Birdrc dau ung dung each tiep can nghien cuu xuyen nganh trong tim hieu van de
bat binh dang xa hoi ciia ngiroi lao dong nhap cu
Nguyen Quang Tuan^'' Ngo Thi Cham^"'
Tom tat: Bdt binh ddng xd hdi cita ngudi lao ddng nhgp cu Id mgt trong nhieng vdn di nghien ciht md mgt chuyen ngdnh khd cd the gidi quyit dugc, do do nghien cieu xuyen ngdnh dugc xem la mgt cdch liep can tdt. Bdi viet ldm ro cdch tiep can nghien ciiu xuyen ngdnh vd qud trinh img dting cdch tiip cdn ndy trong tim hieu vdn de bdt binh ddngxa hdi cua ngudi lao ddng nhdp cu (nghien cieu trudng hgp a qudn Binh Tdn, Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh), tie do dua ra mgt sd bdn ludn ve tinh hiiu qud vd nhitng thdch thuc dgt ra trong qud trinh thuc hien mdt nghien cicu cu the dua vdo cdch tiep can nghien cuu xuyin ngdnh.
Tu khoa: Nghien ciiu xuyen nganh. Bat binh dang xa hdi, Lao dgng nhap cu Abstract: Social inequality of migrant workers is among research issues that cannot be dealt with from a mono-disciplinary approach, but rather from a trans-disciplinary one.
This paper aims to identify the trans-disciplinary research approach and its application in studying social inequalities of migrant workers (through a case study in Binh Tan district. Ho Chi Minh city), from which providing several reviews on the effectiveness and challenges in conducting a specific trans-disciplinary research.
Keyword: Transdisciplinary Research, Social Inequality, Migrant Workers
1. Md dau nhung lgi ich cua di cu, ngudi di cu ciing Ci "Viet Nam, di cu cd vai ttd quan dang phai doi mat vdi nhiing bat bmh dang ttgng ttong phat ttidn kinh td hd gia dmh, xa hdi lien quan ddn nha df, giao due, y te, dja phuong. Ngudn tidn do ngudi di cu hay nhung van dd lien quan den vay vdn glii vd ddng vai ttd quan trgng ttong phat phat trien san xuit, sy thieu hyt tinh cam, tridn kinh td gia dinh d ndng thon (Nguyen thidu thdi gian chara sdc ngudi than,...
Thu Phuong et al., 2008). Tuy nhidn, ngoai (UNFPA, 2016).
Bai viet lam ro each tidp can nghien '*' ThS., Vien Xa hpi hoc, Vien Han ISm Khoa hoe cihi xuyen nganh va tinh ling dung ciia nd xE hpi Viet Nam; ^j.Qj^g ^^^ hjgu v i n dh bit binh ding xa hgi Email: nguyenquangtuan9x@^aiUom ^ . ^^ ^ ^ g j ^ ''Vi?nX5hoi hoc, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi ^"<^ " B " , • & , " ,. , , . / VietNam Tan, Thanh phd Ho Chi Mmh hien nay.
30 Th6ng Hn Khoa hge xa hfli. so r.^019 2. Doi net ve nghien cuu xuyen nganh va
D y an nghien cuu
Hien nay, ttong viec tao ra cac thdng tin va ngudn tti thiic mdi, vai ttd cua cac chu the ngoai gidi khoa hgc ngay cang tang.
Tren thye te, nhieu van de xa hdi, ttong dd cd van de di cu, se khdng the giai quyet dugc neu khdng cd su thara gia tich cyc cua cac nha nghien ciiu va nhihig ngudi co lien quan. Vi vay, nghien ciiu xuyen nganh dugc dat ra nhu mdt each tiep can mdi ttong viec giai quyet cac van de lien quan den lao ddng di cu.
