publishing.
11. Merriam Webster, Politics/Definition of Politics, Merriam-webster.com, ngdy truy cap 25/6/2019.
12. Rod Hague; Martin Harrop (31 May 2013). Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction.
Maemillan International Higher Education.
13. Romain Rolland (1924), Mahatma Gandhi, The Century Company; First Edition edition.
14. Shriman Narayan Agarwal (1946), Gandhian Constitution for Free India, A.\\!^2hdiA,YAii^\s\3n.
15. Webel, Charles and Johan Galtung edited (2007), Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, Routledge publishing house.
16. Padhy, K.S. (2011), Indian Political Thought, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., p,213.
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