BOI THU*dNG CHIEN TRANH TRONG QUAN Hfi QU6C TE ©UOfNG B ^ VA Vlf C GIAI QUYlfeT HAU QUA CHIEN TRANH
TAI Vl£T NAM
Ngiiyin HSng Quang Tdm tdt
Cho din ddu The ky 20, chien tranh Id mQt trong nhimg biin phdp di gidi qiryit xung dot giiia cdc quoc gia. Vdn di bdi thudng chiin tranh do dd, duac coi Id duong nhien sau khi chiin tranh kit thiic: nude chiin thdng cd quyin dp d^t bdi thudng chiin tranh ddi vdi cde nude thua Iran nhhm bit ddp lai chi phi chiin tranh vd di trimg phgt hdnh vi ciia nude thua trdn ciing nhu han chi khd ndng nude thua tr^n tiip tuc gdy chiin tranh hodc tdi dinh hinh quan he giiia cdc bin giai doan hdu chiin. Nghia vu phdp /j5 quoc ti liin quan den bdi thudng chiin tranh thudng dugc niu ro trong cde hi^p djnh hda binh giiia ben thdng trdn vd thua tran, trong do neu ro chi phi bdi thudng chiin tranh, hinh thuc thuc hi$n... Trong bdi cdnh dd, viic nghien cuu thtfc tien bdi thudng chiin tranh trong quan he qudc te duong dai de tir dd dua ra mdt sd gdi ^ eho quan he giiia Viet Nam vd My trong xii ly vdn di ndy Id rdt cdn thiet vd la ngi dung cdt I6i cua bdi viit ndy.
Tti khoa: Chiln tranh, bdi thudng chiln tianh, chiln tranh ViOt Nam, quan hd Viet - My
Cugc chiln tranh gitia Vipt Nam vd My dd kit tiitie tren 30 nSm, ig vide khdc phuc hdu qud cuOe chiln nay van cdn rit nhieu khd kh3n
"NCS, Hpc vign Ngoai giao
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Nghiin cihi QuSc tisS 3 (110)
vd vdn de nay tidp tuc Id mdt nOi dung quan ttgng ciia quan hp ViOt My. Trong c h u y ^ thdm My thdng 5/2017, Thti tudng Nguyin Xudn Phuc vd Tdng thdng Donald Trump khdng djnh "tilp tyc hgp tac gidi quylt cdc van d l do chiln ttanh de lai, ttong do ed rd phd bom min, tly dpc dioxin; ghi nhgn nhihig tien tridn ttong hgp tdc tly dgc tgi san bay Dd Ndng, cimg nhu se thdo ludn ve cdc bud^ phdi hgp tilp theo v l tly dOe tai san bay Bidn Hda".' Trudc dd, trong chuyin thdm Vidt Nam thdng 5/2016 ctia Ting thong Barack Obama, ldn diu tign M^ ding ^ dua vdo Tuyen bd chung ngi dung coi khdc phyc hgu qud chiln ttanh Id mgt ttong nhting im tien ttong quan hO qudc phdng gitia hai nude. Hai ben cimg khdng djnh hgp tdc phdt trien,^ tiep tyc Id mOt ddng lyc ctia quan hO hai nude thdi gian tdi. Day cd thS coi Id mOt bude tien mdi ttong thdi dg ctia My lidn quan din gidi quylt hdu qud chiln ttanh tgi ViOt Nam, mpt ehti d l edn khd nhay cdm dli vdi ndi bO MJ, tgo dilu kiOn cho viOc huy dgng nhilu hon nguon lyc ctia chinh phti M}^ cho cdc no lyc ttg gitip ViOt Nam khdc phuc hau qua chien tranh vd "phat trien".
Vdn d l My ttg gitip ViOt Nam tdi thilt sau chiln ttanh dd dugc ndu tiong cac cudc ddm phan giua hai bSn tai Paris va dugc d l cap tai Dieu 21: Hi$p dinh Paris vi kit thuc chiin tranh vd lap lgi hda binh tgi Viet Nam (1973) va bin; thu cua Tdng thing Nixon gtii Thti tudng Phgm Vdn Ddng (ngay 1/2/1973). Trong nhting cugc tilp xtic binh thudng hda quan he giai dogn 1977-1978, Viet Nam coi viOc thyc hiOn cam ket tten Id mOt uu tidn, song phia My khdng dap ting. Trong cdc cuOc dam phan binh tiiudng hda quan hS diu thap nien 1990, tuy ViOt Nam khdng coi vin de bdi thudng la mgt uu tien song tilp tuc yeu cdu MS ddng gdp vdo qua trinh gidi quylt hdu qua chiln tranh. K I tti culi thdp nien 1980 din nay.
' TuySn b l chung Vi^t Nam - Hoa K^ 2017, truy cSp tai: http://vtv.vn/trong-nuoc/tuyen- bo-chung-ve-tang-cuong-doi-tac-toan-dien-giua-viet-nam-va-hoa-ky-
20170601113129913.htm
' Theo quan nif m cua pUa M% hpp tdc phit trien lien quan chii ylu din trg giiip phSt triln ciia My.
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hai bdn dd tting budc md rOng hgp tdc gidi quylt hdu qud chiln tranh, ddc biOt Id nhting no lyc ctia phfa ViOt Nam ttong viOc ddp ting ygu ck etia My vdn dh POW/MIA dd dugc phfa My nhilu lln ghi nh|n. Tuy nhidn, do hdu qud cugc chiln nay d l i vdi ngudi ddn va mdi trudng Vi^
Nam rat ngng n l ndn su ddp ting ctia phia Mf, dti dd tdng len ttong vai ndm qua, van edn nhd be so vdi nhu cau thyc t l ciia ViOt Nam vd vi|c ndy it nhieu tdc dOng ddn nhting tidn trien,etia quan hO ViOt - MJ vin dugc coi Id cdn rit nhilu tilm nang.