Nghien ciiu xuyen nganh (Transdisciplinary research) la mdt thuat
ngii mdi va chua cd sy thdng nhat ve mat khai niem. Theo D. Stokols va cgng sy (2013), nghien cicu xuyin ngdnh Id qua trinh tich hgp md trong dd cdc nhd khoa hgc vd nhicng ngudi khdng phdi Id nhd khoa hoc (nhd hogt ddng thuc tiin) citng ldm viec vdi nhau di phdt triin vd su dung cac cdch tiip can mdi vi khdi niem vd phuang phdp ludn, tit dd tdng hgp vd md rdng cdc quan diim, Iy thuyit, phuong phdp ddc thii cua timg chuyin ngdnh vd cdc chien lugc chuyin ddi nham dem Igi nhiing gidi phdp sdng tgo cho cdc vdn de khoa hoc vd xa hgi cu thi (Stokols va cgng su, 2013). Mgt nhdm nghien cuu xuyen nganh se bao gdm
H i n h 1. Q u a t r i n h n g h i e n c i h i x u y e n n g a n h - e a c h t i e p c a n t i c h h o p
C a c v a n de xa hgi:
- Lien quan den the giai Ihuc
• Cac ben U£n quan
Jt.
Ket qua cfia thirc hanh x i h$i:
- Cac chi^n lu^c - Cac khai ni^m - Do luong - Nguyen mau
Cdc van de khoa bgc:
- Kiem ch(mg Iri thuc/khong tn Ihuc - Thieu cac phiwmg phap - Tinh chuyen nganh - Khai quat hoa/kha nang chuyen giao kicn thuc da
Ket qaa cila t h ^ hanh khoa hgc:
- Sv doi mdi ly thuyet \h phuong phap l u ^ - Cic cSu hoi nghien clhi
Ngudn: J a h n , T h . ( 2 0 0 8 ) .
su tham gia va lien ket cua cac nha hoat dgng thuc tien (phi hgc thuat) va cac nha nghien ciiu khoa hgc ttong toan bd qua trinh nghien ciiu. Dieu nay tao ra gia tti gia tang vd tri thiic, tii dd sir dung de giai quyet vin dh xa hgi thye te.
Qua trinh nghien ciiu xuyen nganh gdm ba giai doan: (A) Khung nghien ciiu, (B) Thuc hien qua trinh nghien ciiu, (C) Ket qua (hinh 1). Ket qua ciia qua ttinh nghien ciiu cd the la nhiing kien thiic khac nhau ve cac van de, dinh hudng van de hoac chuyen ddi van de nao dd theo hudng ket qua mong mudn. Cac nha thye hanh xa hdi cd the su dung ket qua nghien ciiu (kien thiic dugc tao ra ttong qua trinh nghien ciiu) de phuc vu xay dung chinh sach hoac van dung ttong thye tien cdng viec lien quan den ddi tugng nghien cuu. Cdn cac nha nghien eiiu cd the sir dung ket qua nghien ciiu de cdng bd rdng rai ket qua nghien ciiu, t u do tac dgng den cac chinh sach cd lien quan.
Du dn nghien cdu xuyen ngdnh ma chung tdi tham gia thudc Chuang trinh Hgp tdc 2017-2019 ve "Thiic day mang ludi tti thiic da phucmg nghien ciiu xuyen nganh ling phd vdi thach thiic toan eau" (Fostering Multi-lateral Knowledge Networks of Transdisciphnary Studies to Tackle Global Challenges - KNOTS) do Dai hgc Vienna (Ao) chu tri. Vdi mgt sd chu dd chinh nhu di dan, bien ddi khi hau, mdi trudng, bat bmh dang xa hgi, D y an da td chiic dugc 3 dgt vdi sy thara gia cua cac can bg nghien ciiu, chuydn gia, nghien cihi sinh den tir cac vien nghien cuu, trudng dai hgc va ca radt sd ngudi hoat ddng thye tiln ciia mgt sd nudc nhu Ao, Diic, Cgng hda Sec, Thai Lan va
^^Iet Nam. Dot I cua D u an dugc td chiic tai Ha Ngi vao nam 2017, dot II tai Chiang Mai (Thai Lan) vao nam 2018 va dgt III tai Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh vao tiiang 3/2019.