Trong bdi cdnh tten, viOc nghidn ctiu thyc tiln bdi thudng chien ttanh ttong quan hO qudc t l duong dgi d l tti dd dua ra mpt so ggi f cho Vidt Nam vd MS ttong viOc tdng cudng hgp tdc giai quylt hau qud chiln ttanh ndy Id rat cin thilt, qua do gdp phin thtic ddy hon ntia quan hO Dli tac toan dien Vipt - My.
Thyc tien quoc ti v l b i i thirovg chiln tranh
Cho din ddu The k>^ 20, chiln ttanh dugc cdng ddng qudc t l coi la mdt ttong nhting biOn phdp d l gidi quylt xung ddt gitia cdc quic gia.
Van de boi thudng chien ttanh,' do dd, duge coi Id duong nhien sau khi chien ttanh kit thtic: nude chiln thing cd quyln dp ddt boi thudng chiln tranh doi vdi ede nude thua tran nhdm bu ddp lai chi phi chien tianh va d l trting phat hdnh vi ctia nude thua ttan (han chl vipc nude thua tran tilp tyc gay chiln tranh). Nghia vy phdp ly qudc t l lien quan din bii thudng chien tranh thudng dugc neu rd trong cdc hiOp djnh hda btitii g^iia
' C ^ hpc gi& va cac ]u|t gia ch3u Au thi k^ 17 da cd d6ng g6p quan trpng d6i vdi vi^
phat triln khai ni|m b6l thuimg chien tranh: Alberico Gentili IJ giii ngliia vy trang trii boi thudng chiln tranh dua tr&i su vupt trOi v l quSn sif ciia qu6c gia chiln thJM;
Samuel Pufendorf cho rJlng vi^c sii dung chiln tranh thay vi dvca vio co chl giii quylt hda blnh dhog nghTa vdi vi^c quic gia dd ding y vdi lua chpn ndy vk Idii chiln tranh kit thtic, bSn thua phdi chap nh§n b ^ phdn qiQ^t vi trdt tu sau chiln tmih do b&i thang cuOc ip ^ t ; Hugo Grotius cho rSng vi^c boi thutnig chiln tranh la cSn thilt ik dim hko an ninh dli vdi ci bgn thing cuOc vd bSn thua.
166 9/2017
Nghien cHru QuSc tisS 3 (110)
bdn thdng trdn vd thua ttgn, ttong do ndu ro chi phi bdi thudng chiln tranh, hinh thtic thyc hiOn...
Theo eac tdi liOu lich sti, Hidp ude gifia Rome vd Carthage nam 241 trudc Cdng nguydn, kit thtic cuOe chiln Punic ldn thti nhit (264 - 241 trudc Cdng nguydn) dugc coi Id hiOp ude qudc t l diu tidn v l boi thudng chiln tranh. HiOp udfc nay cd cde dilu khodn v l chuyin nhugng lanh tiid, chuyin giao tiln b i i thudng vd tiln chuOc tti nhdn ma Carthage phai tta cho Rome nhdm ddi lay hda binh. Cae hidp ude hda bmh sau ndy gitia eac qudc gia chau Au thudng bao gdm nhung dilu khodn tuong ty nhu tren ve b i i thudng chiln tranh.
CuOc Dgi each mang Phdp (1789) da danh diu su thay ddi quan trgng ve bdi thudng chien tranh theo hudng tang cudng tfnh triJmg phgt ddi vdi ben thua trgn. Hoang de Napoleon dd dua ra nhimg dieu khodn het stic khac nghipt lien quan den eac khodn tiln den bti vd chiem ddng lanh tiid. Trong HiOp iitie Tolentino (1797) ky vdi Gido hodng Pius, Phdp dd yeu cdu sd tien bdi thudng Id 36 triOu francs, mdt sd tac phdm nghe thuOt va sdp rtii|ip cdc ldnh t h i Avignon, Bologna, Ferrara, Romagna.
Tuy nhidn, khi Phdp thIt bai vd phai ky Hiep ude Paris 1815, nude ndy dd bj cac cudng qude thing trdn dp dat cdc dieu khodn boi thudng hit stic khdc nghiOt: 700 tridu &ancs, chap nhan de eho 150 nghin quati chilm ddng dk bao dam an ninh cho cdc nude Idng gilng. Van de bdi thudng chiln tranh da dugc quy dinh va thyc hiOn tuong ddi nghiem ngat ti^ng thi ky 19 d chdu Au."