Trong dgt III td chiic tai Thanh pho Hd Chi Mmh, nhdm nghien ciiu' tap trung vao chu de bat binh ding xa hgi cua nhiing ngudi lao ddng nhap eu tai quan Binh Tan^
theo each tiep can nghien ciiu xuyen nganh.
Cac ket qua ttirtii bay ttong bai vidt dya vao ngudn thdng tin thu thap dugc trong dgt nghien ciiu nay.
3. Ung dung each tiep can nghien ciru xuyen nganh tai dia ban nghien ciiu
Binh Tan la mgt quan ven dd phia Tay Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, d day dang diln ra qua ttinh cdng nghiep hda, dd thi hda nhanh ehdng cimg su phat ttien ciia cac khu cdng nghiep, cum cdng nghiep, cac ca sd san xuat hd gia dinh vdi nhu cau cao ve lao ddng. Tdc do cdng nghiep hda va do thi hda dien ra nhanh khien dan sd khu vyc nay tang manh, tir 254.364 ngudi nam 2003 len ddn 629.368 ngudi nam 2012 (Knots, 2019), nam 2017 la 729.366 ngudi (Cue Thdng ke Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 2017).
Hien nay Binh Tan la quan dong dan nhat ciia Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Ngudi nhap cu chidm han mdt mia (51,1%) tten tdng dan sd cua quan, khoang 70% ttong tdng
' Nhom nghien cuu co 13 thanh vien, bao gom cac chuyen gia nghien cmi, cac hgc vien va nhung nguoi ngoai gioi khoa hpc (3 ngu6i khong phai la nha Idioa hoc dfin tir 3 t6 chiic hen quan d^n ngucri lao dong tren dia ban quan Buih Tan: 1 can bg Ban Tuyen giao quan, 1 can b6 Trung tam Ho trg cong nhan thanh nien va 1 chii doanh nghiep kinh doanh ca thi CO thue muon nguoi lao dong nhap cu), trong do CO ca nguoi Viet Nam va ngucri nuac ngoai.
Ngoai ra, con co 2 nguoi thong dich vien. Tac gia bai vidt co tham gia nhom nghien ctiu nay.
^ S6 lao dgng nhap cu a quan Binh Tan chii yin la nhOng nguai di chuyen tir khu virc nong thon den Ai lam viec va tam tni trong mgt khoang thai gian nhdt djnh. PhSn Ion nhihig nguoi lao dgng nhap cu nay dang thue trp va chi dSng ky tam tru. Nhting lao dgng nhap cu ma nhom nghien cmi tidp can d5 lam viec a quan Binh TSn dugc khoang tir 3-9 nSm.
32 Th6ng tin Khoa hoc xa h^i. so *.-JlS sd ngudi nhap cu d day den tir vimg ddng
bing sdng Cuu Long (Knots, 2019).
Khi nhdra chiing tdi thye hien nghien ciiu xuyen nganh ve van de bat binh dang xa hgi cua lao ddng nhap cu d quan Binh Tan, 3 cau hdi nghien ciiu dugc dat ra gdra:
Nhung chieu eanh cua bat binh dang xa hdi xay ra d quan Binh Tan la gi? Tai sao nhiing chidu canh dd xay ra? Nd tac ddng nhu the nao den euge sdng ciia ngudi nhap cu d day?
Trong tit ca cac giai doan tir xay dyng khung van de nghien ciiu, thuc hien va giai thieh du lieu, ky thuat ddng san xuat tti thiic dugc chiing tdi ap dyng vcri su hgp tac ciia cac nha nghien eiiu khoa hgc, cac ben lien quan khdng phai nha khoa hgc, ngudi lao ddng nhap cu va lanh dao dia phuang.
Chiing tdi ciing su dung phuong phap phan tich tai lieu thii cap, phuang phap quan sat va cac phuong phap nghien ciiu dinh tinh.
Bang phuong phap chgn raau chu dich va chgn mau thuan tien, 14 cugc phdng van sau va 4 thao luan nhdm tap tnmg da dugc thye hien vdi nguoi lao ddng nhap cu va dai dien mdt sd ca quan, td chiic cd lien quan nhu Lien doan Lao ddng quan Bmh Tan, Cdng doan Cdng ty TNHH Pouyuen Viet Nam, cac trudng mam non tu thuc, cac td chiic chinh tti - xa hdi nham lam ro cac van de cd lien quan den nguoi lao ddng nhap cu va ngudi dan sd tai.
Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay, mdt sd chieu canh cua bat binh dang xa hgi ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng nhap cu d quan Binh Tan dugc nhan dien gdm: chd d, tiep can dich vu cdng, gan ket xa hdi va quyen lgi ngudi lao ddng.
Vi vdn de chd a: Quy md, chat lugng nha a va vi tri cua chd 6 la nhung yeu td thye te tao ra su bat binh dang giGa ngudi lao ddng nhap cu va nguoi dan dia phuang.
Hiu hdt ngudi lao ddng nhap cu d Binh Tan ddu sdng ttong cac cac phdng ttg/nlm ttg dien tich rit nhd (tir 10 ddn 20m'), chat lugng tiiip, tiiidu khdng gian smh hoat, thidu khdng khi luu tiidng,..., ttong khi^ do nguoi dan dia phuong hiu hdt cd nha d rgng rai, chit lugng tot. Nghien ciiu ciia UNFPA (2016) cung ehi ra ring, hon 90% ngudi khdng di cu chii ydu d nha rieng cua hg, trong khi nguoi di cu chi gin 46%. Ngudi khdng di cu cd diy dii tien nghi sinh hoat hon so vdi nguai di cu.
Ngoai ra, cac nha trg thudng dugc xay dung d khu vuc heo lanh, vi tti xa trung tam, anh huong den co hdi tiep can cac dich vu cdng va dich vu xa hdi nhu benh vien, trudng hgc, trung tara thuong mai,... Mdt nir lao ddng nhap cu cho biet: Con trai tdi 13 tudi khdng di hgc, vi tdi chua bao gid dugc thdng bdo vd biit den bdt ky trudng hgc ndo .a xung quanh. Trong khodng thdi gian 9 ndm sdng tgi nhd tro ndy, gia dinh tdi chi den benh viin mdt Idn khi chdng tdi hi viem phdi (PVS nu: lao ddng nhap cu, 43 tudi, cdng nhan Iam viec tai mgt cdng ty tai che tten dia ban quan).
Dieu kien nha d cita ngudi lao ddng nhap cu cdn gap nhieu khd khan la do cac dy an nha d xa hgi chua dap iing dugc so vdi nhu cau cua ngudi lao ddng nhap cu:
Cdc du dn nhd a xa hgi cdn chua ddp ung dugc do sd luong ngudi nhdp cu nhiing ndm gdn day den qugn Binh Tdn rdt ddng, hdu hit hg phdi thui trg trong cdc khu nhd tro chua thtic su dugc ddm bdo (Y kien cua Phd chu tich Lien doan Lao ddng quan Binh Tan tai cugc thao luan nhdm).
Viec cd chd d hay khdng khdng phai la ydu td chinh gay ra bit binh ding xa hdi 6 doi tugng nghien ciiu (vi hiu hdt hg ddu co thd thue muon cho d), cau tnic nha a, dien tich, chit lugng nha 6 va vi tti nai d moi la
33
cac y6u td chii yeu gay ra su bat binh dang xa hgi giiia nhiing nguai lao dgng nhap cu va ngudi dan dia phuang.
vi gido due: Sy gia tang sd ngudi nhap cu va s6 tte em dugc sinh ra tir nhirng gia dinh nhap cu d Binh Tan da tac ddng Ian ddn h$ thdng giao due 6 day. Trudng hgc cdn thieu so vdi nhu cau hgc tap cua tre, do vay sd lugng tte ttong mdt lap hgc rat ddng, nhieu trudng hgp tte a quan nay phai hgc d quan khac: Cdc trudng hgc cho tre em ciia ngudi nhdp cu cung khdc so vdi cdc chd khdc. Trong nhiiu ndm nay, cdc con em cua ngudi nhdp cu deu duo'c ddm bdo di hoc, khdng cd phdn biet nhdp cu hay thudng tra, tuy nhien, sd lugng tre em dugc sinh ra bdi ngudi nhdp cu ngdy cdng ddng nen so trudng hgc cdn chua ddp ting dugc nhu cdu, sd tre em hgc trong mdt Idp rdt dong, thdm chi nhieu ngudi phdi cho con em minh hgc a qudn, huyin khdc (Y kien cua Phd chii tich Lien doan Lao ddng quan Binh Tan tai cudc thao luan nhdm).