Tgi Hgi nghi hda binh Versailles (1919) dugc td chtic sau Th6 chidn lln thti nhdt, cae nude thdng trgn dd thdng nhat nhimg quy djnh hdt stic ngdt ngheo d l i vdi Dtic lien quan din viOc djnh lgi bidn gidi - Idnh thd, phdn chia timgc dja ctia Dtic, vd b i i thudng tdi chinh "vi dd gdy ra thiOt
^ Pielro Sullo, Julian Wyatt, War Reparations, truy c|p tai ht^://www.lalive.ch/data/pubIications/EPIL__War_Reparations_(l).pdf
167
hai vd mat mdt dli vdi chinh phti cde nude Ddng minh vd cdng dan cda hg ttong chien ttanh do sy hieu chien ctia Due vd ede nude dong minh".' v l bdi thudng tdi chfnh, cdc nude quyet dinh Dtic phai bdi thudng 132 t^ mac vdng, 52% dugc ttd cho Phdp, 22% cho Anh, 10% eho Italy, 8%
cho Bi, 0,75% cho Nhdt Ban vd Bd Ddo Nha, vd 6,5% cho cdc ben lien quan cdn lai. Hdi nghi cung thdng nhat dua ra nhting dilu khoan titing phat khdc nghiOt ndu Dtic khdng thyc hiOn nghia vy bdi thuong. Nam 1923, Phdp vd Bl da vien dan dieu khoan trting phgt ndi tten dl chi&n ddng vung Ruhr cua Dtic vdi ly do Dtic khdng thyc hiOn nghia vii bii thudng; Dtic dd lenh cho ngudi ddn phdn khdng thy dgng ddi vdi vi^c chilm ddng ndi ttSn.^ Trudc nhung khd khdn ctia kinh t l Dtic, cac nirdc hdn quan, dudi sy trung gian cua Anh, dd gap nhau tgi Ludn Ddn nam 1924 va dat dugc Ke hogch Dawes voi ndi dung stia d l i quy trinh boi thuong phti hgp vdi khd ndng chi ttd ctia Dtic; de xuat mgt khoan vay de tao dilu kidn cho Dtic ttd ng. Ndm 1929, K l hogch Dawes dugc thay the bang Ke hoach Young vdi npi dung thanh Idp mpt ngdn hang qudc tl dl thtic ddy vide boi thudng ctia Dtic voi quy dinh Due phai tta 37 ^ Mac vdng ttong vdng 59 ndm. Sau Dai khting hodng kinh t l 1929-1933, Dtic bi kiOt que ve kinh t l vd yeu clu dam phan lai v l vdn dl bdi thudng. Tai Hdi n ^ Lausanne nam 1932, cac nude quyet dinh Dtic phai tta 3 t^
bang vd cdc khodn vay theo Ke hoach Dawes va Young.
The chiSn II nd r ^ viec bdi thuong ctia Dtic bi dting lai hodn torn.
Nam 1953, 33 nude lien quan da dat dugc Thoa thudn Luan Ddn vd giai quyet van d l ng cua Dtic, theo do, Dtic (Cdng hda Lien bang Dtic) thtia k l khoan ng 7,5 ty b^ig. Din nam 1980, Dtic da co ban thyc hidn xong nghia vy bdi tiiudng. V l tdng sd tiln, cac ben lien quan dd cd nhting
' Treaty of Versailles, truy cap t£ii http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/treaty-of- versailles.
* Pietro Sullo, Julian Wyatt, War Reparations, truy c|ip tai http://www.lalive.ch/data/publications/EPIL_War_Reparations_(l).pdf
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Nghiin ciru QuSc tesS 3 (110)
danh gid khdc nhau: Mf cho rdng con s i dd khodng 21,5 ty mdc, Dtic cho rdng nude ndy dd ttd 681? mdc; mdt s6 nhd kinh tl, ttong dd ed John Maynard Keyens, ngudi dd tham gia Hdi nghj Versailles, cho rdng ting sd tiln Dtic da ttd vdo khodng 40 ty mdc.'
Ndm 1928 ddnh dau sy md ddu mdt giai doan mdi ttong quan hO quic t l lidn quan ddn van de chiln ttanh vd b i i thudng chien ttanh.
Thdng 8/1928, 15 nude gdm My, Anh, Ai-Ien, Canada, Oxttdylia, Niu DilSn, Nam Phi, An DO, Bi, Ba Lan, See, Dtic, Italy vd Nhdt Bdn dd g|ip nhau tgi Paris va dgt dugc HiOp ude Kellogg - Briand* vdi nOi dung chinh la khdng ^ n h cam kit etia cdc nude khdng sti dung chiln ttanh ttong gidi quyet xung dOt qudc t l . HiOp utic nay sau dd dugc 47 nude khac tham gia vd cd hiOu lyc vdo ndm 1929. Thugng viOn My da phe chuIn HiOp uoc nay, song bdo luu quyln ty vfi vd quyln dugc sti dung vu lyc de chong lai cdc quoc gia khac cd hdnh vi vi pham Hidp ude.
Ndm 1945, tai San Francisco, My va 50 quoc gia da ky Hien chuong Lien Hgp Qudc d l thdnh lOp Lidn Hgp Qudc, t l chtic qudc t l ldn vd cd tfnh bao trtim nhdt eho din hien nay. Hien chuong Lien Hgp Quoc cd nhilu dilu khodn chdng lai viec sti dyng chien tianh tiong gidi quySt tianh chip gifia cde nude thdnh vien. Dieu 2 Hien chuong LiSn Hgp Quic ndu rd: "Tit cd cdc thdnh vien khdng dugc de dga sti dung hay su dyng vu lyc de dga todn ven ldnh thd hay sy dOc Idp v l chinh tri etia bat eti qudc gia nao, hay ttong bat cu vdn d l ndo khdng phti hgp vdi muc dich ciia Lidn Hgp Qudc".'