Thdi gian lam viec va nhu cau tang thu nhap ciia cac gia dinh nhap cu cung anh hudng nhat djnh den viec giao dye con cai va sy gan ket tinh cam giiia cha me va con cai. Nhieu cdng nhan tham gia lara vifc tang ca de kiem them thu nhap khien thdi gian danh cho con cai bi thu hep, hg phai giri con ve que nhdf ngudi than cham sdc:
Cd hai vg chdng minh deu ldm cd ngdy, cd tdng ca thi cung phdi 8 gid' tdi mdi vi nen con edi bdt budc phdi di a nhd cho dng bd trong nom. Thinh thoang cd hai vg chdng thu xep thdi gian ve thdm con, rdi Igi di ra ddy ldm (PVS nii lao dgng nhap cu, 28 tudi, cong nhan). Trong khi dd, phan nhieu ngudi dan dia phuang co dieu kien, thai gian cham soc con cai, quan tam den vi?c hoc t^p cua con cai hg hem nhiing ngudi lao ddng di cu ddn day. Bao cao ciia UNFPA
(2016) ciing chi ra ring, con cai cua ngudi di cu thudng thidu su quan ly, quan tam cua cha rae ttong viec hgc tap.
Ngoai ra, do thdi gian va tinh chit cdng viec, mgt bg phan ngudi lao ddng phai lya chgn ttudng tu thuc dd giri con em (d liia tudi nhd) theo hgc, nhidu ngudi phai tta them chi phi ttdng tte ngoai thdi gian hgc chinh thiic hoac vao nhirng ngay nghi.
Ngugc lai, nhung ngudi dan dia phuong thudng cho con em cua hg hgc tap d trudng cdng lap, nhieu ngudi cd sy hd trg tic phia gia dinh nen khdng mat chi phi ttdng tte ngoai gid: Oddy [trudng mdm non tu thuc], nhieu cha me phdi ldm viec tdng ea hogc hg mudn ldm them gid de tdng thu nhdp nen thudng ddn con mugn vd hg phdi trd them chi phi trdng nom ngodi gid, cdn nhieng ngudi dja phuong cd su hd trg ciia ngudi thdn, gia dinh thi thudng cho con hgc d trudng cdng vd cd ngudi thdn dua ddn con cita hg nen hg hdu nhu khdng mdt chi phi trdng Ire ngodi gid (PVS can bd quan ly mgt trudng mam non tu thuc).
vi gdn kit xd hdi: Ket qua nghien ciiu ciia chiing tdi tai dia ban quan Binh Tan cho thiy, mgt bd phan ngudi lao ddng nhap cu khdng bidt ddn cac td chiic chinh tti - xa hdi nhu Hdi Phu nii, Doan Thanh nien,...
Cling nhu sy hd ttg tii cac td chiic nay. Didu dd cho thay mang ludi xa hdi giiia ngudi lao dgng nhap cu va cac td chiic chinh tri - xa hdi cdn han chd. Nguoi lao ddng nhap cu d day dang thidu cac ca hdi, sy tuong tac va hidu bidt vd cdng ddng. Kdt qua nay tuong dong vdi nhan dinh ttong nghien ciiu ciia Pham Van Quydt va Trin Van Kham (2015) ring ngudi di cu d cac do thi ldn rat it khi gap gd, tuong tac vdi chmh quydn dia phuang hay cac td chiic, doan the.
Nghien curu cua Anatolii Hrynenko va Volodinur Kuilyuk (2015) chi ra ring, bit
Thong Hn Khoa hpc xa Hoi. i>o T.3019 binh dang xa hdi la van de chinh cua xa hdi
hien dai, cd tac ddng tieu cyc ddn sy g i n ket xa hdi, tir do tao ra rao can cho sy phat ttidn kinh te va xa hdi. Bit bmh ding xa hdi cd the dugc coi la he qua cua sy khdng ddng nh^t ve kinh te va xa hdi ciia ngudi lao dgng, do la ly do mdt sd ngudi cd dugc quyen lyc, uy tin va tai san, ttong khi dai dien cua cac nhdra xa hgi khac khdng cd.
Theo truyen thdng, thu nhap cua ngudi dan la tieu chi co ban de do ludng sy bat binh dang kinh te ttong xa hdi, nhung bat binh dang cung gan lien vdi van de gan ket xa hgi, hda nhap xa hgi va niem tin eiia cdng chiing. Bat binh dang xa hdi qua miic thudng dan den su phan manh xa hdi va lam can ttd sy phat ttien, tien bd ciia xa hgi.
Ve quyen lgi ngudi lao dgng: Co su khac biet giiia nhiing nguai lao ddng nhap cu lam viec ttong cac khu vuc kinh te chinh thiic va phi chinh thiic vd quyen lgi ciia ngudi lao dgng.
Trong khu vuc chinh thiic, ngudi lao dgng dugc ky hgp ddng lao ddng, thudng cd CO hgi tham gia bao hiem xa hgi, cdng viec dugc dam bao dn dinh va cd thd dugc hudng nhirng hd trg nhit dinh. Trong khi dd, ngudi lao ddng lam viee d khu vuc phi chinh thiic thucmg khdng dugc ky hgp ddng lao ddng, khdng dugc tham gia bao hiem xa hdi, cdng viec thudng b i p benh va cac chinh sach ho trg thudng kha han che. Vi du, ddi vol cac lao ddng nii, ndu tham gia bao hidm xa hdi, khi mang thai va sinh con se dugc hudng nhidu quydn lgi nhu: khi mang thai cd the dugc giam gid lam; khi sinh con dugc nghi 6 thang, dugc hudng ttg cap thai san, chdng cua hg eimg cd the dugc nghi tir 5 ddn 14 ngay lam viec.
Ngugc lai, neu khdng tiiam gia bao hidm xa hdi, lao dgng nu se khdng dugc huong cae quydn lgi nay.
Bdo cdo Lao ddng phi chinh thuc 2016 cua Tdng cue Thdng ke ciing chi ra rang, h i u hdt lao ddng phi chinh tiiiic khdng cd bao hidm xa hdi (97,9%) va khdng dugc ky hgp ddng lao dgng (76,7%), trong khi dd, nhirng lao ddng chinh tiiiic khdng cd bao hidm xa hdi chi la 19,5% va khdng cd hgp ddng lao ddng la 1,7%. Nhiing ngugi cd hgp ddng lao ddng va dugc ddng bag hidm xa hdi tiiucmg c6 cdng viec on dinh va didu kien lam viee tdt han rit nhieu so vdi nhiing ngudi khdng cd hgp ddng lao ddng va khdng dugc ddng bao hiem xa hdi (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2018).
Ngoai ra, cdn cd sy bat binh dang giua ngudi lao ddng a khu vyc chinh thiic va phi chinh thiic trong cac chinh sach hd ttg dao tao nghe nghiep va bdi duong ky nang. Cac chuang trinh dao tao, bdi duong d radt so doanh nghiep tiiugc khu vyc chinh thiic' se tao them nhieu co hgi lara viec han cho ngudi lao ddng khi hg nghi lam hoac chuyen cdng viSc khac: Cdng ty chiing tdi cd chinh sdch ddo tgo vd dgy them mot sd nghephi^i cho cdng nhdn niu nhu hg cd nhu cdu hgc, vi du nhu hgc tieng Hoa, Idm dep,... sau dd cdng ty se moi thdy cd a Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh ve dgy (Y kien cua Chu tich Cdng doan Cdng ty TNHH Pouyuen Viet Nam tai cugc thao luan nhdm). Con a cac doanh nghiep thudc khu vuc phi chinh tiiAc thi khdng cd chinh sach nay. Ldm a ddy thi khdng cd dugc hgc them gi cd, chi cd tap trung ldm cdng viec cua minh thdi (PVS nu:
lao ddng nhap cu, 37 tudi, lam viec tai mgt cdng ty hd gia dinh).