^ Pietro Sullo, Julian Wyatt, War Reparations, truy c^p tai ht^://www.lalive.ch/data/publications/EPIL_War_Reparations_(l).pdf
* Ten cua Hi?p ude nSy dugc l^y theo ten hp hai ngo^i trudng Anh vi MJ - nhttng nude ddng chu tri Hpi nghi
' Charter of the United Nation, http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter- i/mdex.html
Ngay khi Thi chiln II chua kit thtic, cdc nude Mf, Lien Xd, Anh d3 gdp nhau nhilu Idn, dgc biOt d^c biOt Id Hgi nghj Postdam (thdng 8/1945) dl bdn ve v ^ d l ndy. Cde nude tham gia HOi nghj dudng nhu dd rut ra bai hgc v l sy ha khdc ctia HiOp ude Versailles, do vdy co bdn nhll tri rdng cac nude bai ttdn se chi phdi thyc hipn nghia vy boi tiiudng sau khi dd dap ting nhu clu eo bdn ctia nhan ddn nude hg.
Ddi vdi Dtic, tgi Hdi nghj Postdam, mgt s i y kiln cho rdng Dtic cin phdi bdi thudng cho cdc nude Ding minh 3201^ USD. Song ^ kiln khac eho rdng kinh t l Dtic bi tan phd sau chiln tranh va Due ^fan cdn ng tioi bdi thudng tti Thi chiln I nen h l u nhu khdng thi thyc hiOn dugc ddi hoi ttdn; mOt sd y kien khac cho rang viOc bdi thudng can ddnh dti ngudn lyc cho Dtic nhdm tgo dilu kiOn eho ngudi ddn Dtic ton tai."> Do dd, HOi nghj dd dua ra nhting nOi dimg rit Idng vd mo hd ve nghia vy boi thudi^
chiln ttanh ciia Dtic. Trdn thyc t l , khdng Idu sau Chiln ttanh. Lien X6 dd tti bd tuyen bd ddi hdi tdi sdn ctia Due d Bungari, Phdn Lan, Hungary vd Rumani, song thyc hiOn kilm sodt cdc co sd sdn xuit ciia Dtic tai cdc khu vyc thudc dnh hudng etia Lidn Xd d Ddng Au. Trong khoang 10 ndm sau chien ttanh, eac nude dong minh phuoi^ Tdy etia Dtic da tting budc ndi Idng viOc gidm sdt hogt dOng sdn xuat etia Tdy Dtic nhdm tgo dilu kiOn cho Tay Dtic tdng cudng khd nang "chlng lgi dnh hudng ngay cdng tdng ctia Lien Xd d Ddng Dtic"."
Vdi mgt nude khdc trong phe True la Italy, viOc b i i thudng ciing dugc tiiyc hien rdt hgn chl. Hiep ude hda binh vdi Italy (1947) yeu cau Italy bdi thudng eho Lidn Xd vd eac qudc gia khdc vdi sd lugng vl lo?u hdng hda vd djch vy dugc lua chgn theo thai gian sao cho viOc ndy
'" Alexandra Gibbs, Who still owes what for the two World Wars?
http://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/18/who-still-owes-what-for-the-two-world-wars.htnil
" Pietro Sullo, Julian Wyatt , War Reparations, truy c^p t^i http://www.lalive.ch/data/publications/EPIl._War_Reparations_(l).pdf
170 9/2017
Nghiin cOru QuSc tisS 3 (110)
khdng dnh hudng din qud trinh phyc hii kinh tl etia Italy. Cu thi, HiOp ude ydu can Italy bii tiiudng 125 tiidu USD cho Nam Tu, 105 ttiOu USD cho Hy lap, 100 tripu USD cho Lidn Xd, 25 tiiOu USD cho Etitiopia vd 5 tridu USD cho Anbani.
Vdi Nh|lt Ban, vdn dl bdi thudng chiln ttanh diln ra phtic tgp hon.
Sau chiln ttanh, cde nude Ddng minh, ttong do cd My ude tinh Nh$t Bdn bj thiOt hai 42% tdi sdn qudc gia do chiln ttanh; cho rdng Nhdt Bdn hlu nhu khdng cd kha ndng thyc hiOn viec boi thudng chiln tranh. Vide My nem 2 qud bom nguySn tti xudng Hiroshima vd Nagasaki vdi hau qud het stic ndng ne cimg tgo dp lyc doi vdi MS ttong viOc yeu cau Nhdt Bdn bii thudng Chiln ttanh. Hon ntia, nhu clu ttanh thti Nhgt Ban de
"ngdn chgn" ehti nghia cOng sdn d chdu A ttd nen d p thilt, nhit Id sau khi COng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa ra ddi (1949). Nhung tinh toan ttdn da duge the hiOn rd trong Hiep djnh hda binh vdi Nhgt Bdn (1951) ky tgi San Francisco gifia My, Nhat Ban vd 40 nude lidn quan, ghi nhsin nglua vy bdi thudng ctia Nhgt Ban da cho rdng "ngudn lyc ctia Nhgt Ban vao tiidi dilm hidn tai la khdng dti dl duy tri mOt nin kinh tl", song NhOt Ban se thyc hiOn den bti cho tu nhan chiln tranh thdng qua Hdi Chu thdp dd qudc tl vdi sd tiln 6,7 ttiOu USD.'^ Vdi My, Nliat Ban ddng y bdi thudng cho viOc giam giu tti binh My vdi sd tidn eho m3i tti binh tti I den 2,5 USD/ngdy (moi tii btiih nhan dugc tti 600 din 1000 USD)."
Dang ehti y, dli vdi vdn dl tu bmh Nhat Bdn, nam 1988, theo Dgo lu|it Ty do Dan sy, Tdng thing Ronald Reagan dd bdi thudng 20 nghhi USD cho moi tti bmh Nhgt Ban cdn sing sdt tti Thi chiln II. Mdt sd hpc gia cho rdng MJ Id nude duy nhit thdng tidn nhimg Igi bii thudng cho nude thua trdn la Nhgt Bdn. ''*
" Alexandra Gibbs, Who still owes what for the two World Wars?
http://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/18/who-still-owes-what-for-the-two-world-wars.html.
" Eamonn Fingleton, The untold story of Japan's war compensation record, http://www.fingleton.net/the-imtold-story-of-japans-war-compensation-record/
'* Alexandra Gibbs, Who still owes what for Uie two World Wars?
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Trung Qudc eho rang khodn bdi thudng ttdn etia Nhgt Ban Id qud nhd so vdi thiOt hai ma quan dOi Nhdt Ban gay ra vdi Trung Quic tii tnrde vd ttong chien ttanh. Trung Qudc cung khdng phdi Id ben k;^ kit Hiep ude San Francisco, do vgy van gift quyen yeu cau Nhdt Bdn bii thudng. Khi Nhgt Bdn vd Trung Quic tilp xtic v l viOc bmh thudng hda quan hO ddu nhting nam 1970, mOt tiong nhihig dOng thdi tilu tien cda Nhgt Ban Id y6u cdu Thti tudng Chu An Lai tti bd ddi hdi bdi tiiudng chiln ttanh vd phfa Tnmg Quic gin nhu khdng dl cOp trye tilp vdn dl ndy. Lap trudng trdn dugc ldnh dgo Dgng Tidu Binh chip tiiudn vdi dieu kiOn Nhat Ban cam ket uu tidn Trung Qudc ttong viOn ttg nude ngoai.'' Trdn thyc t l , viOn trg ODA ctia Nhgt Ban danh eho Tnmg Qudc tti 1979 din 2016 len din 3,65 nghin t^ Ydn,'* tuong duong vdi 37 ty USD, mOt khoan tiln rdt Idn nlu so vdi mtic 1 1 ^ USD md mOt s6 td chtic tai Tnmg Qudc dd y6u cdu Nhdt Bdn b i i thudng tnrde ddy.
Trong Chiln tranh Lanh, Hgi ding Bdo an Lien Hgp Qude da thdng qua mpt sd nghi quyet ve bdi thudng giiia ede quIe gia. Ndi bat Id Nghj quylt 262 yeu clu Libang phdi nhOn duge b i i thudng doi vdi vipc sdn bay Betirut bj Ixaren tan phd nam 1968; Nghi quylt 387 yeu cdu Nam Phi bdi thudng etia Angola ddi vdi Nam Phi nam 1975; Nghi quydt 598 keu ggi Ting thu ky Lien Hgp Quic dieu tia ttdch nhiOm ctia Iran va Irdc Udn quan din chiln tranh gifia hai nude (1980-1988). Trong chien tranh Irdc va Cdoet (1990-1991), Hgi ddng Bdo an Lien Hgp Qudc da ra mot s i nghi quylt cd dilu khodn yeu clu Irdc b i i thudng cho Cdoet la 674 (1990), 686, 687, 692 (1991) vdi tdng sd tiln b i i tiiudng Id 34 ty USD, dugc coi Id ldn nhat k l tti sau Thi chiln II. ViSc b i i thudng dugc thyc hiOn thdng qua kilm sodt ngudn thu nhgp tti ddu Itia ctia Irac, theo do
http://www.enbc.com/2015/03/18/who-still-owes-what-for-the-two-world-wars.html.
" Eamonn Fingleton, The untold story of Japan's war compensation record, http://www.fingleton.net/the-untold-story-of-japans-war-eompensation-record/.
' ' Overview of OHicial Development Assistance (ODA) to China, http://wviTv.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/region/e_asia/china/.
Nghiin ciru QuSc tisS 3 (110)
Irdc phdi trich ra 30% thu nhdp ti)r xuit khIu ddu cho viOc chi ttd bdi tiiudng vd ty 10 ndy giam din, cdn 5% vdo nam 2003. Dang tile Id sau cudc chidn ndi trdn, quan ^ o n etia 5 nude tjy vien khdng thudng trye Hdi ddng Bdo an cd sy khdc nhau ddi vdi cdc cudc chiln ttanh sau nay.
Sy khde biOt dd khiln cho Hdi ding Bdo an khdng cdn giti dugc vai trd trung tdm ttong viOc giai quyet bii thudng cdc cudc chiln Nam Tu (1999), Chiln ttanh hdc (2003), Grudia (2008).
Nhu vgy, kl tti sau Chiln ttanh thi gidi lln thti 2, Lien Hgp Qudc, vdi vai ttd trung tdm ciia Hdi ddng Bdo an Lien Hgp Qudc, cd vai ttd chu dm thtic ddy vin dl chiln tranh vd bdi thudng chiln tranh ttong quan hO quic tl. D I cd eo sd phdp I^ cho viOc ndy, Lien Hgp Quic da thdng qua mdt sd cdng ude quic tl nhu Cdng uoc vl ttdch nhipm ciia cdc qudc gia ddi vdi hanh vi trdi vdi Ludt phap Quic tl ndm 2001, Cdng ude La Hay ve Luat vd Tdp qudn Chien ttanh trdn bO; Nghj djnh thu bl sung thti nhdt Cdng ude Geneve (1977)."