' Vi du nhu cac khoa boi du&ng ngoai ngii, dao t?o nghS. Dien hhih la Cong ty TNHH Pouyuen Viet Nam (Dai Loan) d6ng tren dia ban quan Binh Tan CO to chtic cac khoa dao tao tieng Anh va tieng Tmng, dao tao nghe lam dep, thigt k6,.., cho nguiri lao d6ng.
Mdt lgi ich quan trgng khac ddi voi ngucii lao dgng lam viec ttong khu vyc chinh thiic la co td chiic cdng doan bao ve quydn lgi, ttong khi nhiing nguoi lara viee d khu vyc phi chinh thiic khdng cd dugc quydn lgi nay. CJ mgt sd cong ty lan, dien lunh nhu Cong ty PouYuen (Dai Loan), cdng ty con xay dyng nha a cho ngudi lao dgng, benh vien, trudng hgc..., ttong klii khu vyc phi chinh thiic khdng cd.
Thye ttang nay cd nhieu nguyen nhan, ttong dd nguyen nhan quan trgng phai ke .den la do mdt sd doanh nghiep hoac chu sii dung lao ddng chua tuan thii nhiing quy dinh ttong Luat Lao dgng. Sy quan ly thieu chat che cua cac co quan cd lien quan cung la nguyen nhan lara gia tang tinh ttang ngudi su dyng lao ddng khdng tuSn thil day du nhung quy dinh nay. Ben canh dd, nhieu ngudi lao dgng nhap cu a day cdn thieu hieu biet ve quyen lgi ciia ngudi lao ddng.
4. Ket Iuan
Ket quit nghien ciiu cua nhdm da chi ra mgt sd khia canh chinh cua bat binh dang xa hgi ciia ngudi lao dgng nhap cu d quan Binh Tan bao gdm: noi d, giao due, gan ket xa hdi va quyen lgi ngudi lao ddng. Ngudi lao dgng nhap cu d day thudng sdng trong cac nha ttg chat hep, thieu khdng gian, khdng dam bao cho siic khde, trong khi dd ngudi dan dia phuong thucmg cd nha rieng vdi khdng gian rgng.
Trong khi nhimg ngucri dan dia phuong thudng cho con hgc df trudng cdng lap, con em hg thuong cd dugc su quan ly, quan tam, cham sdc ciia dng ba, cha me thi ngudi nhap cu thuang phai cho con hgc d trudng tu thuc vdi sd lugng hgc sinh trong mgt lop rat ddng, hoac tham chi hg phai gui con d que nha do khdng cd ngudn lyc ve thdi gian, nguai cham sdc va tai chinh.
Ngoai ra, ngudi nhap cu ciing thidu cac co hdi tuong tac va hieu biet cgng ddng ncri den, dac biet la tuong tac vdi chinh quyen va cac to chiic chinh tti - xa hdi. Them vao do, nhiing ngudi nhap cu lam viec d khu vyc phi chinh thiic thudng khdng cd hgp ddng lao dgng va bao hiem xa hdi nen edng viec thudng b i p benh va it dugc hudng cac quyen lgi cua ngudi lao ddng nhu chinh sach bao Mem thai san, chinh sach nha d, cham sdc siic khde, giao due hay eac chucmg trinh dao tao nghe.
Cd the thay, nghien ciiu xuyen nganh la mgt each tiep can mdi ttong nghien ciiu khoa hgc xa hdi ca tten the gidi va d Viet Nam. Qua trinh ling dung each tiep can nghien cuu xuyen nganh cho thay each tiep can nay cd the phat hien dugc cac van de ma ngucri nhap cu dang gap phai tir nhieu gdc nhin khac nhau •
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