Trdn thyc tl, sy ra ddi ctia Lidn Hgp Qudc vd cdc cdng ude qude ^ phdn doi viOc sti dung chiln tranh ttong quan he qude te dd tgo ra "nhting cdn trd ca ve chmh tri va thyc tl" ddi vdi viOc ddi hdi bdi thudng chien tranh etia ben chiln thdng. Chiln ttanh gitia cde quic gia khdng cdn dugc coi Id mOt biOn phap gidi quylt mdu thuin nhu thdi k^ trudc, do vdy, cdc thod tiiudn kit thtic chiln ttanh tiiudng khdng cd quy dinh rd rang vl bii thudng. Tren thyc tl, nhieu nude da lya ehgn hinh thtic tti bd ddi hdi bdi thudng hogc chip nhdn hinh thtic ttg gitip khdc." Trong cac cugc chiln tranh giiia gitia Ixaren vd cdc nude Ar^p, Phdp va Cdc tieu virong quic Arap (1958), vdn dl bii thudng chiln tranh da khdng duge
" Tfin tilng Anh ciia cdc HiSp ude \i: Intemational Law Conunission Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts; Hague Convention concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land; Geneva Conventions Additional Protocol I.
" Pietro Sullo, Julian Wyz!&., War Reparations, truy c§p tai Iit^://www.lalive.ch/da^publications/EPIL_War_Reparations_(l).pdf
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dgt ra. Sau chiln tranh Falkland gitia Anh vd Achentma (1982), Chinh phti Anh da dilu ttin trudc Qaoc hgi rdng Anh dd bj thiet hgi bdi cac hanh dOng hilu chien ctia Achentina vd do vdy "ed quyln yeu clu bii thudng", song do "cd qua nhilu cdn tid v l chinh trj vd thyc t l " ndn Anh da khdng neu van de nay."
v d n d l b i i thvdug Chiln tranh Vi^t Nam
Cudc chiln tianh do MS tiln hdnh tai Viet Nam dd gdy ra h|u qua vd eiing nang nl, kdo ddi nhilu ndm d l i vdi ViOt Nam. Chiln tranh ^ etidp di sinh mgng ctia hdng triOu ngudi, tdn phd nghiSm ttpng nhilu thdnh pho, lang mac tgi ViOt Nam, dh lgi hdng triOu tdn bom mln, 12 dilm ndng da cam/dioxin; khodng 3 triOu nan nhan chit da cam/dioxin ttdn khdp ViOt Nam. Trong khi My cd hon 1.000 trudng hgp mlt tich ttong chien ttanh thi con s5 ndy ctia Vidt Nam Id ttdn 200 nghin ngudi.
Tgi cdc cuOc dam phdn tgi Paris v l kit thtic chiln tranh, ViOt Nam dd ydu clu MS b i i thudng nhting thidt hai do My gdy r a Phia MS khdng ding S dting tti "bdi thudng" vi dilu dd ding nghia vdi viOc cdng khai thiia nhdn Id quic gia thua ttdn, song td S sdn sdng cung cdp viOn trg va ddng gdp vdo qud trinh tdi thiet tai cac khu vuc hi chiln tranh tdn phd.
Kit qud la HiOp djnh Paris khdng ndu tti "bii thudng". Song Dilu 21 ghi rd: "Hoa KS mong rdng Hidp djnh ndy se mang lgi mOt thdi ky hda giM vdi Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda eting nhu vdi tdt cd cde dan tOc d Ddng Duong. Tlieo chinh sdch truyln thdng etia ntinh, Hoa Ky^ s6 ddng gdp vao viOc hdn gdn vlt thuong chiln ttanh vd cdng cuOe xdy dyng sau ehiln-tranh d Viet Nam Ddn ehti Cdng hda vd todn Ddng Duong."^ Mot sd nha phan tich cho rdng lgi fch thye t l ctia viOc nhOn dugc viOn tig
'^ Pietro Sullo, Julian Wyatt, War Reparations, truy eSp tai http://wHfw.lalive.ch/dafa/publications/EPIL_War_Reparations_( 1 ).pdf
^ Hi§p dmh hda btah Paris, https://thuvienph^hKrt.vn/van-ban/Linh-vuc-khac/Hi^
dmh-Cham-dut-chien-tranh-lap-lai-hoa-binh-cua-Viet-Nam-Hoa-ky-23327.aspx
Nghiin ciru QuSc tiso 3 (110) kinh tl sau chiln tranh, dti ten g<
dhvi% S ky Hidp ^nh Hda binh Paris, kit thtic chiln tianh.^' Trong btie thu gtii Thti tudng Vidt Nam Phgm Van Ding ngdy 01/02/1973, Tong tiling My Richard Nixon neu rd: "Chfnh phti" MS? se ddng gdp vdo qud ttinh tai thiet tgi mien Bdc ViOt Nam md khdng cd bit eti dieu kiOn chfnh trj ndo; nghien ctiu so bO etia My cho thay cac chuong trinh phti hgp ma My ddng gdp vdo qud trinh tdi thilt tgi ViOt Nam ndm ttong khodng 3,25 ty USD trg d p true tilp ttong vdng 5 nam;
dli vtii cac hinh thiic ttg gitip khdc, nghiSn ctiu etia My cho thiy cdc chuong trinh phti hgp (md My ddng gdp) ndm ttong khodng 1,5 XS USD, tuy thugc vdo nhu clu luong thuc vd cdc mgt hang khdc md Vidt Nam Dan ehti Cdi^ hda cd nhu clu". Ting thong Nixon cfing de xuat thanh lap mdt "tly ban Kinh tl hon hgp MS - Viet ttong vdng 30 ngdy vd Uy ban nay se cd gdng hodn thdnh mgt hiep dinh ve tdi thiet cho ViOt Nam tiong vdng 60 ngay". Phia My dd eti mgt dodn chuydn gia USAID vao ViOt Nam vdi myc dich tu vdn eho ViOt Nam each thtic nhgn khodn viOn ttg ndi tten, trong dd USAID da khuyen ViOt Nam chia nhd nhd mdy tiiep cdng suit Idn thdnh nhilu nhd mdy cdng suit nhd de ttanh bj Quic hOi MS ggt bd nlu cho rdng ViOt Nam sdn xudt nhieu thep dl tilp tuc chiln tranh; dua ra yeu clu tiln bii thudng phdi dugc dung dl mua hang cua MS vd van chuyin bdng tau MS, ehti khdng dugc trd bdng tien mdt.^
Tuy nhidn, dodn USAID rdi ViOt Nam va khdng trd lgi cho din khi Chiln tranh Lgnh gin kit tiitic.
Trong cdc cudc dam phdn binh thudng hda quan hO giai doan 1977- 78, Vipt Nam tilp tyc neu khodn bii tiiiidng chiln ttanh 3,25 ty USD
^'Pietro Sullo, Julian \ ^ ' a t t , War Reparations, truy cdp t^i ht^//www.lalive.ch/data/publieations/EPIL_War_Reparations_( 1 ).pdf
" Goverment, bao gIm Chinh quyln, Quic h^i v4 Tai ia ciia My.
" TWc Quynh, "T?i sao MJ khdng b i i thudng chiln tranh Y\^i Nam", t n ^ c|p t^i http://www.tienphong.vn/the-gioi/tju-sao-my-khoi^-boi-thuong-chien-tranh-viet-nam- 88303I.tpo
175
nhung My tti chii dap ting vdi 1^ do ViOt Nam khdng thyc hidn cdc cam kit tgi Hidp djnh Paris, eu thi Id dd dua quan vdo gidi phdng Miln Nam.
My n§u mgnh vdn d l ngudi My mlt tich, cho rdng ViOt Nam "vdn giam giti tti nhdn My". Ddm phdn giua hai ben roi vdo b l tdc vd dting Igi vdo nam 1978, ngay trudc khi My vd Trung Qude tuyen bo binh thudng hda quanhO(l/I/I979).
Tti 1979 din diu nhung ndm 1990, quan hO ViOt Nam - My tilp tgc cdng thing, dli diu. Viet Nam coi My Id ke thti s i mOt, ttong khi My thi hdnh chinh sdch bao vay, cam v|n, cd lap ViOt Nam. Mdt sd tiep xdc g i i ^ hai ben ttong giai doan ndy ehti yeu de thdo ludn v l vdn de tti nhdn chien tranh vd ngudi My mat tich (POW/MIA). Ddng ehti y, ttong khi hai nude edn chua binh thudng hda quan hO thi USAID da ttd Igi ViOt Nam vdo ndm 1989 d l triln khai mOt s i dy dn h5 ttg ngudi khuylt t^t tgi Viet Nam ttong khudn k h i Quy nan nhdn chiln ttanh mang tdn Thupng nghi sT My Leahy.
Sau khi ViOt Nam tich eye dap ting mdt so y8u cau ctia My trong vdn dh POW/MIA culi nhihig ndm 1980, diu 1990 va trudc nhting chuyen ddng to ldn tai khu vyc vd the gidi sau khi Lien Xd tan ra, My da tiln tdi binh thudng hda quan hO vdi ViOt Nam vdo ndm 1995. Cting vdi nhung tiln trien nhilu mat ttong quan hd hai nude ttong giai doan tilp theo, nhu hai b6n ky HiOp dinh thuong mai song phuong (2000), My ttao quy chl thuong mai binh thudng vmh vien cho ViOt Nam de md dudng cho Vidt Nam gia nhap WTO (2005), hai ben xdc Idp quan hO Doi tdc toan dien (2013), vien ttg gidi quyet hdu qud chiln ttanh ctia My c6 chieu hudng tdng len va dugc md rOng.
Tti ndm 1995 din nam 2000, USAID m5i ndm tdi ttg eho ViOt Nam ttdn dudi 10 trieu USD cho cdc chuong trtoh nhdn dgo vd ho ttg ngudi khuylt tdt. Sau nam 2000, USAID tting budc tdng viOn trg eho ViOt Nam, ddc biOt sau nam 2004, khi Cltinh quyln Bush dua Vidt Nam - nude chau A duy nhit - vdo danh sdch nhgn vien ttg phdng chong
176 9/2017
Nghien ciru Quoc tiso 3 (110)
I HIV/AIDs etia My ttong Chuong trinh PEPFAR. Theo chuong trtitii ndy,
= mdi nam ViOt Nam nhan dugc hd ttg bdng Ihulc, ttang thilt bj tri gid khodng 35 - 40 triOu USD, keo ddi din 2017. V l vin d l bom ntin. My hd ttg ViOt Nam tir 1995 din 2015 khoang 80 triOu USD thdng qua cdc td chtic phi chinh phti thyc hiOn cac du dn ra phd bom min tgi ViOt Nam, trong dd ehti ylu tap tnmg vdo tinh Qudng Tri. V l v i n d l da cam/dioxm, tti 2008, phfa My bat ddu chi 3 triOu USD/nam eho cae dy dn ddnh gid tdy dgc san bay Da Ndng vd hd ttg ngn nhan Id ngudi khuyet t$t. Tti 2012, My tiln hdnh tly dOe san bay Dd Ndng vd dy kiln se hodn thdnh dy dn ndy vao ndm 2018 vdi tdng s i ngdn sdch khodng 90 triSu USD, dugc phdn b l ehti ylu eho cdc td chtic phi chinh phti My thuc hiOn. Vd viOn ttg phdt triln, ttong nhung nSm gdn day. My ddnh khodng 15 triOu USD cho cdc dy dn nhu ndng cao ndng lyc cgnh tranh, stia doi mpt sd bg ludt hay quy djnh cho phu hgp vdi tiSu chudn qude t l , nang eao nang lye cdi each hdnh chinh, y t l cOng ddng, giao dye...
Tuy nhien, mtic vidn ttg ndi ttdn ctia My van cdn nhd be so vdi hgu qua My da gay ra ttong chien ttanh ViOt Nam. V l v i n d6 bom min, vdi tic dd rd phd nhu hiOn nay, se can den 300 ndm ntia mdi cd the co ban hodn thdnh vipc ra pha bom min tai Viet Nam. Ve van de da cam/dioxin, hdng triOu ngn nhan da cam dang cdn sy ttg gitip hdng ngdy d l vugt qua bpnh tOt, hda nhap cOng ding. Cde dilm n d i ^ da cam nhu Bidn Hda, Phu Cdt tilp tyc de dga sy an todn ctia hdng ngdn cu ddn sdng xung quanh.
ViOt Nam cimg can My phoi hgp thuc chat va nhieu hon ttong viOc tim kiem hon 200 nghin lidt sy edn mlt tich ttong chien ttanh. Vd vien trg phdt triln, nhu clu v i n phdt trien ctia ViOt Nam rat Idn, rieng giai dogn 2016-2020 cdn tten 39 ty USD, ddc biet ttong cdc Iinh vyc nhu phdt triln ha ting, ddo tgo nguIn nhdn luc chdt lugng cao, ndng lugng tai tgo...
Nhiing tiln trien ctia quan he ViOt Nam - My thdi gian qua cung vdi nhOng dien bien nhanh vd khd ludng tai khu vyc ddi hdi hai ben cd each
177
tilp cgn linh boat va thyc te hon ttong viOc xti ly cdc T I U de do chiln ttanh d l lai nhdm thtic diy hon ntia quan hO ViOt Nam - My.
Ddi vdi My, diy manh ede hinh thtic ttg gitip ViOt Nam khdng chl lit viOc thyc hien nghia vy ddi vdi nhting hdnh dOng gdy ra dli vdi m6i trudng vd ngudi ddn Vidt Nam, md edn la viOc thyc hiOn nhting cam k^
ctia cde Tdng thing My ddi vdi Vidt Nam dugc nSu trong HiOp djnh hia binh Paris ndm 1973 vd nhimg tuydn bo chung gitia hai nude thdi gian qua. Ddy cdn duge coi la nhimg biOn phap gdp phin xdy dyng Idng tin vd thuc day hon nua quan he Doi tdc toan diOn. My ciing cin da dgng hda hinh thtic ttg gitip ViOt Nam, tdng vipn ttg phdt triln ttong cdc llnh vyc Vidt Nam cin sy ttg giup hiOn nay nhu co sd hg tang, ndng lugng tii tao, ddng thdi tgo dieu kipn cho eac to chtic tdi chtiih nhu TOp d o ^ d k tu tu nhdn nude ngodi (OPIC), Ngdn hdng xuit nh^p khIu (Eximbank) ttg gitip ViSt Nam...
v l phia ViOt Nam, tiep tuc tich eye ttg gitip My thn kilm ngudi My mlt tich ttong chiln ttanh, phii hgp t i t vdi phia My trong viOc triln khai cd hiOu qud cde chuong trinh, dy an khdc phyc h|iu qud chiln ttanh, chd dOng de xuit cde dy an phdt triln cd tinh khd thi cao ttong quan h$ vdi My Id nhting Imh vye ViOt Nam cin thtic diy d l gitip hai bdn gidi quylt hdu qud chien ttanh ndi riSng vd phdt triln quan hO song phuong n6i chung.
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Nghiin cAu QuSc ti sS 3 (110)
TAILI$U THAMKHAO
1. Tuyenb6chungViOtNam-HoaKy2017
2. Pietro Sullo, Juhan Wyatt , War Reparations, truy c|p tgi http://www.lalive.ch/data/publications/EPlL_War_Reparations_(
l).pdf
3. Treaty of Versailles, truy cgp tgi
http://wviTv.history.com/topics/worId-war-i/tteaty-of-versailles 4. Charter of the United Nation, http://www.un.org/en/seetions/un-
charter/cliapter-i/index.html
5. Alexandra Gibbs, Who still owes what for the two World Wars?
http://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/18/who-still-owes-what-for-the- two-worId-wars.html
6. Eamonn Fingleton, The untold story of Japan's war compensation record, http://wwTv.fingleton.net/the-untold-story-of-japans-war- compensation-record/
7. Overview of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to China, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/region/e_asia/china/
8. HiOp djnh hda bhih Paris, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van- ban/Luih-vuc-khac/Hiep-dinh-Cham-dut-chien-ttanh-Iap-lai-hoa- binh-cua-Viet-Nam-Hoa-ky-23 327.aspx
Trtie Quynh, Tgi sao My khdng bii tiiudng chiln ttanh Vipt Nam, truy cap t|i http://www.tienphong.vn/the-gioi/tai-sao-ray- khong-boi-thuon^hien-traiih-viet-iiam-883031 .^o
9/2017